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Histroy of ecology
- 1. History of ecology Dr.Surjya Kumar Saikia Department of Zoology Visva-Bharati
- 2. www.palagan.com ARANYAKA: 600BC "Aranyaka" literallymeans "produced, born, relating to a forest " or rather, "belonging to the wilderness". for those in Vanaprastha (OR retired, forest-dwelling) stage of their life Caraka-Samhita (1st Century AD- 4th Century AD) Book on medicine Susruta-Samhita (1st Century AD-4th Century AD)
- 3. Hippocrates II, wasa Greek and considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. Hippocrates emphasized the need for ecological background for medical students, as he emphasized the effect of water, air and locality on health and diseases in man Theophrastus (370-250 BC) Theophrastus was the first person to introduce ecological approach long before the term ecology was coined. He studied plant types and forms in relation to altitude, moisture and light exposure.
- 4. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (16th) Carl Linnaeus 17th CharlesDarwin Herbert Spencer Binomial Nomenclature Inter/intra specific competition and soil ecology Social Ecology Coined “survival of the fittest” Karl Möbius Ecological community, biocenosis Ernst Haeckel Coined ‘Ecology’ Ecology & Community Vito Volterra Lotka-Voltera Model Alfred J. Lotka Lotka-Voltera Model 18th Century Ecologists
- 5. Vladimir Vernadsky Concept ofBiosphere Ecological Succession 18th Century Ecologists Arthur G. Tansley Coined “Ecosystem” Charles C Adams Animal Ecology & Ecological Energetics Victor E Shelford Concept of Food web, Biome, Shelfords Law Charles S. Elton 19th Century Ecologists esf.edu 'Father' of animal ecology, food web, niche concept Eugene P. Odum Howard T. Odum Ecosystem ecology, ecological thermodynamic, concepts Robert MacArthur Theory o f Island Biogeography, ecological statistical methods
- 6. Ecology developed substantially inthe 18th and 19th century
- 7. Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace, contemporaryand competitor to Darwin, and was first to propose a "geography" of animal species. Wikimedia.commons
- 8. The first useof this term biocoenosis is usually attributed to Karl Möbius in 1877. It means community of living beings. Möbius Wikimedia.commons
- 9. DARWIN AS ECOLOGIST Rootsof scientific ecology Darwin’s concept of natural selection focused primarily on competition The term ecology was coined in 1866 by a strong proponent of Darwinism, Ernst Haeckel On the Origin of Species is full of observations and proposed mechanisms that clearly fit within the boundaries of modern ecology
- 10. Ernst Haeckel HannsReiter "By ecology we mean the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature - the investigations of the total relations of animal both to its inorganic and to its organic environment; including above all, its friendly and inimical relation with those animals and plants with which it comes directly or indirectly into contact - in a word, ecology is the study of all the complex interrelations referred to by Darwin as the conditions of the struggle for existence." ECOLOGY
- 11. • He wasthe first to take on the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. • He exposed the existing relationships between observed plant species and climate, and the described vegetation zones using latitude and altitude, a discipline now known as geobotany. • “ Idea for Plant Geography ”– one of Humboldt’s famous works. Alexander von Humboldt • “Father of Ecology” 1769–1859
- 12. The Biosphere Henry ChandlerCowles Wikipedia Eduard Suess Vladimir Vernadsky Region of the earth that encompasses all living organisms Best known for coining the word “Gondw- analand” Contributed two important ideas: plant succession and climax formation Wikipedia Wikipedia Studied the dynamic relationship between life and the Earth: biogeochemical cycles Prior 1900 1926
- 13. In 1935, theBritish ecologist, coined the term ecosystem, the interactive system established between the biocoenosis (the group of living creatures), and their biotope, the environment in which they live. Pinterest Arthur Tansley
- 14. Food chains andthe food cycle, the size of food, niches, and the “pyramid of numbers. Elton’s first book, Animal Ecology, published in 1927 20th century English zoologist and ecologist, Charles Elton, is commonly credited as “the father of animal ecology
- 15. Common.Wikimedia.org In 1946, Ina meeting with his colleagues in University of Georgia’s, Odum suggested that his ecology class be required of all new biology majors. His fellow scientists looked at him and laughed. Odum stormed out of the room but was not deterred. That night, he began writing a guiding set of principles that would ultimately serve as the foundation for the discipline’s first textbook. Father of Modern Ecology Eugene Odum
- 16. Wikipedia Father of ModernEcology
- 17. Robert MacArthur Theory ofIsland Biogeography and innovator of ecological statistical method
- 18. George EvelynHutchinson was a 20th-century ecologist who is commonly recognized as the “Founder of Modern Ecology”. Throughout his career, over six decades, Hutchinson contributed to the sciences of limnology, entomology, genetics, biogeochemistry, mathematical theory of population dynamics George Evelyn Hutchinson Founder of Modern Ecology
- 19. Model of population growthbounded by resource limitations, 1938 Proposed the predator– prey model Vito Volterra 1928 SE Jorgensen Alfred Lotka
- 20. Human ecology beganin the 1920s, through the study of changes in vegetation succession in the city of Chicago. It became a distinct field of study in the 1970s. The development of human ecology led to the increasing role of ecological science in the design and management of cities. This marked the first recognition that humans, who had colonized all of the Earth's continents, were a major ecological factor. Ellen H. Swallow Richards
- 21. The Gaia theory,proposed by James Lovelock, in his work Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, advanced the view that the Earth should be regarded as a single living macro- organism. In particular, it argued that the ensemble of living organisms has jointly evolved an ability to control the global. James Lovelock and Gaia Hypothesis
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