Hospital Acquired Infections

Hospital Acquired Infections
Running head: HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS, EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
Hospital Acquired Infections
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Grand Canyon University
Family–Centered Health Promotion
NRS–429V
Laura Campbell
August 25, 2012
Emergency department (ED) nurses save lives every day by utilizing their skills and knowledge to
assist the physician in providing emergent care to patients who arrive via ambulance or by private
auto. Nurses are aware of their responsibilities to respond to the patient's needs quickly and
efficiently to provide life–saving interventions and care. However, are ED nurses aware that they
contribute directly and indirectly to a large percentage of patient's demise through the insertion of
foley catheters, peripheral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He feels that we need to enforce the hand washing policy of the hospital to extend to the general
public that comes in and out of the ED (Larsen MSN, ARNP, FNP, 2009).
Hospital acquired infections (HAI) will begin to display signs and symptoms within 48 hours. In
order to treat the infections, physicians need to diagnostic tools quickly. The manufacturer of new
diagnostic test makers, Kalorama Information stated last year that the world demand for testing and
treatment of HAI will be over 10 billion dollars by the year 2015, increasing from 9 billion dollars
in 2010. Kalorama also stated that HAI has a 5% infection rate of 40 million hospital visits a year,
causing 100,000 deaths in the U.S. annually (Kalorama Information, July 14, 2011). Early diagnosis
will improve the patient's outcome and decrease the chance of death. According to Kalorama, 20–
30% of the HAI can be prevented by the simple use of better hand washing and cross contamination
avoidance although the others need more intensive changes such as hospital ventilation systems and
using more disposable supplies (Kalorama Information, p. 113) .
Jeanine Thomas of Hinesdale, IL has founded the MRSA Suvivors Network and has been an activist
for Methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) awareness. Her experience with an HAI
started with a simple ankle injury that required surgery in 2003.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay On Surgical Site Infection
Surgical Site Infections
Elizabeth Griffor
HCA 375 Continuous Quality Monitoring & Accreditation
Instructor: Annajane Schnapp
October 27, 2012
I chose to do my paper on the hospital–acquired condition of surgical site infections. In this paper I
will discuss what a surgical site infection is, why it is considered preventable, the legal implications
related to the patient, the role disclosure plays, accreditation expectations, and analyze the cost of
continuous quality monitoring as it relates to quality. Surgical site infections account for 40 % of all
hospital–acquired infections ( HAIs) and are unnecessary and largely preventable. Use of antibiotics
is fundamental in preventing surgical site infection and includes ... Show more content on
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* Shoe covers are not necessary for preventing surgical site infections. Vascular access– * Adhere to
the rules of asepsis when placing intravascular devices and administering I.V. drugs.
3. Postoperative stage:
Incision care– * Use a sterile dressing for 24–48 hours on an incision after surgery. * Wash your
hands before and after any contact with the surgical site, even when changing the dressing.
* Use a sterile technique when changing dressings. * Teach the patient and family about incision
care, signs or symptoms of surgical site infection, and when to report any symptoms (Adams, 2001).
Following these guidelines can effectively reduce or prevent surgical site infections. Although
nothing is 100% full proof, surgical site infections can be reduced and prevented in most situations.
If an infection is not present at the time of admission and becomes evident after 48 hours of
hospitalization; it is considered to be hospital acquired. Following the above mentioned guidelines
indicates quality health care practices. By using these techniques, surgical site infections will be
prevented and reduced resulting in quality care; benefiting both the patient and the hospital. A legal
implication related to a patient developing a surgical site infection, results in more cost to the
hospital, less profit, and leaves them open to possible lawsuits. Hospital acquired infections affect
1.7 million

Prevention Of Infection Control Prevention
Hospitals all over the country are filled with many patients with different kinds of illnesses or
diseases. Therefore it is highly important members of the staff take precautionary measures when it
comes to preventing an outbreak of infectious diseases. When hospitals around the country are
finding the need to address infection control prevention, it is safe to say that some things may be
lacking. The purpose of this paper is to gain a better insight on whether hospitals are following
certain procedures that prevention infection. The author will start by identifying the source of the
problem, analyze it, and offer a solution. Madison Community Hospital is having to address
infection control prevention. It seems as though hospitals around the country are seeing an increase
in methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, which can be a deadly disease for patients
(Buchbinder & Shanks, 2012). In order to prevent a spread of MRSA infection, the hospital must
first find out if their employees are following hand sanitizing procedures and then find a way to
enforce safety procedures among the employees. One of the major problems at Madison Community
Hospital is the threat of contracting MRSA through unhygienic practices in the hospital. Several
infectious diseases doctors have cause for concern of a potential MRSA outbreak at Madison
Community Hospital (Buchbinder & Shanks, 2012). This is because hospital employees are lacking
when it comes to sanitizing their hands

Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs vs Handwashing Essay
Language and Communication: Research
Dianne Pacifico
QBT1: Task 4 – Revisions
January 28, 2013
Western Governors University
* Alcohol–Based Hand Rubs versus Handwashing Efficacy * Hand hygiene has been the foundation
of preventing nosocomial infections throughout the hospital. It has been taught for several
generations that hand hygiene is effectively accomplish through the use of handwashing with soap
and water. Unfortunately, studies have shown that handwashing practices have fallen out, which
have led to a noticeably low compliance rate with health care workers. This in turn has led to an
increase of nosocomial infections, and has had a negative impact on improving the health of patients
who rely on physicians, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After, their hands were cultured for Staphylococcus aureus, gram–negative bacilli (GNB), Candida,
and vancomycin–resistant enterococci (VRE). Like similar studies conducted, the healthcare
workers reported insufficient time, and skin irritation was a barrier to compliance with hand
hygiene. After Bradley et al. (2003) introduced the alcohol–based hand rub to the healthcare
workers, it well was accepted and tolerated, leading to a significant increase in frequency in hand
hygiene. Skin irritation was a common answer as to why healthcare workers did not adhere to the
hand hygiene practices in the hospitals. This led to an increase in nosocomial infections, and sicker
patients. A study conducted by Hugonnet, Perneger, & Pittet (2002) recognized the complaints
of their participants and introduced an alcohol–hand rub with an emollient, which had a better
lubricating effect on their hands. Also, Hugonnet et al. (2002) distributed individual alcohol–based
hand rubs in convenient bottles. The bottles were designed with an easy to open flip top that could
be opened with one finger, and decreased the chances of contamination. Also, the patient beds that
participated with the study were given a clip to hang at bedside

