homologus recombination

homologus recombination

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  1 Presented By Deepak PI-292 NIPER (Hajipur)
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  Introduction Homologous recombination isa type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA. It is most widely used by cells to accurately repair harmful breaks that occur on both strands of DNA, known as double- strand breaks. It can also be involved in mutation. 2
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  In Eukaryotes Resection InvasionDNA Synthesis SDSA (synthesis- dependent strand annealing) DSBR (double-strand break repair) 3
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  DSBR Pathway DSBR pathwayis unique because the second 3' overhang (which was not involved in strand invasion) also forms a Holliday junction with the homologous chromosome. The double Holliday junctions are then converted into recombination products by nicking endonucleases. Chromosomal crossover is determined by the way of double Holliday junction is cut, or "resolved". 4
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  SDSA pathway The invading3' strand is extended along the recipient DNA duplex by a DNA polymerase. Holliday junction between donor and recipient DNA molecules slides in a process called branch migration. The newly synthesized 3' end of the invading strand is then able to anneal to the other 3' overhang in the damaged chromosome through complementary base pairing. Ligation process does the work of resealing. 6
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  In Bacteria Homologous recombinationis a major DNA repair process in bacteria. It is also important for producing genetic diversity in bacterial populations. Double-strand DNA breaks in bacteria are repaired by the RecBCD pathway. Breaks that occur on only one of the two DNA strands, known as single-strand gaps, are repaired by the RecF pathway. Both the RecBCD and RecF pathways include a series of reactions known as branch migration. 8
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  RecBCD Pathway In thispathway, a three-subunit enzyme complex called RecBCD initiates recombination by binding to a blunt or nearly blunt end of a break in double-strand DNA. After RecBCD binds the DNA end, the RecD subunits begin unzipping the DNA duplex through helicase activity. The RecB subunit has a nuclease domain, which cuts the single strand of DNA that emerges from the unzipping process. This unzipping continues until RecBCD encounters a specific nucleotide sequence (5'-GCTGGTGG-3') known as a Chi site. 9
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  After reaching chisite enzyme activity decreases to half after a little pause. It is due to the reason that slower RecB helicase enzyme now in progress in replacement of faster RecD helicase enzyme. At chi site RecBCD enzyme cuts the DNA strand with Chi and begins loading multiple RecA proteins onto the single-stranded DNA. The resulting RecA-coated nucleoprotein filament then searches out similar sequences of DNA on a homologous chromosome. Upon finding such a sequence, the single-stranded nucleoprotein filament moves into the homologous recipient DNA duplex in a process called strand invasion. 10
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  RecF Pathway Bacteria appearto use the RecF pathway of homologous recombination to repair single-strand gaps in DNA. When the RecBCD pathway is inactivated by mutations, the RecF pathway can also repair DNA double-strand breaks. In the RecF pathway the RecQ helicase unwinds the DNA and the RecJ nuclease degrades the strand with a 5’ end, leaving the strand with the 3’ end intact. RecA protein binds to this strand and is either aided by the RecF, RecO, and RecR proteins or stabilized by them. The RecA nucleoprotein filament then searches for a homologous DNA and exchanges places with the identical or nearly identical strand in the homologous DNA. 12
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  Conclusion Homologous recombination isconserved across all domains of life, suggesting that it is a nearly universal biological mechanism. Homologous recombination that occurs during DNA repair tends to result in non-crossover products, in effect restoring the damaged DNA molecule as it existed before the double-strand break. Homologous recombination is also used in gene targeting, a technique for introducing genetic changes into target organisms. 13