HSE 2022-2023.pdf الصحه والسلامه هندسه نفط

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT(HSE)

Occupational safety and health (OSH):
This domain is necessarily vast, encompassing a large number of disciplines and numerous workplace
and environmental hazards. A wide range of structures, skills, knowledge and analytical capacities are
needed to coordinate and implement all of the “building blocks” that make up national OSH systems so
that protection is extended to both workers and the environment.
The scope of occupational safety and health has evolved gradually and continuously in response to social, political,
technological and economic changes.
Organization since its creation in 1919, and continues to be so today. Occupationalsafety andhealthisakey
element in achievingsustaineddecent working conditionsandstrongpreventive safety cultures.
Occupational safety and health(OSH) is generally defined as the science of the anticipation, recognition,
evaluation and control of hazards arising in or from the workplace that could impair the health and well-being of
workers, taking into account the possible impact on the surrounding communities and the general environment.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that employers protect their
employees from workplace hazards that can cause injury. Controlling a hazard at its source is the best
way to protect employees. Depending on the hazard or workplace conditions, OSHA recommends the use
of engineering or work practice controls to manage or eliminate hazards to the greatest extent possible.

The goal of an occupational safety and health program is to foster a safe and healthy occupational
environment. OSH also protects all the general public who may be affected by the occupational
environment.
Globally, more than 2.78 million people die annually as a result of workplace-related accidents or diseases,
corresponding to one death every fifteen seconds.
There are an additional 374 million non-fatal work-related injuries annually.
It is estimated that the economic burden of occupational-related injury and death is nearly four per cent of the
global gross domestic product each year. The human cost of this adversity is enormous.
As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) "occupational health deals with all aspects of health and
safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards.
" Health has been defined as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
" Occupational health is a multidisciplinary field of healthcare concerned with enabling an individual to undertake
their occupation, in the way that causes least harm to their health. It aligns with the promotion of health and
safety at work, which is concerned with preventing harm from hazards in the workplace.

Mining and oil and gas extraction
In 1907 over 3,200 people were killed in mining accidents. At this time legislation and public opinion all favored management.
There were few protections for the worker's safety. Today's industrial employees are better off than their colleagues in the past.
The mining industry still has one of the highest rates of fatalities of any industry.
In surface mining, leading hazards include such issues as geological stability, contact with plant and equipment, blasting, thermal
environments (heat and cold), respiratory health (Black Lung).
In underground mining operations hazards include respiratory health, explosions and gas (particularly in coal mine operations),
geological instability, electrical equipment, contact with plant and equipment, heat stress, inrush of bodies of water, falls from
height, confined spaces. ionizing radiation.
hazard in the oil and gas industry, in operational locations and wherever products are transported or used. The related health
and safety risks have to be addressed across the industry’s activities, which include:
- Construction - drilling - facility operations - maintenance marine & road transport
other disease such as:
Respiratory disease ,Skin disease , Upper limb and neck disorder , Back problems and lower limb disorder ,
Cancers and malignant blood disease , Poisoning , Noise induced hearing loss , Mental ill-health and Other
occupational illness

THE IMPORTANCE OF OIL & GAS HEALTH SAFETY ENVIRONMENT
WHY HSE IS SO IMPORTANT IN OIL & GAS?
This industry involves high risk activities including but not limited to exploration, production, and
processing of highly flammable & explosive materials Massive manpower, heavy-complicated-expensive
machinery, and extensive support system High investment (could be > 1 Billion USD) and long payback
period (could be > 10 years)
Strategic and vital industry Remote and Harsh Environment Accident consequences could be
catastrophic, in term of number of casualties, environment pollution, loss of investment, and reputation
damage.
Workers in the oil & gas industry face many on-the-job hazards, including flash fire; slick, oily surfaces;
sharp edges; punctures; heat contact; uncontrolled pressure release; and exposure to hazardous chemicals,
dust and solvents.
HSE must be a top priority because failure can result in a catastrophic loss of life, property, and resources.
In 1989 an Exxon Oil Tanker grounded on a reef in Prince William Sound, releasing 10.8 million gallons of crude oil
into these remote regions of Alaska. The spill affected 1300 miles of coastline, thousands of sea birds and otters,
hundreds of seals, eagles, whales, and the salmon and herring industry.

In 2010 British Petroleum’s (BP) Deepwater Horizon platform exploded. Nearly five billion gallons of oil was
released into the Gulf of Mexico before the well could be capped. BP lost billions in equipment and paid
nearly 19 billion dollars in fines. But most importantly, 11 lives were lost.
In 1988 an explosion on a North Sea offshore oil platform ended 167 lives. Nearly 75% of the workers on the
platform died.
Loss of life is of course not the only risk. In any heavy industrial environment even without explosive
material, the risk of life-changing injuries is a serious concern.
The difference between the losses in 1988 (North Sea) and 2010 (Deepwater Horizon), resulted from an
increased awareness about how safety can prevent injury and death with HSE programs that benefit not just
people but the environment.
Reducing accidents saves lives and preserves the world in which the oil & gas Industry must work and in
which we live.