Literature Review On Hand Washing
Literature review
Does simply washing of hand with soap reduce the spread of diseases?
Introduction
According to world health organisation report (2015), hand washing is the simple act of cleaning the
hands with or without water and soap. It requires the use of water and soap to remove dirt form the
hands (World Health Organisation, 2015). Evidence has shown that diarrhoea is the leading course
of death in young children and it is in every way linked to poor hand hygiene (Ejemot RI, 2008).
Diarrhoea according to World Health Organization (WHO) is defined as 3 or more loose or watery
stools per day, which is rather not normal as it should be in a normal individual. There are different
types of nosocomial infections and according to (LV, 1993) the most common nosocomial infection
is the nosocomial diarrhoea depending on the duration of hospitalisation, exposure to antibiotics and
poor hand hygiene. Based on researches that have been done and also in recent times, frequent hand
washing is thought to be the most effective way of preventing transmission of diseases. However not
all studies agreed to the effectiveness of hand washing with soap to reduce the bacteria's associated
with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Background importance of hand hygiene was given, guideline were provided to health care workers
on the importance of hand washing as a daily routeing so as to reduce the spread of diseases from
health workers to the patients, proper information on the daily practice of hand hygiene was given,
posters that explains and demonstrated the proper hand washing techniques were also available to
provide a better understanding for young ones and the uneducated people, it is was also a way of
promoting compliance to hand hygiene in the public

The Nurse 's Role On Influencing Change
The Nurse's Role in Influencing Change
Leadership and management activities are an integral part of professional nurses (Cherry, 2008).
Considering the direct impact that hand hygiene compliance may cause on the residents' health,
nurses at Elim Village are obliged to initiate necessary changes in their agency practice. The change
process outlined in change theories (e.g., Lewin's change theory, chaos theory) will guide nurses to
carry out such change in a systematic and organized manner, resulting in preserving resources and
reducing the risk of ineffective change. For example, one may be unaware of the amount or extent of
assessment required before proceeding to the actual change process (i.e. the movement phase) if not
equipped with the fundamental theoretical knowledge. Additionally, a small change may result in an
extensive impact on an organization as a whole as described by chaos theory (Marquis & Huston,
2008). An unpredictable consequence is more likely if the changes were implemented without the
in–depth understanding of the formal and informal, as well as the interpersonal and functional
dynamism that exists in the organization. Nurses who initiate/implement changes need to thoroughly
acquaint themselves with the structure and culture of the organization.
Social influence is also identified as a driving force to improve the hand hygiene behavior of a
health care team (Huis et al., 2013). As Cherry (2008) articulates, leadership does not always require

reflection on aseptic technique Essay
Reflective Log – Aseptic Technique In this reflection I am going to discuss a procedure that I have
carried out whilst I have been on placement and the importance of infection control using the
Aspetic Non Touch Technique (ANTT). The procedure I am going to discuss is a dressing change to
a leg ulcer which took place during a routine home visit with the community nurse. I am going to
use Gibbs Model of Reflection (1988), to reflect on the experience and evaluate my thoughts and
feelings of the procedure, and to outline what I have gained from the experience for my future
practice. After observing my mentor and other nurses performing various dressing changes using the
Aseptic Non Touch technique (ANTT), and practicing the procedure ... Show more content on
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Once the dressings were securely on and the procedure had been finished, I removed my apron and
gloves and disposed of them in the plastic bag, along with everything thing else I had used and then
washed my hands again. After leaving the patients home I discussed my practical experience with
the Nurse who informed me that I although I had carried out the procedure well it was actually
carried out using a clinically clean technique rather than the Aseptic Non Touch Technique as I had
thought. As I had used the same gloves to remove the dirty dressings from the leg ulcer and then
apply new sterile dressings I had not maintained the Aseptic Non Touch Technique. The Nurse
informed me that this was perfectly suitable for the procedure I carried out as the wound was still
kept as clean as possible and dressings and equipment used were sterile. Whilst carrying out the
procedure I felt confident with my practice of the dressing change using the Aseptic technique.
Although I was slightly nervous and self–conscious as I was aware that the trained Nurse was
observing me, I felt that this did not come across in my body language or my practice. When the
Nurse told me that I was not using the Aseptic Non Touch Technique I felt unsure of the whole
process which then led to me re–evaluating my practice within this area. The Lincolnshire
Community Health Service (LCHS)

The Success Of A Nurse
As with any career–focused education, it is the students who determine the future triumph of that
particular career. Nursing students are provided with the knowledge, tools, and experience that they
need in order to be successful. Ultimately, the patient's wellness is the central focus of the success of
a nurse. The American Nursing Association defines nursing as, "...the protection, promotion, and
optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through
the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families,
communities, and populations." (American Nurses Association, 2015). The responsibilities of a
nurse are critical and uniquely tailored to each individual patient. One uniform piece that must
remain consistent among the daily practices of a nurse is infection control.
Body The basis of infection control is hand hygiene. Hygiene education often begins during
childhood, with the aid of playful rhymes and charismatic diagrams on bathroom walls. Although
the attempt to establish a strong habit of hand hygiene at an early age has good intent, it is not
always successful or effective. Hand hygiene for health care professionals must be successful and
effective in order to prevent healthcare–associated infections (HAIs), making hand hygiene a major
part of the curriculum in nursing schools (World Health Organization, 2015). HAIs are infections
that are acquired in a healthcare setting

Hand Hygiene Proposal Essay
How important is hand hygiene when it comes to caring for our patients? Is there any information
regarding whether it benefits the patient or not? Is our current way of teaching staff members
efficient enough in regards to preventing infections for not just themselves but again for our
patients? The purpose behind this proposal is to facilitate and reinforce the current teachings we
have put forth in regards to educating our medical staff about proper hand hygiene and its
importance. I would like you to ponder this statistic, there is an estimated 2.5 million hospital–
acquired infections (HAIs) that occur annually in the United States. With this particular population,
90,000 of them could have been preventable deaths. The source being "suboptimal practice by
healthcare workers, particularly poor hand hygiene" (Fox et al., 2015). This statistic is unacceptable
and sadly to say we are part of those numbers. Therefore, my vision is to reduce our very own
infection rate within the hospital, by enhancing our current teachings about hand hygiene; and to
stress its importance in hopes of protecting our patients. Change Model Overview Those who work
in the medical field utilize evidence based practices to put forth a vision or set ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Across the spectrum, patients can acquire an infection through their bloodstream, surgical sites,
urinary tract, respiratory, and even gastrointestinal. Per Word Health Organization (WHO),
"healthcare workers are often the conduit for the spread of such infections to other patients in their
care." Furthermore, numerous patients may transmit microbes without any noticeable signs or
symptoms of an infection which reinforces the need for hand hygiene. (WHO, n.d.). If our facility
embraces more proficient approaches for improving hand hygiene this proves we are more open to a
closer inspection of our infection control practices in

The Nosocomial Infection Prevention Program
Executive Summary (Benchmark Assessment)
The purpose of the program The nosocomial infection prevention program has been developed to
serve as basic practical resource to all health care individuals, as well as for those who work in the
infection control department in our health care facility. The program will provide helpful
information, rationales and recommendations in our join effort to fight hospitals' acquired infection.
This program will assist our hospital administrators, infection control personnel and, those involved
in direct patient' care to prevent hospital acquired infections.
The target population or audience Disturbing to many is that most infection–related deaths are
preventable. Nosocomial infection, also known as hospital–acquired infection (HAI) is defined as
infection acquired in health care settings. Patients are hospitalized for reasons unrelated to infection
(CDC, 2013). According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nosocomial
infections are the forth leading killer in the United States. Two million hospital–acquired infections
occurring per year result in about 100,000 deaths. This is more than the amount of people who die
from auto accidents and homicides combined (CDC, 2013).
Despite advancements in infection surveillance and healthcare practices, nosocomial infections
continue to develop in hospitalized patients. Many studies indicate that hospital acquired infections
increase as older and sicker patients enter our

