HIV By Dr CB Narayan
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The document discusses HIV/AIDS, defining it as a condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that damages the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and progresses to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) over time. The summary discusses transmission routes like sexual contact and needle sharing, symptoms like weight loss and infections, and prevention methods like condom use and safe needle practices.
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HIV By Dr CB Narayan
- 1. HIV/ AIDS The 21st century pandemic Dr C B NarayanDr C B Narayan CMO(SG)CMO(SG) CH BSF HazaribaghCH BSF Hazaribagh
- 2. A Acquired 2
- 4. AA Acquired II Immuno DD Deficiency 4
- 5. AA Acquired II Immuno DD Deficiency SS Syndrome 5
- 6. HH Human 6
- 8. HH Human II Immunodeficiency VV Virus 8
- 9. HIV/AIDS refers to… “Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome” (AIDS)(AIDS) or a set of symptoms and infections resulting from the damage to the human immune system caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)(HIV).. This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. 9
- 10. Basic Definitions And Meanings What is HIV? HIV is “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”,it is the virus that cause AIDS. Human means that it affects only humans and lives only in humans. The virus does not live in toilets, mosquitoes, cups, spoons, on bed sheets or towels that people with HIV might have used. Immunodeficiency refers to lack(deficiency) or breakdown of immune system. The “immune system” is the body’s resistance or the body’s defense force for fighting off infections. 10
- 11. The virus attacks and eventually overcomes the body’s immune system. The immune system is usually able to defend the body against infections. A virus is a germ. What is AIDS? • AIDS means “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome” • To acquire means to “get or develop over a period of time” • The immune system breaks down gradually over time. 11
- 12. It gets deficient or less and less efficient, under relentless attack by the multiplying number of virus in the body. Syndrome refers to the group or collection of signs and symptoms of indication of diseases in a person who has AIDS. HIV is the infectious stage of the condition,HIV is the infectious stage of the condition, AIDS is the disease phase.AIDS is the disease phase. 12
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- 14. The Origin of AIDS and HIV HIV came from a similar virus found in chimpanzees - SIV. HIV probably entered the United States around 1970.the first recognized case of AIDS was in the early 1980s. HIV is a lentevirus (slow virus),which in turn is a part of a larger group of viruses known as retro virus 14
- 15. Epidemiology Males>females Occurs in all ages and ethnic groups All areas of the country are affected In some city inner areas, as many as 50% of males are HIV positive AIDS is now the second leading cause of death for all men aged 25-44 years (Unintended injuries is #1 and heart disease is #3 for this age group) 15
- 16. HIV Transmission • HIV enters the bloodstream through: Open Cuts Breaks in the skin Mucous membranes Direct injection 16
- 17. Routes of Transmission of HIV Sexual Contact: Male-to-male Male-to-female or vice versa Female-to-female Blood Exposure: Injecting drug use/needle sharing Occupational exposure Transfusion of blood products Perinatal: Transmission from mother to baby Breastfeeding 17
- 18. Routes of Transmission of HIV Occupational TransmissionOccupational Transmission Health care worker/ hospital staff Laboratory workers Other routesOther routes Organ transplantation Artificial insemination Needle-prick 18
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- 20. HIV Transmission Common body fluids that are means of transmission: Blood Semen Vaginal Secretions Breast Milk 20
- 21. HIV in Body Fluids Semen 11,000 Vaginal Fluid 7,000 Blood 18,000 Amniotic Fluid 4,000 Saliva 1 Average number of HIV particles in 1 ml of these body fluids 21
- 22. HIV-Infected T-Cell HIV Virus T-Cell HIV Infected T-Cell New HIV Virus 22
- 23. Window Period This is the period of time after becoming infected when an HIV test is negative. 90 percent of cases test positive within three months of exposure 10 percent of cases test positive within three to six months of exposure 23
- 24. Signs And Symptoms The clinical consequence of HIV infection comprises of a spectrum ranging from an acute syndrome with primary infection to a prolonged asymptomatic stage to advanced disease. Incubation period: 2 to 10 yrs. 24
- 25. The Acute HIV Syndrome Follows 3-6 wks following primary infection 25
- 26. Signs And Symptoms Second phase- Asymptomatic contact Initial HIV inf. or after illness of inf. No symptoms Last 2 to 10 yrs. 26
- 27. Signs And Symptoms Third phase- PGL (Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy) Enlargement of lymph nodes. outside the inguinal area more than 2 areas more that 3 months 27
- 28. Signs And Symptoms Fourth phage-Overt Manifestation of AIDS ARC(AIDS-related complex): fever, loss of weight, anorexia, diarrhea plus PGL Nervous system symptoms: headache, convulsion, paralysis, progressive dementia Rare opportunistic infection. Unusual malignant tumors. Pneumonia. 28
