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Hospital sociology
This document discusses the field of hospital sociology. It notes that modern hospitals are complex social systems with many goals, staff, and divisions of labor. Hospitals have evolved from charitable institutions to centers for active medical treatment and teaching. They function as hotels, schools, laboratories, and treatment centers. The administrative structure tries to manage conflicts between staff. Hospitals also represent class divisions. Each hospital has its own culture and community it serves. The document then discusses various roles within hospitals like doctors, nurses, medical social workers, and the sociological study of hospitals.
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Introduction to Hospital Sociology by Dr. Kingsuk Sarkar, highlighting its place within Community Medicine.
Modern hospitals serve as multifaceted social institutions with defined goals, structures, and democratic ideals, focusing on patient care and relationships.
Overview of medical professionals in India, including licensure, training, and evolving healthcare financing methods influencing care accessibility.
Impact of medical specialization on doctor-patient interactions and communication, leading to challenges in personal connections.
The interlinked roles of medicine and nursing in patient care, communication, and the importance of social work within hospitals.
Roles of Medical Social Workers (MSWs) in hospitals, including meeting patient needs and enhancing rehabilitation efforts.
Discussion on medical ethics evolving with social responsibility, patient autonomy, and the rights of patients within healthcare.
Research methodologies in social medicine, focusing on interviewing techniques for understanding patient backgrounds and experiences.
Studying complex human organizations in healthcare through sociological and analytical approaches, aiming for optimal resource utilization and public health care improvements.
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Hospital sociology
- 1. HOSPITAL SOCIOLOGY Kingsuk Sarkar,MD Asst. Professor Dept. of Community Medicine DSMCH
- 2. • Modern hospitalis a social universe • Multiplicity of goals • Profusion of personnel • Fine division of labor • Patient is hospital‟s client
- 3. Structure: - Dynamic instructure & function - Consistent with changes in community - Evolution of hospital: from a charitable institution to take last refuge, to take last breath Institution concerned with active medical treatment in liaison with modern medical sciences - Provision of teaching to medical & nursing personnel
- 4. - Research activities designedto increase medical knowledge - Hospital today function as : Hotel, School, Laboratory, A large set up for treatment - Administrative machinery runs the hospital & tries to diffuse conflicts between administrative & professional staff
- 5. - Democratic idealsnot has been achieved in hospital structure: wards, semi- private, private rooms represents class division - Each patients expects TLC from hospitals - Each hospital has its ambience, work-culture, emotional atmosphere, staff patterns, community served by it
- 6. - An occupationalgroup - Distinguished by certain characteristics - Professional body controls the right to practice - License to practice embodied in legislation - Awarded to those with a certain level of competence - Indian Medical Council Act passed on 1933, revised 1956
- 7. - Maintenance ofall India registrar - State Medical Councils controls the right to practice - Certain standards of practice & personal conducts are imposed - Professional misconduct→ rights to practice medicine is withdrawn
- 8. o Traditional Physician:self employed small businessman having “solo- practice” & charging fee o Development of diagnostic & therapeutic techniques→ involvement of skilled manpower & large scale investment→ large non- medicos involved
- 9. o Longstanding practiceof subsidizing medical education & medical care o Rapid development of insurance & other prepayment financial facilities o Demand for provision of best possible health care for all irrespective of financial status o Medical education with knowledge, experience, dedication may lead the way to develop better future
- 10. o Many recognizedspecialties & sub-specialties o Less interpersonal contact between doctor & patient o ↑jurisdictional disputes between specialties, between specialist & generalist o Specialization→ divides doctor & patient, de-personification, social role of medicine is forgotten, lopsided development of health sciences, strained traditional doc- pt relationship
- 11. o Doctor possessestechnical superiority, knowledge, skill o Doctor exercises authoritative role over patient Levels of Communication between doctor & patient: i. Communication on emotional plane: ii. Communication on cultural plane: awareness on culture & social organization of the community iii. Communication on intellectual plane: reduction of social distance between doctor & patient
- 12. o Doctor‟s abilityto communicate patients on all three planes brings out maximal psychological satisfaction to the patient Qualities sullying reputation of a doctor: - Lack of sympathy - Unfriendly - Greedy - Differentiating between rich & poor Patient not behaving up to doctor‟s expectation→”un-cooperative”
- 13. o Medicine &Nursing share common goal o preservation & restoration 0f health o The primary role of medicine → diagnosis & treatment ═ cure o The primary role of nursing →care ↔caring, helping, comforting, guiding o Doctor assumes authoritarian role→ role of nurse get unnoticed o Nurses to take up more instrumental role pertaining to treatment & diagnosis
- 14. - a sub-disciplineof social work - also known as “Hospital Social Work” - Began in 1895 in England through Almoner - Main technique- “case work” - Finds out social background of illness, helps doctor in social diagnosis, treatment, concluding prognosis - Main purpose→ to help sick people, through best use of patient‟s capabilities & community resources - Personal & social adjustments in the community through rehabilitation
- 15. o A paramedicalworker who has been trained in in social case work & interviewing o MSWs are employed in hospitals, tb clinics, cancer control centers, family planning clinics; fields of mental health, maternal & child welfare, school & university health services o typically work on an interdisciplinary team with professionals of other disciplines such as medicine, nursing; physical, occupational, speech and recreational therapy, etc.