Reflection of the Aseptic Technique Essay
During my community placement I was given many opportunities to dress wounds, replace catheters
and attend to PEG's, all of which are done using the 'Aseptic Technique'. For procedures such as
pressure sores, leg ulcers, simple grazes' removing drains or sutures, the 'clean technique' is used
which is a modified aseptic technique and aims to avoid introducing micro organisms to a
susceptible site and also to prevent cross contamination to patients and staff, it differs from an
aseptic technique, as the use of sterile equipment and the environment are not as crucial as would be
required for asepsis (Gough 2009).
The Aseptic technique is one of a number of procedures that contributes to preventing Health Care
Associated Infections (HCAI) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a number of problems for community nurses, such as maintain a sterile field, being a lone
practioner, no dressing trolley and limited access to single–use sterile items. To some extent
contamination of the sterile field arises from a break in the aseptic procedure to perform wound
cleansing either because of the use of tap water or because irrigation systems such as pods or aerosol
canisters are not sterile on the outside (although the fluid it contains is sterile). The other major
constraint relates to having to place the sterile field on furniture within a patient's home rather than
on a clean trolley as it would be rather difficult for nurses to carry trolleys around in their cars.
There are a couple of things which are done to reduce the risk of contamination of the sterile field.
Firstly the sterile field is placed at a height which would prevent contamination of the field from
skin scales and fibres while changing a dressing and the sterile field should be ideally be placed on a
clean table, ensuring that the sterile packs are fit for purpose as Unsworth (2010) clearly states that it
is common for manufacturers to incorporate items in to the packs which should be available to the
nurse prior to opening the pack as packs contain aprons and gloves may appear to

Racial Hygiene And The Victims Of Medical Experiments
Each year, about 2.7 million shelter animals are euthanized, simply because they have nowhere to
call "home". We humans seem to think we can determine which lives are worthy, or unworthy, of
life. Similarly, Hitler believed he had the right to determine which lives were worthy of living.
During the Holocaust, it is estimated that about 6 million Jews were "euthanized" because he
deemed them as undeserving of life. Included within that estimation are the victims of medical
experiments, which physicians imposed on them without consent. People in positions of power
determined who were worthy of continuing to live, with what we now consider basic human rights,
and those unworthy were euthanized or used in medical experimentation. By simply understanding
the expansive amount of pain and suffering these "unworthy" individuals went through, you will
understand why it is imperative that we teach this dark point in human history and make sure it is
never repeated.
In the early twentieth century, a popular idea known as racial hygiene played a prominent role in
creating a division between races. The German government created a set of policies that dictated
which individuals were worthy and unworthy of reproducing, in the hopes of obtaining more
desirable qualities, based on these ideas. In 1933, the German government started a series of forced
sterilizations, without consent. Robert Jay Lifton writes that a group of individuals deemed
"'hereditarily sick'" were the main targets.

Is Hand Washing Really Effective at Reducing Infections in...
This essay will be discussing how effective the hand washing technique has been in reducing
infections in hospital. The hand washing technique has been around since the mid–1800s, helping to
reduce both hospital and community acquired infections, such as MRSA and C–diff, which both can
be passed on by touch. It will establish how effecting the hand washing technique is and how can it
be more effective.
Hand Hygiene among health care workers today plays a central role in preventing the transmission
of infectious agents. It has been determined that many germs and infections, have been passed to the
patient from a health care worker. In 1847 Ignaz Semmelweis, a surgical assistant at Vienna General
Hospital conducted a study of puerperal fever causing a high maternal and neonatal mortality. He
conducted two studies for different classes of patients. The treatment was given by the medical
student and midwife in both classes individually. He found that the death rate in the first was
13.10% and the second class death rate was 2.03%, but could not explain his findings. However he
subsequently deduced that the medical student's hands were contaminated causing a higher death
rate. He noted that physicians and medical students were contaminating their hand while performing
autopsies and later attending the examination of women without washing their hand washing. Cross
infections in hospital is commonly spread by contaminated hands and equipment. Some bacteria will
inhabit and

Handwashing: Eliminate Health Care-Associated Infections
Summary of the teaching plan
The topic for the lesson plan revolves around primary prevention, particularly hand washing and the
hospital acquired infections. Hand hygiene done correctly will reduce or eliminate health care–
associated infections (World Health Organization, 2008). According to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledge poor hand
hygiene to be one of the most significant contributors to infections (The Joint Commission, 2009).
This was a brief teaching lesson running between 20 to 30 minutes at the University of California
San Diego which the community hospital for San Diego. The community in this context and the
target students involved three staff nurses, first and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Handwashing has been clearly proven to prevent different diseases and is one of the most beneficial
ways to protect others including oneself from infections. As simple as hand washing with plain or
antimicrobial soaps appears, it has been projected that it can cut down hospital acquired infections.
Hand hygiene can decrease the risk of respiratory infections by 16% (CDC, 2016). The CDC
published in 2016, significant reduction at the national level close to all infections included
compared to baseline data (CDC, 2016). Moreover, reductions in hospital on–site MRSA 13%,
bacteremia and a 8% with C. difficile infections based on 2014, HAI Data and Statics (CDC, 2016).
Again, the compliance rates when it comes to hand hygiene hospitals the law mandates to report
their findings. In 2011 the statics showed, one in twenty–five hospital patients have had an HAI,
with 772,000 HAI in the major acute hospitals in the United States (CDC, 2016). Various parameters
are said to have an effect on hand hygiene compliance. Furthermore, it is estimated 30,000 deaths
each year from nosocomial infections (CDC, 2016). According to CDC, one of them is said to be the
time required for procedure education. The hospital personnel has been recommended to re–educate,
provided with hand hygiene products that are effective. These entail the alcohol–based hand rubs.
Alcohol sanitizers are antiseptic products with some level of alcohol ranging between 60 to 85
percent. This is meant to avoid the spread of pathogens (WHO, 2016). A shift in hand hygiene agent
had been said to be beneficial for the hospitals which have not only exhibited a high workload, but
also a great demand of for hand hygiene which can cause laziness and rush to wash their