- 29. HIV Infection And Antibody Response 6 month ~ Years ~ Years ~ Years ~ Years Virus Antibody Infection Occurs AIDS Symptoms Initial Stage---------------- --------Intermediate or Latent Stage----------------- Illness Stage Flu-like Symptoms Or No Symptoms Symptom-free < ---- ---- 29
- 30. Common manifestation of AIDS 30
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- 32. Kaposis sarcoma Candidiasis Of Mouth 32
- 34. P. Carinii pneumonia Primary CNS Lymphoma 34
- 36. AIDS In India 36
- 37. Prevention Of HIV/AIDS Risk factors Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can be infected with HIV, but you're at greatest risk of HIV/AIDS if you: Have unprotected sex with multiple partners. Unprotected sex means having sex without using a new latex or polyurethane condom every time. Have unprotected sex with someone who is HIV-positive. Have another sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis, herpes, Chlamydia, gonorrhea or bacterial vaginosis. Share needles during intravenous drug use. Received a blood transfusion or blood products before 1985. 37
- 38. Prevention Of HIV/AIDS Newborns or nursing infants whose mothers tested positive for HIV but did not receive treatment also are at high risk. Fastest growing method of HIV transmission: heterosexual contact. Heterosexual transmission is easier from men to women than from women to men Risk of acquiring for men is greater if contact occurs during menstruation Uncircumcised men are more likely to be seropositive and contract HIV during sex 38
- 39. Prevention Of HIV/AIDS If mother is HIV positive, 100% of children will test positive at birth Breast feeding increases transmission rate 39
- 40. Prevention Of HIV/AIDS There's no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for AIDS. Prevention includes educating yourself about HIV and avoiding any behavior that allows HIV-infected fluids — blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk — into your body. HIV-negative Individual prevention:HIV-negative Individual prevention: Educate yourself and others.Educate yourself and others. Know the HIV status of any sexual partner. Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have sex. Consider male circumcision. Use a clean needle. Be cautious about blood products. Get regular screening tests. 40
- 41. Prevention Of HIV/AIDS HIV positive individual prevention: Follow safe-sex practices. Tell your sexual partners you have HIV. If your partner is pregnant, tell her you have HIV. Tell others who need to know. Don't share needles or syringes. Don't donate blood or organs. Don't share razor blades or toothbrushes. If you're pregnant, get medical care right away. 41
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- 43. Prevention Of HIV/AIDS Traditionally, prevention is described as being at three levels: 43
- 44. Prevention Of HIV/AIDS Traditionally, prevention is described as being at three levels: 44
- 45. Prevention Of HIV/AIDS Traditionally, prevention is described as being at three levels: 45
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- 47. Two Approaches To Disease Prevention 47
- 48. Risk Avoidance & Risk Reduction 48
- 49. What is the ABC Approach? 49
- 50. ABC Strategy 50
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- 53. You Cannot Get Aids FromYou Cannot Get Aids From KissingKissing Tear, Sweat, Saliva, Nasal secretion, Faeces,Tear, Sweat, Saliva, Nasal secretion, Faeces, Urine, Sputum & Vomiting.Urine, Sputum & Vomiting. Sneezing, coughing, sharing glasses/cups, etcSneezing, coughing, sharing glasses/cups, etc HIV is unable to reproduce outside its living host, except underHIV is unable to reproduce outside its living host, except under strictly controlled laboratory conditions. HIV does not survive wellstrictly controlled laboratory conditions. HIV does not survive well in the open air, and dies soon.in the open air, and dies soon. •This means that HIV cannot be transmitted through spitting,This means that HIV cannot be transmitted through spitting, sneezing, sharing glasses, cutlery, or musical instruments. You alsosneezing, sharing glasses, cutlery, or musical instruments. You also can't be infected in swimming pools, showers or by sharingcan't be infected in swimming pools, showers or by sharing washing facilities or toilet seatswashing facilities or toilet seats.. Insects -Insects - HIV only lives for a short time and cannot reproduceHIV only lives for a short time and cannot reproduce inside an insect.inside an insect. Injecting drugs with sterile needlesInjecting drugs with sterile needles Protected sexProtected sex 53
- 54. 54 HIV is unable to reproduce outside its living host, except under strictly controlled laboratory conditions. HIV does not survive well in the open air, and dies soon. This means that HIV cannot be transmitted through spitting, sneezing, sharing glasses, cutlery, or musical instruments. You also can't be infected in swimming pools, showers or by sharing washing facilities or toilet seats.
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Editor's Notes
- #26: Lasts for 2 weeks