How do OpenAI GPT Models Work - Misconceptions and Tips for Developers

DATA SATURDAY
Sofia, Oct 07th
How do OpenAI GPT Models Work
Debunk Misconceptions and Tips for Developers
Ivelin Andreev

• Solution Architect @
• Microsoft Azure & AI MVP
• External Expert Eurostars-Eureka, Horizon Europe
• External Expert InnoFund Denmark, RIF Cyprus
• Business Interests
o Web Development, SOA, Integration
o IoT, Machine Learning
o Security & Performance Optimization
• Contact
ivelin.andreev@kongsbergdigital.com
www.linkedin.com/in/ivelin
www.slideshare.net/ivoandreev
SPEAKER BIO

Finally !! We prepared your ''LUNCH'' break menu

We do not
focus on this
We focus
on this
Topics we will Safely Ignore
• Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
• Compare GPT-4 to 3.5 and Bard
• Art of prompt engineering
• Roles, perspective training
• Having fun with ChatGPT
• Plugins, generating content

Takeaways
• What is ChatGPT doing and why does it work
o https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/02/what-is-chatgpt-doing-and-why-does-it-work/
• Data Usage Policy
o https://help.openai.com/en/articles/7039943-data-usage-for-consumer-services-faq
• Sparks of General Intelligence in GPT-4 (Microsoft Research, Apr 2023)
o https://youtu.be/qbIk7-JPB2c
• Prompts for Developers
o https://github.com/f/awesome-chatgpt-prompts
o (Course) ChatGPT Prompt Engineering for Developers (by OpenAI)
• OpenAI Cookbook (sample code for common tasks with the OpenAI API)
o https://github.com/openai/openai-cookbook/
You MUST read that one
And watch that one

Key Terms
TERM DEFINITION
Prompt The text you send to the service in the API call. This text is then input into the
model.
Completion The text Azure OpenAI outputs in response.
Token Type of text encoding (with ID) . Optimized for minimum number of tokens for
encoding Internet content. Tokens can be words or just chunks of characters.
• 1 token ~= 4 chars in English
• 100 tokens ~= 75 words
Few-shot prompting
One-shot prompting
Zero-shot prompting
Few examples show the model how to operate. Include several examples in the
prompt that demonstrate the expected answer format and content. (additional
training)
Embedding Information dense representation of the semantic meaning of a piece of text.
Format is vector of floating point numbers
Recency Bias The order input is presented matters

Good to Know!
• All prompts result in completions
o Model completes the text
o Model replies with what it thinks is most likely to follow
• Large-scale language and image models can potentially behave in ways
that are unfair, unreliable, or offensive and potentially causing harm
• OpenAI models are trained primarily in English.
o Bias may have been introduced. Other languages are likely to have worse performance.
• Stereotyping
o DALL-E generation of homeless and fatherless may render images of predominantly Afro-Americans
• Reliability
o Fabricate seemingly reasonable content that does not correspond to facts.
o Even training on trusted sources may fabricate content that misrepresent the sources
Transparency Note: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/legal/cognitive-services/openai/transparency-note

Know your GPT
• ChatGPT for Enterprises (URL)
o Launched 2023.08.23
• Pricing
o Negotiate case-by-case
• Highlights
• Copyright Lawsuits
o Under attack by copyright holders
o Does CoPilot training on GitHub
violate open-source licenses?
• Microsoft Promise (URL)
o Microsoft would cover the cost for any copyright
violations that may arise from use (applies to
M365 Copilot, Copilot and Bing Chat
Enterprise)

GPT – Advanced
Challenges
& Misconceptions

Top Questions (and Answers)
Q: Why does the same prompt receive different completions for different users
and when to expect the best answer? Who decides which is the best answer?
A: Models are designed to inject varying amounts of pseudo randomness into the response tokens
that are provided based on parameters. This is particularly influenced by parameters.
o Temperature [0,1] - Controls the “creativity” or randomness of the text generated. A higher value will make the output more divergent (fictional)
o Top_P [0,1] – chose from words having cumulative probability (higher = more diverse response, lower = more focused response)
o Prompt: [Prompt Text] Set the temperature to 0.1
Q: Is there a way to improve explainability?
A: For GPT-4 by itself, chain-of-thought prompting is a technique that can help increase the
likelihood of accurate answers, but it is not going to give you accurate source citations.
o group the 20 most common fruits in groups, cite the reason in the format BEHAVIOR("reason")
o …Output format: {"TOPIC_NAME": "", "HEADLINES": [], "REASONING": ""}
o Answer in 100 words or less. Use bullet lists wherever possible.
Q: Why does Bing chat work differently? It seems to be showing the sources.
A: Chunks of text from Bing search added behind the scenes to the GPT-4 Chat Completion call as
part of the messages array. GPT-4 is not guaranteed to limit to present these sources