Inspections Spread through Direct Contact
Most healthcare–associated infections are spread through direct contact, mainly through the hands
of healthcare workers (Gould et al., 2010). Hand hygiene can prevent health care associated
infection. The aim of hand hygiene through hand washing is to sufficiently reduce the
microorganisms on the skin to prevent cross transmission. Hand hygiene, Infection prevention and
control should be incorporated into every aspect of healthcare, this can be done using evidence
based practise. Evidence based practise requires health professionals to apply the best available
evidence to assist with their clinical decision making (Ilic, 2009)
Evidence based practise is defined as clinical practise based on the best, most recent research
((Richardson–Tench and Elliott, 2010). Evidence based practise is a process of translating
knowledge generated by research into clinical practice. (Ilic, 2009) gives the five steps to evidence
based practise,
1. converting clinical scenarios into structured answerable questions
2. Searching the literature to identify the best available evidence to answer to answer the question
3. Critically appraising the evidence for its validity and applicability, and
4. Applying the results of the appraisal into clinical practise
5. Evaluation/assessment of the evidence based practise.
Evidence based practice aims to provide the best possible evidence to the point of clinical contact
((Richardson–Tench and Elliott, 2010). Evidence based practise would be beneficial for

Pre Simulation Assignment A & E 1
Kelly Garces
09/23/2017
Pre–Simulation Assignment A&E 1, Module 1 Margaret Chase
1. 1. Describe the different types of infection control precautions (for example: contact precautions).
Be sure to include when to use them and what PPE is used for each. Why is it important to follow
infection control guidelines?
1. 2. Describe the importance of hand washing.
Health Care providers must implement infection control at all times. This is essential in order to
avoid any sources of contamination that would put patients at risk for infection as well as all
hospital personnel. There are two important aseptic techniques: Medical Asepsis, and Surgical
Asepsis. The first one includes hand hygiene, use of gloves, masks, gowns and routine ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is contamination with blood, soil, or any type of body fluid, it is recommended to wash
hands with nonantimicrobial or antimicrobial soap and water. On the contrary, alcohol–based hand
rub can be utilized if the hands are not soiled or contaminated with blood.
A campaign called, "Clean Hands Save Lives" endorsed by the CDC in the year 2015 put an
emphasis on five simple steps to avoid or reduce illnesses. The steps are the following and to be
carried out in that order: wet, lather, scrub, rinse, and dry (Potter, Perry, Stockert, & Hall, pg. 458).
In addition to performing hand hygiene, gloves must also be used when handling any type of
specimen. The use of PPE or Personal protective equipment is important as it protects the wearer
from any type of injury or infection. (PPE) Healthcare facilities disclose the type of contact
precaution outside a patient's door. For example, a label for Airborne Precautions indicate that a
respiratory protection device (N95 respirator) must be worn in order to enter the room and while
interacting with the patient. A room with Droplet Precautions requires the use of a mask or
respirator. On the other hand, a room with Contact Precautions indicates the use of gloves and
gowns, and a room with category Protective Environment requires protection with HEPA filtration,
mask, gloves, and gowns (Potter et al., pg 459).
1. 3. What

Hand Washing, How Important Is It?
Hand Washing, How Important Is It? Every job has a set of standards that one has to adhere to.
These rules are set in place in order to provide an atmosphere that is safe and sound. In lab we were
taught basic overriders such as, hand hygiene, gloves and how important they were in maintaining
safety regarding not only patients, but yourself as well. When in clinicals one particular incident that
stuck out to me was when a CNA and I, provided a resident with a shower. Not only did she not
wash her hands she did not wear gloves either. If the resident had even a minor scrape not wearing
gloves could have easily spread an infection. In the article I chose, it described just how vulnerable
patients in long term facilities are and how they

The Theory Of Infection Prevention And Control Practice
Framework Analysis. Results. Several themes emerged from the analysis including the nature of
infection prevention and control practice that is seen as good or poor practice; attitudes and
behaviours towards infection prevention and control and barriers to poor practice and reporting
mechanisms; barriers and motivators to learning about infection prevention and control. Studies The
first study aimed to consider the experiences of nursing and midwifery students in clinical
placements in terms of what they learned about infection prevention and control and how prepared
they felt about gaining new skills during placements. A total of 31 nursing students and 9 midwifery
students were telephone interviewed. The research considered students' views of good and bad
practices they had observed during placements, the basis for these judgements and identify reasons
for poor practice reporting. The report used the King's Conceptual Framework nursing model to
analyse and discuss the findings. The second study is an interview study with nurse mentors (n=32).
The interviews focused on their views of students' knowledge and skills in infection prevention and
control, students' willingness to learn, their views of nursing education in relation to behaviours and
attitudes towards both infection prevention and control, staff and their organisation and the effects
this might have on student learning. Introduction & Background Healthcare associated infection
(HCAI) is a big problem

Hand Hygiene
edge hill university armstrong house | How does hand washing influence the prevention of
healthcare acquired infections (HCAIs)? | Practice Essay | | | 5/21/2013 | Word Count: 1059 |
This essay will examine and compare the different methods of hand washing in the perioperative
environment and how hand washing influences the prevention of healthcare acquired infections
(HCAIs). It will show the importance of washing hands thoroughly to remove bacteria to prevent
HCAIs. It will include the differences between the surgical hand wash, the social hand wash and the
use of alcohol rubs.
According to Pirie (2010) hand hygiene is very important to perioperative practice and over the
years has become more important for health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a few differences between the social hand wash and the surgical hand wash, the social
hand wash takes less time and is focussed around the hands whereas the surgical hand wash takes
longer and includes a larger surface area, also different solutions are used. (Denham, 2007)
Kampf and Ostermyer (2011, cited in Ghorbani et al 2011:67) have concluded that 'alcoholic
solutions are more effective than other solutions'. Alcohol based rub has a few benefits over soap
and water and can be used without having a fresh supply of water, there is also no need for sinks and
it is easier to perform (Timby, 2009). CCAR (2007) states that the use of alcohol hand rub requires
less time and acts faster because it can be used whilst walking, this means staff can use their time
more efficiently. CCAR (2007:1) also specified a method of how to use the alcohol rub – all
jewellery must be removed (jewellery is difficult to clean and bacteria will still be lingering on it),
hands need to be visibly clean, if they are not then the social hand wash needs to be completed, '1 to
2 pumps' of the alcohol rub should be enough to cover the hands. This should then be spread over all
surfaces of the hands, making sure finger tips, between fingers, back of hands and base of thumbs
are covered

Mrsa
Hand hygiene has been stated as the one main element that can prevent the spread of MRSA (Gould
2002). Washing hands is not kid's stuff – not in the era of MRSA. Once entrenched MRSA can be
extremely difficult to treat. If it gets into the blood stream it can be lethal (Belkum, Verbrugh 2001).
Simor and Andrew (2001) also emphasise that hand washing is the most important control practice.
It is essential because personal contact is the primary mode of MRSA transmission. Therefore good
hand washing technique is vital to ensure that the decontamination is effective, as no soap will be
effective if the technique is poor.
Rayner (2003) affirms this by stating that appropriate hand washing effectively removes transient
organisms, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is called "cohorting" and can be a useful approach for managing outbreaks. It can also reduce
the feelings of isolation yet promote nursing care.
The most important type of isolation required for MRSA is what is called Contact Isolation. This
type of isolation requires everyone in contact with the patient to be very careful about hand washing
after touching either the patient or anything in contact with the patient. In addition the patients notes
should be clearly labelled "MRSA" so that this type of accommodation is provided if and when they
are admitted to hospital in the future.
As well as infection control effective communication is essential in the effort to control and contain
the spread of MRSA. The key element in communication is education about MRSA: its'
epidemiology, treatment and control measures. Anxiety about MRSA is often based on ignorance
about the risks of infection and the precautions to prevent transmission. Nurses can do a great deal
to allay fears by communicating effectively without breaking confidentiality. For example: nurses
should provide information leaflets for patients, visitors and staff; provide notices which describe
the precautions needed; talk to the patients about how they can help themselves; and ensure all staff
understand the actions they need to take.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the importance of control and prevention in the spread of MRSA cannot be
emphasised enough. MRSA clearly