- 16. o Visits thefamily & probe into the personal, economic, & social cause of illness & collect social history to supplement medical history o In chronic debilitating illness (tb, leprosy, polio) MSW aids in rehabilitation o Medical social workers play a critical role in the area of discharge planning. One responsibility of medical social workers is to collaborate in the development of a discharge plan that will meet the patient's needs and allow the patient to leave the hospital in a timely manner. o Essential professional colleague of doctor in
- 17. o Ancient codeson medical ethics: Hippocrates, Indian, Chinese; based on patient‟s welfare o Modern codes have an added social dimension, responsibility for health & concern for justice o HFA 2000 emphasized on social justice with equitable distribution of resources by sharing of responsibilities on health by individual & community o Progress in medical biotechnology o Progressing social changes
- 18. o Recognition ofhuman rights & freedom, individual autonomy o Balance between patient‟s interest with those of society o Explosion of expensive medical technologies & consequent rise in people‟s expectation→ problem of best use of scarce resources o Policy makers under pressures:social, economic, political, technological o Potential of modern biotechnology: organ transplantation, infertility, combating hereditary disease, postponing death, manipulating genetic makeover
- 19. o Modern dayspatient exercise autonomy & informed consent: whether or not to accept or continue with treatment, to participate in research, to permit use of personal health data, stand for or against pre- conceptional research, organ donation, withdrawal of life support system o Researcher has special responsibilities to safeguard the rights of deprived & oppressed, those subjected to drug/vaccine trials & epidemiological studies
- 20. o The Acton 1986, paved way for speedy redressal of grievances of consumer o Medical profession was kept into its ambit o Rapid commercialization has gradually eroded the faith & respect of society towards medical professionals o A quick, efficacious, economic remedy o If a patient or relations feel suffering or death of the patient is because of negligence of either concerned doctor or health facility, they can complain to the MCI or Consumer Court
- 21. o Medical councilcan only cancel the registration of the concerned doctor but cannot punish him or award a compensation o Consumer courts can only provide compensation based on opinion or expert certificate from doctor of concerned specialty o Courts can be: District Consumer court, State Commission, National Commission
- 22. I. Right toinformation on healthcare services, availability, diagnosis & treatment II. Right to have information about professionals involved in care III. Right to safety from errors & malpractice IV. Right to confidentiality & privacy V. Right to have prompt treatment in an emergency VI. Right to get copies of medical records VII. Right to informed consent VIII.Right to refuse to participate in human experiment & research IX. Right to be informed about the rules & regulations of the hospital applicable to the patient & facilities to be obtained by patient X. Right to choose & to seek 2nd opinion about the disease & treatment XI. Right to complain & have compensation within reasonably shor
- 24. o Secure informationthrough face to face interaction & hence obtain the picture of the complete personality, wide enough to encompass the social & psychological background of the concerned o To formulate hypothesis o To collect personal data for quantitative purposes o To collect data from persons regarded as secondary sources of information
- 25. a) Direct/Structured: aschedule containing a set of predetermined question is administered by the researcher into to without any alteration b) Non-directive/Unstructured: no predetermined sets of questions are asked instead free discussion with subject is allowed to narrate his/her own story along with her own opinion/reaction c) Focused Interview: used to study social & psychological effects of mass communication regarding experience, attitude & emotional response d) Repetitive interview: used to the gradual influence of any social or psychological process
- 26. 1. Establishment ofcontact 2. Commencement of an interview 3. Establishment of rapport 4. Recall 5. Probing 6. Encouragement 7. Guiding the interview 8. Recording 9. Closing 10.report
- 27. : • Exploring theproblem: • Psychological support • True perception of the problem • Summarization of the problem • Modification of the environment • Partialisation of the problem • Recording
- 28. • Reserved vs.Outgoing personality • Less intelligent vs. More intelligent • Emotionally Unstable vs. Emotionally Stable • Assertive vs. Humble • Expedient vs. Conscientious • Tough vs. Tender/Feeble Minded • Forthright vs. Shrewd • Undisciplined vs. Controlled • Placid vs. Apprehensive • Relaxed vs. Tensed
- 29. o May bedefined as the application of scientific methods of investigation to the study of complex human organization or services o a discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions o Sociological science o Concerned with the team/group working together to introduce beneficial changes o It aims to ensure optimal utilization of resources in men,material & money to the service of the community o It strives to develop new knowledge about existing program, institution,use of facilities, about people working there, about beneficiaries( individuals &
- 30. • Problem formulation •Data collection (sampling if necessary) • Data Analysis & Formulation of Hypothesis • Deriving solution from hypothesis/„Model‟ • Choice of Optimal solution & Forecast Result • Testing of Solutions • Implementation of Solution in the whole system
- 31. • varies withtype of work • Minimum composition in a social medicine application: - Public health administrator - Epidemiologist - Statistician - Social scientist - Ancillary workers: clerks, peons, field workers - Headed by director, responsible for
- 32. A. Part Problem B.Whole Problem o Finding out optimal size of area/population to be covered by midwife/basic health unit o Ideal vehicle for local health worker o Problems of queue in OPDs & waiting lists in hospitals o Architectural design of hospitals & health centers o Study of bed-load & nursing services in teaching & non-teaching hospitals
- 33. o Length ofstay in hospitals & length of absence due to sickness o Extent to which the stated objective of the program have been achieved o Quality of medical care services o Outbreak investigations Observation & Classification social medicine OR Discovery & Recommendation