Manage the Conversation
• Context
o No memory, all information shall be present in the conversation
o Once the token count is reached the oldest messages will be removed (Quality degrades )
o Context = prompts + input + output
• Think in Tokens
o Common multisyllable words are a single token (i.e. dataset)
o Less common words or dates are broken into tokens (i.e. tuning, 2023/10/18)
o Tokenizer apps: https://tokenization.azurewebsites.net/ or https://platform.openai.com/tokenizer
• Newer model – higher limit. But still there is a context limit
o GPT-3.5 (4’096 tokens), GPT-4 (8’192 tokens, 10 pages), GPT-4-32 (32’768 tokens, 40 pages)
o Option: limit the conversation duration to the max token length or a certain number of turns
o Option: summarize conversation until now and feed the summary as a prompt (details are lost)

Own data in GPT with AZ Search
• Own data for responses in ChatGPT (preview 2023.06.19)
o https://github.com/pablomarin/GPT-Azure-Search-Engine/blob/main/03-Quering-AOpenAI.ipynb
o https://github.com/Azure-Samples/azure-search-openai-demo/
o Inject own data using prompts (NO fine tuning and retraining)
• The Challenges
o Context limit is 4K (v3.5), 32K(v.4) tokens in a prompt
o Passing GBs of data as prompt is not possible
• Approach
o Keep all the data in an external knowledge base (KB)
o Retrieve fast from the KB (AZ Cognitive Search)
• Flow
o Determines what data to retrieve from data source (Cognitive Search) based on the user input
o Data augmented and appended to the prompt to the OpenAI model
o Resulting input processed like any other prompt by the model

DEMO
OpenAI on YOUR data
With AZ Cognitive Search

Function Calling
• Available in Azure OpenAI (2023.07.20)
o gpt-35-turbo and gpt-4 can produce structured JSON outputs based on functions
o new API parameters in our /v1/chat/completions endpoint (functions, function_call)
Note: Completions API does not call the function; instead, the model generates JSON that you can use
• Purpose
o Solves inability of models to address online data
o Empowers developers to easily integrate external
tools and APIs
o Model recognizes situations where function call is
necessary and creates structured JSON output
• Retrieve from data sources (search indexes,
databases, APIs)
• Actions (write data to a database, call
integration APIs, send notifications)

Function Calling Tips
• Default Auto
o When functions are provided, by default the function_call will be set to "auto"
• Validate function calls
o verify the function calls generated by the model. – parameters, intended action
• Data from Trusted/Verified Sources
o Untrusted data in a function output could instruct model to write function calls in a not intended way
• Least Privilege Principle
o The minimum access necessary for the function to perform its job
o I.e. query a database – use R/O access to the database
• Consider Real-World Impact
o Real-world impact of function - executing code, updating databases, or sending notifications
• User Confirmation
o A step where the user confirms the action before it's executed

Any sufficiently advanced technology is
indistinguishable from magic
~ Sir Arthur Clarke ~
How do GPT models work?

Surprising Findings
• Raw Training
o Training from large amount of unstructured text (can be automated) 300 bln words, 570GB text data
o 1 new token requires retraining of all weights
• Refinement
o Prompt and inspect for deviation in sense (reinforcement learning from human feedback)
• GPT is NN able to capture the complexity of human-generated language
o 175bln+ neuron connections with weights (GPT-3), 1tln+ parameters (GPT-4)
o GPT has no explicit knowledge of grammar rules
o Yet somehow “implicitly discovered” regularities in language (the hidden laws behind language).
• Grammatical rules
• Meaning and logic (semantics)
Finding: there’s actually a lot more structure and simplicity to meaningful human language than we ever knew