Recommendation For Hand Hygiene Reminder System
Emily Rivers
Max Smith
ENGC 1102
13 July 2015
Recommendation for Hand Hygiene Reminder System One recommendation for the healthcare
setting is to invest in a hand hygiene reminder system. In this system, the employee would wear a
lighted badge that senses when hand hygiene was completed, reminds with a sound when they forget
and reports if they are noncompliant (O'Reilly, Kevin B.). Without proper hand hygiene and
infection control, patients can get infections that could have previously been avoided ("Compliance:
Two Hands at a Time"). These are called hospital–acquired infections, or healthcare–associated
infections (HAI's), and can lead to death, especially in hospitalized patients whose health is already
compromised ("Forget to wash? Devices track hand washing adherence in hospitals"). Patient safety
is a priority. HAI's are prevented and safety is maintained by incorporating this hand hygiene
reminder system into the infection control practices at Park Nicollet's Methodist Hospital. This
recommendation pertains to people such as nurses and doctors who provide direct patient care and
also to the leaders of Park Nicollet who make the executive decisions. As an infection control nurse,
I provide evidence of why this is important for the healthcare team. The role of the audience is to
make a decision about whether this is something the hospital needs and support in the decision that
is made. This report studies how the hand hygiene reminder systems work, how the advantages

Unit Ic01 the Principles of Infection Prevention and...
Unit IC01 The Principles of Infection Prevention and Control Outcome 1 1.1: Employees rights and
responsibilities in the relation to the prevention and control of infection are to follow company's
policies and procedures, keep themselves safe and others, report any hazards which could lead to
infection, attend relevant courses, use the PPE provided, keeping the work environment clean and
tidy and to maintain good personal hygiene 1.2: Employers responsibilities in the relation to the
prevention and control of infection are to keep everybody safe and to provide a safe work place,
they do this by following current legislation. A few examples taken from the HSAWA are COSHH,
The Public Health (control of diseases) Act, Food Safety Act ... Show more content on
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Risks come in many forms, for example, the risk of infection or the risk of personal injury from
damaged equipment or dangerous lifting practises. 4.2: The potential risks of infection within the
workplace can be very high in a care home as you are constantly coming into contact with people
who may have infections, handling waste material which could be contaminated and working in an
environment and with equipment which could be contaminated. This is why it is extremely
important to wear the correct PPE and use the correct hand washing procedure and use the correct
cleaning products. 4.3: To carry out a risk assessment first of all you need to identify the hazards,
then decide who might be harmed and how. Then evaluate the risks and decide on precaution and
then record your findings and implement on them. After this is done review your assessment and
update if necessary. 4.4: It is important to carry out risk

The Importance Of Establishing A Proper Behavioral Pattern...
Literature Review The importance of establishing a proper behavioral pattern for healthcare workers
concerning hand hygiene is underscored by some of the research encountered for the literature
review. One such study of interest would seek to determine the conditions which have tended to
produce habits considered to be positive and sanitary hand hygiene practices. The study by Sax et al
(2007) was conducted for the purpose of examining the factors which induce preferred hand–
washing techniques and frequency in healthcare workers. Projecting itself as a cross–sectional study
design in which a questionnaire serves as the key data gathering instrument, the article by Sax
gathers a broad sampling of perspectives on the issue of hand hygiene and the parameters which
tend to be effective in encouraging it. The methodology of the study was the distribution of the
survey questionnaire to a randomly selected population of a university–based teaching hospital. The
survey would be self–administered and would be returned anonymously, with biographical details
limited to those describing the individual respondent 's position within the hospital. The sample for
the execution of this study would be drawn from the hospital 's personnel, with 1042 questionnaires
being returned completed. The study reports this as a 35% return rate. The breakdown within this
sample population amounted to 271 physicians, 629 nurses, and 141 nursing assistants. The findings
would suggest certain majority

Guidelines For Improving Hand Hygiene Compliance
Improving Hand Hygiene Compliance
Stan Tran
Gwynedd Mercy University
9/20/16
Abstract
Among all nursing students and the majority of healthcare professionals, hand hygiene is understood
to be a simple and important method of reducing nosocomial infections among patients. The
guidelines stated by the CDC delineate specific, step–by–step recommendations in order to perform
adequate handwashing. Though it may be proven and well understood, the actual compliance
demonstrated by healthcare workers is severely lacking. The purpose of this literature review is to
identify methods that help ensure continued compliance in reducing the transmission of
communicable diseases via adequate handwashing. Approximately four research articles were
selected to provide an overview of various methods used to promoting handwashing compliance.
The methods used in selecting these articles were as follows: hand hygiene, improve compliance,
and nursing. Articles older than seven years were excluded. An exception was made for an
electronic publication detailing the history of infection control and asepsis; this was strictly chosen
for its content despite being published in 2005. The following outcomes which may yield positive
results were identified: increased education, implementing friendly reminders throughout the
facility, installing additional handwashing stations or appropriate substitutes such as alcohol–based
cleansers, and using student nurses as handwashing ambassadors. Due to the lack

Nursing Research Utilization Project Proposal
Nursing Research Utilization Project Proposal Abstract The issue of controlling and preventing
hospital–acquired infections is a major problem in the Healthcare system. Most patients admitted to
hospitals are at some risk of contracting a hospital–acquired infection (Paterson, 2012). Some
patients are more vulnerable than others; these include the elderly, patients with defective immune
systems, and premature babies. Hospital–acquired infections remain a major concern, and they can
occur in any care setting, including acute care within hospitals, outpatient surgery centers, clinics,
and long–term care facilities (such as nursing homes or rehab centers). Four categories account for
75% of all acquired infections in the acute care ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In some cases, patients die from the infections. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
estimates that approximately two million people acquire infections while in the hospital each year,
and approximately 90,000 of these patients die as a result of their infections (Limaye, Mastrangelo,
& Zerr, 2008). All of these negative reports suggest it is very important and necessary for healthcare
providers to focus on an evidence– based confirmed clinical practice solution to help eliminate
hospital–acquired infections. 3. Project objective that is specific, realistic, and measurable The
outcome objective for this project is for nurses from the cardiac unit of Greenville Hospital System
who attend the infection control educational classes to score a 95% or higher on the post test after
each training session in order to evaluate employee knowledge on the topic. Any employee who
scores less than 95% on the posttest will need to repeat the training session. The infection class will
begin first week of August for the cardiac staff nurses and the last two weeks of July for selected
charge nurses who will help facilitate during the implementation of the educational program. 4.
Brief solution description and rationale The way to reduce and eliminate infections in the hospital is
to develop the proposed evidence–based solution of implementing an educational program with
different training sessions to

