history of microprocessor.pptx

CONTENTS
 Introduction
 4-Bit Microprocessors
2

INTRODUCTION
 Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957)
invented the first IC in 1959.
 In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew
Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
 They founded their own company Intel (Integrated
Electronics).
 Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968
3

INTEL 4004
 Introduced in 1971.
 It was the first
microprocessor by Intel.
 It was a 4-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was
740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second. 5

INTEL 4040
 It was also 4-bit µP.
6

INTEL 8008
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
 Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.
8

INTEL 8080
 Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
 Was 10 times faster than
8008.
 Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second. 9

INTEL 8085
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
 Could execute 7,69,230
 It could access 64 KB of
memory.
 It had 246 instructions.
10

INTEL 8086
 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8
MHz and 10 MHz, depending on
the version.
 Could execute 2.5 million
 It could access 1 MB of memory.
 It had 22,000 instructions.
 It had Multiply and Divide
instructions.
12

INTEL 8088
 It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086.
 It was a 16-bit processor with
an 8-bit external bus.
13

INTEL 80186 & 80188
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.
14

INTEL 80286
 It was 16-bit µP.
15

INTEL 80386
 It could address 4 GB of
memory.
17

INTEL 80486
 It had 1.2 million transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending
upon the various versions.
18

INTEL PENTIUM
 It was originally named 80586.
19

INTEL PENTIUM PRO

INTEL PENTIUM II
 It was also 32-bit µP
.
21

INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
22

INTEL PENTIUM III
23

INTEL PENTIUM IV
 It was also 32-bit µP
.
24

INTEL DUAL CORE
 It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache
25

INTEL CORE 2
 It is a 64-bit µP
.
28

INTEL CORE I7
 It is a 64-bit µP.
29

INTEL CORE I5
30

INTEL CORE I3
31

The salient features of 8085
microprocessor.

8085 Microprocessor
The salient features of 8085 μp are :
1. It is a 8 bit microprocessor.
2. It has 16 bit address bus and hence can
address up to 216 = 65536 bytes (64KB)
memory locations through A0-A15.
3. The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines
of data bus are multiplexed AD0 – AD7.
4. Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0 – D7.
5. It supports 5 hardware interrupt and 8
software interrupt.

8085 Microprocessor
6. A 16 bit program counter (PC)
7. A 16 bit stack pointer (SP)
8. Six 8-bit general purpose register
arranged in pairs: BC,DE, HL.
9. It requires a signal +5V power supply
10.Maximum Clock Frequency is 3MHz
and Minimum Clock Frequency is
500kHz

X1 & X2
Pin 1 and Pin 2 (Input)
These are also called
Crystal Input Pins.
8085 can generate
clock signals
internally.
To generate clock
signals internally,
8085 requires external
inputs from X1 and X2.

RESET IN and RESET OUT
Pin 36 (Input) and Pin 3 (Output)
RESET IN:
◦ It is used to reset the
microprocessor.
◦ It is active low signal.
◦ When the signal on this
pin is low for at least 3
clocking cycles, it
forces the
microprocessor to reset
itself.

Resetting the
microprocessor means:
◦ Clearing the PC and IR.
◦ Disabling all interrupts
(except TRAP).
◦ Disabling the SOD pin.
◦ All the buses (data,
address, control) are tri-
stated.
◦ Gives HIGH output to
RESET OUT pin.

 RESET OUT:
◦ It is used to reset the
peripheral devices and other
ICs on the circuit.
◦ It is an output signal.
◦ It is an active high signal.
◦ The output on this pin goes
high whenever RESET IN is
given low signal.
◦ The output remains high as
long as RESET IN is kept low.

SID and SOD
SID (Serial Input
Data):
o It takes 1 bit input from
serial port of 8085.
o Stores the bit at the 8th
position (MSB) of the
Accumulator.
o RIM (Read Interrupt
Mask) instruction is
used to transfer the bit.

SID and SOD
SOD (Serial Output
Data):
o It takes 1 bit from
Accumulator to serial port
of 8085.
o Takes the bit from the 8th
position (MSB) of the
Accumulator.
o SIM (Set Interrupt Mask)
instruction is used to
transfer the bit.

Interrupt Pins
 Interrupt:
• It means interrupting the normal execution of the
microprocessor.
• When microprocessor receives interrupt signal, it
discontinues whatever it was executing.
• It starts executing new program indicated by the interrupt
signal.
• Interrupt signals are generated by external peripheral
devices.
• After execution of the new program, microprocessor goes
back to the previous program.

Sequence of Steps Whenever There
is an Interrupt
Microprocessor completes execution of current
instruction of the program.
PC contents are stored in stack.
PC is loaded with address of the new program.
After executing the new program, the
microprocessor returns back to the previous
program.
It goes to the previous program by reading the
top value of stack.

Five Hardware Interrupts in 8085
TRAP
RST
7.5
RST
6.5
RST
5.5

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