Embeddings as inner representation
• LLM does reasonable continuation
o Generative model complete sentence by predicting next words
o Repeatedly apply the model (Predict the next token, and next, and next)
o Good prediction requires context of n-grams (words back)
• Highest ranked token - is that what it uses?
o No, because then all responses would be too similar.
o Actually, we have different results with the same prompt
• The Temperature Parameter
o How often lower ranked words will be used in the generation
o Temperature=0.8 empirically determined (no science here)
• Embeddings
o Numerical representation of a piece of information (text, doc, img)
o Group tokens in meaning spaces (by distance)

Embeddings Observations
• Statement
o Encoded to embedding (Vector representation)
• Semantic similarity
o Defined as vector distance
o Measured as cosine of angle b/w vectors
• Measure topical more than logical similarity
o “The sky is blue” is very close to “The sky is not blue”
• Punctuation affects embedding
o “THE. SKY. IS. BLUE!” is not that close to “The sky is blue”
• In-language is stronger than across-language
o “El cielo as azul” is closer to “El cielo es rojo” than to “The sky is blue”

Using the Embeddings
• Embedding Vectors (EVs)
o Smaller embeddings = efficient models
o GPT3 text-embedding-ada-002 has 1’536 dimensions and 99.8% performance of davinci-001 (12’888 length)
• Attention is important
o Fully connected NN at such volume are overkill
o Continue the sentence in a reasonable way
• Prediction Stages
o Stage 1: Input of n tokens converted to EVs (i.e. 12’888 floats each)
o Stage 2: Get the sequence of positions of tokens into EV
o Stage 3: Combine EVs from Stage 1 and Stage 2 into EV
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Context Encoding - Surprising Scientific Discovery
• Transformer NN Concept
o Proposed in 2017 by Google Brain team
o Feed Forward architecture (no recurrency, more efficient)
• Transformer Architecture Overview
o Input: encoder layer creates representation of the past as EV
o Attention blocks: generate contextual representation of the input
• Attention block has own pattern of attention
• Multiple attention heads process the EV in parallel
• Outputs concatenated and transformed (reweighted EV)
o Output: Classifier generates probability distribution for next token
• Attention blocks
o 96 blocks x 96 heads in GPT-3, 128 x 128 in GPT-4
o Image: 64x64 moving average of weights from attention block on EV
• The Magic: Shows neural net encoding of human language
.

LLMs are powerful though
consistently struggle with some
types of reasoning problems

General Intelligence
• Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence in GPT4 (full paper)
o Text-only model
o Capable to generate SVG images and videos from code
• Intelligence involve abilities (1997):
Reason
Plan
Solve Problems
Think abstractly
Understand complex concepts
Learn quickly from experience
• Conclusions
o Trained to predict next token/word
o But it does much more
o Some intelligence was present, not just
memorization
o New GPT-4 version is different and
dumber for security reasons
o 100% job interviews better than human
o Intelligent enough to use functions
o Uses tools

GPT Emerging Abilities
• LLM meant for Generation and Completion
o Not Math query solving specifically designed
o Sees numbers as tokens, no understanding of Math concepts
o Not reliable solving complex problems (Probabilistic approach)
Reasoning appears naturally is sufficiently large (10B+) LLM
Performance is near-random until a certain critical threshold is
reached, after which performance increases to substantially
• Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models (p.28)
• Chain of thought prompting elicits reasoning in LLM (p.8)
Emergence - quantitative changes in a system result in qualitative changes in behaviour

Chain of Thought Prompting (CoTP)
• What is CoTP
o Series of intermediate reasoning steps that guide the model
o Improves model abilities for complex reasoning
• LLMs are capable few-shot learners
• Translate, Classify, Summarize
• Few-shot manner to output CoTP
• How to do CoTP
o Ask similar question
o Show step-by-step
o Ask the real question

CoTP - Important Observations
• CoTP vs Standard Prompting improvement is robust
o Can potentially be applied to any task which humans use same technique
• Improvement achieved with very few samples (minimal data)
• Requires prompt engineering
o Background in ML is no required to prepare CoTP
o Order of examples matters (i.e. from 53% to 93%)
o Accuracy not improved by all CoTP authors
• Limitations
o 8 = the magical number
o Same CoTP affect models differently
• LaMDA, GPT-3, PaLM
o Gains not transferred across models