Hand Hygeine Research Papaer
Capstone Project Abstract
Background
Hand washing and hand hygiene are consider to be the number one, cheap essential measure of
preventing and controlling spread of hospital acquired infections (HAIs). Hand washing and hygiene
can significantly reduce the burden of disease, in particular in hospitalized patient Unfortunately
compliance to hand hygiene recommended standard procedures by the health care workers (HCWs)
has been unacceptably poor. In order to design education program, identification of several risk
factors associated with poor hand hygiene (HH) compliance is of extreme importance. Objective:
The purpose of this study is to implement a hand hygiene program for ... Show more content on
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The identification of several risk factors associated with poor hand hygiene compliance is of
extreme importance in the design of an education program .There should be continues education and
monitoring of healthcare worker on effective hand washing and hand hygiene. According to an
outcome of a study, wearing finger ring, wrist watch, long fingernail and use of hand lotion has
impact on spread of infection by healthcare workers (Fagemes &Lingaas 2010. Health care
workers that use wrist–watches at work may cause or promote higher total bacteria count than not
wearing a watch. A similar situation occurs with finder ring and health care workers should remove
finger rings and watches when at work, fingernails should be shorter than 2 mm, so as to reduce
HAI (Fagemes &Lingaas 2010).
Description of Present Problem
In America and worldwide, millions of patient are suffering from hospital acquired infections also
call nocosomial infection (NIs). This infection rate has high economic effect that is raising daily,
rises from $6.5 to $33.8 billion within last 5 years (Spruce 2013). One in every 136 patients
admitted to hospital or health facility end up with HAIs and become severely ill causing longer stay
in the hospital, thereby increasing the cost of stay and antibiotic treatment. Morbidity rate of HAIs is
very high with thousands died every year (Spruce 2013). The most frequently occurring hospital
acquired infection is urinary tract

Washing Hands
Kristie Tran
Becca Gray
Writing 39C
29 June 2014
Spread of HAIs: Medical Staff Non–Compliance
In the beginning of the chapter "On Washing Hands", Dr. Gawande stated that the spread of
hospital–acquired infections could be stopped if the medical staffs wash their hands frequently
between each patient visits. The infections are carried through the doctors and staff members and
then transferred to the next patients by "having shaken hands with a sniffling patient...most of [the
staff] do little more than wipe [their] hands on [their] white coats and move on––to see the next
patient" (Gawande 15). The various contagions that the staff encounter is known to cause deadly
infections and about ninety thousand patients die from these ... Show more content on
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Gawande mentions in the beginning of the book about the incident where his patient's surgery time
had to be delay since operating rooms were full and "there are only enough nurses available to cover
seventeen of forty–two operating rooms" (Gawande 6). In that case, if each nurse took an extra
minute after each patient they encounter to wash their hands, then there will about a twenty minute
delay for each nurse since each nurse is responsible for checking in on twenty patients in an hour
during their rounds. Since washing hands took too long for the fast–paced hospital setting, hospitals
began to replace hand soap with easy to–go hand gel. The fifteen seconds hand rub–over gel saved
time and increased the medical staff participation in hand washing to 70 percent, but hospital
infection rate was barely affected by the change since there were still a 30 percent of non–hand–
washers who are still transmitting the infections.
The nurses acknowledge the principle of washing hands but are having a hard time washing their
hands because of they are having a difficult time applying the hand wash routine in their work force.
Gawande demonstrates the medical staff's inability to compliant the hand wash routine with his
personal viewpoints and experiences. Throughout the "On Washing Hands" chapter, Gawande
explained the importance of washing hands, the effect of not washing hands, and how to properly
wash hands, demonstrating that he understands the concept of hand washing in

Aseptic Technique Essay
This essay it will explain the Aseptic Technique and how it is used to prevent the spread of infection
in wounds. It will also give a personal experience of performing the technique.
Hart (2004) states the principle of Aseptic Technique is to prevent the spread of micro organisms to
wounds and to protects the nurse and patient from healthcare–associated infections (HCIA). The
technique used for less invasive procedures such as intravenous drugs and wound care is the Aseptic
No–touch Technique (ANTT) (Pratt et al 2007).
The key aspects of this skill are consent, preparation and prevention. The nurse must obtain consent
from the patient and explain the procedure. The patient must be made comfortable and placed in a
suitable position ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I found my first introduction to ANTT interesting. I enjoy practical sessions and find it a good
source of learning. When being shown ANTT I thought that the Donning/wearing of gloves may
cause problems due to cross contamination, however once tried I found the process relatively
simple. Very quickly I adjusted to the process and refrained from touching hair/clothes
The purpose of the ANTT is to protect the patient and nurse from infection and to prevent the spread
of pathogens. This can have a huge effect on the recovery rate of the patient. HCIA can mean a
longer stay or readmission to hospital and in some cases lead to disability or death (Hart 2007). This
information suggests that the ANTT is not being carried out correctly and Department of Health
(2005) support this by stating that 9% of patients contract HCAI's per year in UK hospitals.
I recognise that with my own experience it can be quite easy to cause cross contamination, correct
hand washing is vital as it is one of the main cause for the increase of infections in hospitals. I
thought that washing your hands was quite straight forward until I used the ultra violet light and saw
the places that I missed. I now practise the seven stages of hand washing ensuring I clean my hands
correctly reducing the risk of cross contamination.
I know that with continued practice I shall carry out the ANTT confidently and without making
mistakes, remembering to dispose of items correctly. I have also

Use Of Hand Hygiene Interventions And Techniques For...
The Use of Hand Hygiene Interventions and Techniques to Prevent Nosocomial Infections
Laura K. Jones
School of Nursing at Platt College
The Use of Hand Hygiene Interventions and Techniques to Prevent Nosocomial Infections
Studies have continued to prove hand hygiene to be the most effective technique for eliminating
nosocomial infections. Treatment facilities are experiencing multidrug–resistant organisms at an all
time high due to a lack of proper infection prevention protocol. Nosocomial infections are the most
common complication that can arise during a hospital stay (Insert citation). A majority of developing
countries are facing multidrug–resistant organisms caused by the lack of infection prevention
protocol and a large amount of pressure to provide health care in poor living and treatment
conditions. Over use of antibiotic treatment is part of the reason large numbers of multidrug–
resistant organisms are appearing in the healthcare environment. Implementing more stringent
infection prevention protocol, assessing health care facilities use of proper infection control, and
critically analyzing use of antibiotics will aid in elimination of nosocomial infections and decrease
the average hospital stay.
According to the evidence–based clinical practice guidelines on the guidline.gov website, there are
three standard principles of hand hygiene. The first is using a hand washing technique with
decontamination agents, such as soaps or

Hand Hygiene
Hand Hygiene Change Project
Capstone NU296 September 18, 2013
Introduction
The lack of hand washing and/or hand sanitizing is a leading cause of nosocomial infections in
healthcare facilities not only here in Nevada, but across the United States. Hand washing is one of
the biggest contributing factors in stopping the spread of infections throughout the healthcare
environment. Nosocomial infections could be dramatically reduced by monitoring and enforcing
hand washing and/or "gel in, gel out" policies of each facility. This could also lower the length of
stay per patient, and greatly reduce the medical care cost per patient.
Analyze the current situation and provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A surgical wound infection is associated with the bacterial contamination of the wound at the time
of surgery. Nosocomial pneumonia occurs most commonly in the ICU units with patients that are
intubated because the endotracheal tube bypasses the normal defenses of the upper airway. Blood
stream Nosocomial infections can almost always be attributed to peripherally inserted central
catheters. According to the Centers for Disease Control; about two million people suffer annually
from healthcare related infections, Nosocomial infections kill more people than AIDS, breast cancer,
and auto accidents combined this year. Research shows that nearly three quarters of patient's rooms
are contaminated with Methicillin–resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin–
resistant enterococci (VRE). These bacteria are on cabinets, countertops, bedrails, bedside tables,
call lights, faucets, and even the light switches! Once patients and caregivers touch these surfaces,
their hands become the vectors for the spread of disease. One study showed that when a nurse walks
into a patient's room occupied with a patient with MRSA and has no contact with the patient, but
touches objects in the room, the nurse's gloves are contaminated 42%of the time when leaving the
room (www.hospitalinfection.org/mrsascreening.shml). Proposed

Reflection Paper On Clinical Experience
Section One My first clinical experience for this nursing program was completed at New England
Rehab Hospital. I walked in with some clinical experience but no experience in the realm of nursing
or certified nursing assistants (CNA). During that first semester we followed CNAs to understand
their job and gain basic nursing skills like bathing patients, bed making and other daily tasks. It was
useful and I'm still happy we were able to have that experience. A situation that made me
uncomfortable during that semester that one particular CNA never sanitized his hands when entering
and exiting a patient's room. In most hospitals and nursing facilities there is a "pump in, pump out"
rule to abide by when entering and exiting a patients room rule to ensure health care workers are not
spreading bacteria to themselves and other patients. This particular CNA admitted to me that he
pretends to push the hand sanitizer and rub his hands together without actually getting any sanitizer
in his hands. His reasoning was that he found it overly drying to use the sanitizer so frequently
despite the hospital providing lotion as well. This was troubling to me because the rule is exists
because research has proven it decreases infections in hospitals and the CNA was actively ignoring
the risk he was bringing to his patients. I felt uncomfortable as the new student and the way he said
it so nonchalantly made me feel like I simply did not understand how things really happened in
hospitals yet.

Essay on Health Associated Infections
Hospital acquired infections are one of the most common complications of care in the hospital
setting. Hospital acquired infections are infections that patients acquired during the stay in the
hospital. These infections can cause an increase number of days the patients stay in the hospital.
Hospital acquired infections makes the patients worse or even causes death. "In the USA alone,
hospital acquired infections cause about 1.7 million infections and 99,000 deaths per year"
(secondary).
Nursing diagnosis
Hospital acquired infections are spread by numerous routes including contact, intravenous routes,
air, water, oral routes, and through surgery. The most common types of infections in hospitals
include urinary tract infections (32%), ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After microorganisms enter the patient's body they can go to the lungs and cause pneumonia.
Central line–bloodstream infections occur when microorganism enter the bloodstream by the
intravenous line. Microorganisms are transfer into the blood stream by inadequate hand hygiene or
improper intravenous fluid, tubing, and site care practice. Multidrug–resistant organisms can cause
infections of the blood, skin, or organ systems. These infections can arise due to the overuse or
misuse of antibiotics, which can result in the microorganisms becoming more resistant to antibiotic
therapy. Methicillin–resistant Staphyloccocus aureus and Clostridium difficile are examples of this
kind of infection. Health care employees need to know the different types of hospital acquired
infections and how they are spread to be able to effectively prevent them. The priority nursing
diagnosis of hospital acquired infection is risk for any kind of infection. One of the main goals for
each patient in the hospital is the patient will remain free of infection as evidence by absence of
heat, pain, redness, or swelling in any area of the patient's body during each nurse's shift. (care plan
book). Frequently hand washing is the best intervention for preventing infection. Hand washing
reduces the risk of transmission of pathogens by inhibiting the growth of or killing the
microorganisms. (cb)Proper sterile technique during urinary

Expectancy Theory Research Paper
Expectancy theory proposes that an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are
motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of
that selected behavior will be. For example, everybody should wash their hands after using the rest
room. Cleaning hands is one of the most important steps to take to avoid getting sick and spreading
germs to others. Many diseases and conditions are spread by not washing hands with soap and
water. One of my good friends Trae, decided to cook shrimp chicken carbonara for lunch last
Saturday. Trae is a little muscled, naturally tan, natural black hair, clean shave, he had on a blue
baggy short and tight white shirt. He has a low fade hair, dark brown eyes. While cooking lunch he
decided to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He's a dirty chef but great cook. I thought about not eating the food but my growing, grumbling
stomach told me other wise. Violation Valence, the perceived positive or negative value assigned to
a breach of expectations, I found it very disgusting that Trae has breached the expectation of not
washing his hands. In our society we are expected to wash our hands, specifically after using the
restroom. A good hand wash can prevent the spreading of diseases, infections that may be
transmitted through touch, salmonellosis, shigellosis, hepatitis A, giardiasis, enterovirus, amebiasis,
and campylobacteriosis. These diseases are spread through the ingestion of even the tiniest particles
of fecal material. Hand washing after using the toilet is very important and cannot be over–
emphasized. Even thought Trae did breach the exception of our society, our relationship didn't
change. We have been friends since elementary and have done a lot of disgusting things together.
Him not washing his hands had no effect on me nor would I judge him because of