ChatGPT &
• As of 2023.03.23 ChatGPT
o Requires: ChatGPT-4 to use plugins
o Wolfram Alpha query behind the scenes
o Parse plugin response
• ChatGPT Plugins
o One of the most desired features
o Waiting list for new users
o Extend the potential use cases
o Provide access to information not included in training
• Recent
• Too personal
• Too specific

ChatGPT Can Now Hear, See and Speak
• New voice and image capabilities (Sept 25, 2023)
o Voice conversation
o Show GPT images to describe your thoughts
o Generate images (DALL-E 3 plugin for GPT, from Oct 2023)
• How is this important?
o The level of interaction brings new opportunities
• Use Cases
o Generate code from image and iteratively improve
o Analyze Math graphs
o Request repair instructions
• Limitations
o GPT-4V(Vision) requires ChatGPT-Plus (20$/month) or Enterprise
o Optimized for English
o Limited capability with highly technical images
o Safety features of DALL-E3 prevent it from serving explicit and violence, as well as public figures

Features Working behind the Scenes
• Moderation API endpoint (preview May 2023)
( prompt: Tell me about content safety moderator in ChatGPT)
o Analyzes response for potential issues using rule-based systems and ML
o Designed to help detect and filter out content that may violate OpenAI's policies
o Enabled by default to OpenAI API
• Custom Content Filters
(prompt: what are custom content filters in ChatGPT)
o Allow users to add own content moderation rules on top of the default
o Rules can be used to filter out specific topics and ensure compliance.
o Additional layer of moderation to comply with standards
• Multi-modal Capabilities
o Separate Vision encoder
o Text and Vision encoders interact via cross-attention mechanism
Toggle low severity level filters (only)

Florence - Large Foundational Model for Vision
• Trained on large scale (text–image
pairs) dataset (x10^9)
o Weak (almost none) supervision
o 893M model parameters
o 100 + 4’000GB = 10 days
• Part of Cognitive Services for Vision
• Highlights
o Wide range of objects and scenes
o Near real-time
o Zero-shot (no extra training)
o Large impact for business apps
o Deployed in cloud
o Available in Vision Studio Portal
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.11432.pdf
• Typical Tasks
o Supports millions of categories
o Transformer-based (1’000 dim EV)
• Dense Captions
o Up to 10 sections
o Detect objects
o Describe actions
• API, S3 instance required
o Still in Preview (free)
Demo Code:
https://github.com/retkowsky/Azure-
Computer-Vision-in-a-day-workshop

Prompt Use Cases for Developers
• Automated testing - Write a test script for
[language] code that covers [functional / non-
functional] testing: [snippet].
• Code refactoring - Optimize the following
[language] code for lower memory usage: [snippet]
• Algorithm development - Design a
heuristic algorithm to solve the following problem:
[problem description].
• Code translation - Rewrite [source language]
data structure implementation in [target language]
• Technical writing - Write a tutorial on how to
integrate [library] with [programming language]
• Requirement analysis - Analyze the given
project requirements and propose a detailed project
plan with milestones and deliverables
• Code generation (Generate/Write/Create a
function in [JS/C#/Java/Py] that does …)
• Bug detection (Find bug in this [Code])
• Code review - Analyze the given [language]
code for code smells and suggest improvements:
[snippet].
• API documentation generation -
Produce a tutorial for using the following [language]
API with example code: [code snippet].
• Query optimization - Suggest
improvements to the following database schema for
better query performance
• User interface design - Generate a UI
mockup for a [web/mobile] dashboard that visualizes
[data or metrics]

Search is Better than Fine-Tuning
• Unfamiliar topics?
o Recent events after September 2021
o Own and non-public documents; Past conversations
• GPT learns by:
o Model weights (fine tune model on training set)
o Model inputs (new knowledge, text)
• Fine tuning (How to for GPT-3.5 Turbo)
o Prohibitively expensive, requires difficult assemble dataset
• Parameters (Chat)
o temperature: controls the randomness of responses. >0.8 – creative; < 0.5 focused and deterministic.
o max_tokens: limits the length of the response to a specified number of tokens.
• Parameters (OpenAI API)
o top_p - balance creativity. Words with higher probability than top_p are included (i.e. 0.2 = deterministic)
o frequency_penalty - discourage the model from repeating same words

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