Hand Hygiene Improvement
This report and the evaluates based on healthcare design and the importance of hand hygiene to
prevent from infections and infection control in the hospitals.
I extracted the study characteristics using the Checklist, including study objectives, setting, study
design, target population, outcome measures, description of the intervention, analysis, and results.
The most frequently addressed determinants were knowledge, awareness, action control, and
facilitation of behavior. Fewer studies showing social influence, attitude, self–efficacy, and
intention. Thirteen studies used a controlled design to measure the effects of hand hygiene
improvement strategies on hand hygiene behavior.
By focusing on determinants of behavior change, we found hidden ... Show more content on
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Healthcare related with infections account for almost 80,000 deaths per year in the United States.
Significantly the healthcare department supports hand hygiene decreases the transmission of
healthcare associated pathogens and the incidence of healthcare associated infections. These days
hand hygiene and improvements in healthcare associated infections is inflexible to verify in health
care. World health organization (WHO) highly suggested that we need to practice hand hygiene.
This will reduce infection in the health care facility. Compliance with hand hygiene practices among
health care workers has generally very short. The main objective of these quality assurance
programme is to prevent infection and awareness of the importance of hand hygiene in health care.
Hand hygiene is a unlike the way of thinking about safety and patient care and includes everyone in
the hospital together with patients and health care providers. Effective hand hygiene practices in
hospitals play a key role in improving patient and provider safety and in preventing the spread of
health care associated infections.
Hand hygiene is a common term by removing microorganisms with a disinfecting agent such as
alcohol or soap and water. Although we can not see germs with the naked eye and many can stay
alive for hours on surfaces and be picked up on our hands. If we touch our nose, eyes, mouth or
anything that goes in your mouth and the germs can get inside our body and make sick. Hands are
the main ways of transmission of germs throughout healthcare. Hand hygiene is the most important
way to avoid the transmission of harmful

Infection Prevention
Current Compliance Status for Infection Prevention and Control 1. Commission Standard: Infection
Investigation/Identification Recently the hospital implements preventing spread of Infection. The
hospital has a successful framework for controlling the spread of infection and/or outbreaks among
patients/clients, employees, physician, volunteers, students, and visitors. Identification and
managing infections at the time of a client's admission to the hospital and throughout their stay are
the critical aspects of the infection prevention and control program, in addition to subsequent
renowned infection control practices while providing care. In the hospital's admission process, there
are numerous ways to investigate, control, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, the hospital should provide qualified Infection Prevention Coordinator, Surveillance,
and Educators. Besides to the hospital's nursing practitioners and physicians are also significant
stakeholders in the plan for compliance. Following is an evaluation of the corrective action plan for
infection prevention and control in row with the three standards provided in the compliance
statement. 1. Commission Standard: Infection Investigation/Identification Although the infection
prevention and control plan system for Nightingale Community Hospital has an effective framework
for screening patient from infection some weaknesses are evident. For instance, the hospital does not
have a framework for maintaining an ongoing program designed to prevent and control infections.
According the commission's standards on infection prevention and control plan, the infection control
and prevention program must include documentation that Hospital has considered, selected, and
implemented nationally recognized infection control guidelines. This specification is vital in
promoting the excellence of care among all patients. In order to enhance infection prevention and
minimize the potential for transmission of

Unwashed Hands Essay
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION: INFECTION CONTROL 1
Universal Precaution: Infection Control Hand–Washing
Stuti Patel Unitek College Ms. Brooks UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION: INFECTION CONTROL 2
Prevention and infection control is very critical for all health care settings. There are many activities
that can be performed in order to limit the spread of infection and to provide a safe and controlled
environment for not only the patients but also the staff and visitors at any healthcare facilities.
"Hand hygiene (HH) in the healthcare setting is considered as an important infection control
measure in the prevention of HAIs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2002)"( Avsar, G.,
Kasikci, M., & Yagci, N. ,2015). Hand washing is a simple but effective way ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Nurses are required to learn, understand and follow the correct technique of hand washing since they
are the ones that spend the most time with the patients. Raising awareness to hand washing is very
important to help control infection and reduce mortality rates. It is one of the most effective methods
to prevent cross contamination. CDC has set guidelines for healthcare workers to follow to give an
understanding of the when it is necessary to wash hands in a health care setting. Hand washing not
only is important in a health care facility, but also equally important everywhere from ones home to
a public place in order to control infection

Hand Sanitizer
Antisepsis techniques have been around since the mid 1800s, pioneered by Ignaz Philip
Semmelweis. Semmelweis determined puerperal infection was being transmitted by the hands of
students to women giving birth. Semmelweis implemented a procedure that stated: any attending
individual had to wash their hands in a mixture of chlorinated lime prior to caring for a patient. This
action alone resulted in mortality rates dropping an estimated 94% within a year (Zoltán, 2007). In
hospitals today, hand hygiene remains a staple in everyday practice, through the primary use of
alcohol based hand sanitizers. However, it is estimated that at any point in time there are over 1.4
million cases of healthcare associated infections (HAI) (Ontario, 2016). Annually, in Canada alone,
it is projected that eight thousand deaths occur in hospitals and associated health care facilities due
to infections resulting from lack of proper hand hygiene (Ontario, 2016). Alcohol based hand
sanitizer are a readily available and a time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Ontario Public Health; in addition to the price of soap averaging from $1.50 per bar,
the implementation of proper hand washing technique can annually save health care systems around
the world billions (Ontario, 2016). Statistics in the United States alone have shown that upwards of
4.5 billion dollars a year is spent on patients with HAI; a completely preventable expense. While in
Canada, expenses upwards of 40 to 52 million dollars are increasing each year in regards to
antibiotic resistant organisms (Ontario, 2016). In 2015 it was found that proper hand washing in a
1600 bed hospital can be associated with a decrease of eight million dollars spent each year from
hospitals budget (Ontario, 2016). A substantial savings considering the ongoing issue of limited bed
space and, which budget cuts most healthcare systems are facing in today's society (IPAC,

Hand Hygiene And Infection Control Safety
Hand Hygiene and Infection Control Safety "An estimated 2.5 million hospital–acquired infections
occur annually in the United States" (Fox et al., 2015). Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are
defined as infections that are associated with interventions, devices or procedures carried out in
healthcare facilities (Aziz, 2014). Of these 2.5 million HAIs, 90,000 patient deaths result that were
completely preventable (Fox et al., 2015). These infections are considered to be entirely avoidable if
health care workers adhere to proper infection control guidelines. One of the most significant ways
of preventing infection in a health care setting is proper hand hygiene. Hand hygiene has been
accepted as the single most important measure to prevent the spread of infection and is the
foundation of most infection prevention and control programs (Grota, Ackiss, & Association for
Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2014). Nurses are the individuals who interact
with patients the most; therefore, it is crucial that nurses follow proper hand hygiene practices in
order to prevent the occurrence of HAIs. Although there is an abundance of evidence that HAIs
cause a substantial amount of preventable morbidity and mortality, nurses often view them as far
less of a threat to patient safety than other adverse events such as falls and medication
administration errors. As a result of this mentality, 2.5 million HAIs occur in the United States every
year. Proper hand

Handwashing Compare And Contrast
Handwashing Compare Both contain graphics of people washing their hands. Both contain people
washing their hand in their bathrooms. Both contain happy faces of people washing their hands.
Both talk about the benefits of washing hands; reduce diarrhea by 31% reduces illness by 58%
reduces colds by 21% Both teach that if humans wash their hands, we can also save money and
increase productivity. Both focus in the importance of teach kids to wash their hands. Contrast
Figure 2–1 show graphics of kids washing their hands but figure 2–2 shows graphics of adults
washing their hands. Figure 2–1 focus more on the education of kids washing their hands but figure
2–2 focus more on the education of a corporation. Figure 2–1 talk about

Hospital Acquired Infections

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