Workers in the oil & gas industry perform many high-risk tasks that involve potential flash fires, mechanical hazards and
exposure to a wide range of hazardous chemicals.
In some cases, these high-risk tasks are performed under extreme weather conditions and in remote locations.
As a result, workers in the oil & gas industry face multiple workplace hazards in a very dynamic work
environment and health, safety and environment (HSE) managers have many tasks to balance.
Providing workers with the protection they need for the hazards they face is a major responsibility.

The Importance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Protecting you from Hazards
Personal protective equipment is NOT the first line of defense against identified hazards at our
workplace. We make every attempt to engineer solutions to prevent injuries so PPE isn’t necessary.
When we can’t fully eliminate or control the hazard, then we provide PPE for your safety.
Proper Use
No PPE will do you any good unless it is sized correctly and fitting properly. This may sound
elementary, but everything from gloves to shoes to glasses to goggles must fit the right way in order for
it to properly protect you. This is why you need to take some time to make sure all of your PPE is the
correct size. If some equipment doesn’t fit in the right way, wearing it is not doing you any good at all.
There are many different types of PPE that will help keep you safe. Make sure you are always
wearing the right equipment for the right job. Make sure all the equipment is adjusted properly and
that you keep all the protective equipment clean. Never use any equipment that is broken or is not
working properly. Damaged protective
equipment provides no protection at all.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is provided by employers to help protect workers from hazards. On oil and
gas sites, PPE is typically provided in the form of eye, ear, hand, and foot protection and flame-resistant clothing.

Eye and face protection
Select the right equipment depending on the hazard, eg impact, dust, mist, splash, fume,
gas, vapour or optical radiation. A full-face respirator also intended to provide eye and face
protection must have the right aspects of performance. Glasses meeting ANSI standard Z87
considered approved eye protection. Safety glasses must have side shields that are mounted to the
frame. The glasses themselves should be adjusted so they fit properly around your ears and on your
nose so they don’t slide down while you are working.
Foot Protection
Select the right equipment: in addition to chemical resistance, necessary properties may
include antistatic soles, resistance to crushing, heat or sharp spikes. When steel-toed safety
shoes are required, make sure they are used in designated areas. When purchasing steel-
toed safety shoes, make sure the shoe is commercial-grade and the metal toe will not
collapse if struck. Rubber shoes protect against chemical materials, metal toe-cap protects against knocks,
falling objects
Coveralls and aprons
Provide coveralls of Fire Retardant fabric. This includes disposable coveralls. Where dual
layers are worn, both should be fire retardant, with the inner layer having a FR Index of 2 or
more. Clothing should be worn under coveralls to reduce skin contamination. Use FR or
natural fibre garments instead of synthetic materials.
Select the right type of coverall for your work: Type 3 for heavy splashes, Type 4 for light
spray, Type 5 for dusts, or Type 6 for light accidental contact.
Caution: Never use compressed air to remove dust from clothing, use vacuuming instead.

Hearing protection
Provide the right hearing protection, compatible with other PPE.
Hearing protection required at 90 dB.
Caution: Avoid over-protection.
Protective gloves
Fill in the glove selection table below. Show it to your PPE supplier.
Only purchase protective gloves that are CE marked as ‘complex’ (category III) PPE.
Involve employees in glove selection. Get a range of sizes – gloves must fit!
Check if gloves might increase the risk of entanglement with machinery.
Check if wearers have any skin conditions that might affect their wearing protective gloves. If so, consult
an occupational health professional
If you must select latex gloves, use only ‘low protein, powder free’ gloves.
Avoid dipped gloves with knitted liners: chemicals can wick through and onto the skin in seconds.
General work gloves, such as leather gloves, are good for protection against cuts, slivers and blisters but won’t
protect against electrical shock or chemical exposure. Leather gloves are also appropriate when handling rough
materials.
Head Protection
Proper head protection is required in some areas where there is a hazard for falling and flying objects or a
risk of electrical shock. Especially in storage areas, the risk of falling products and materials is high.
Wearing properly fitting PPE in these required areas is essential to your safety.
Duration
per Day
(hours)
Sound Level
(dBA)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1 105
0.5 110
0.25 115
Permissible Noise
Exposure

Classes of hard hats (helmets):
CLASS G (General) :
Protect against impact, penetration
Low-voltage electrical protection (proof-tested to 2,200 volts)
CLASS E (Electrical)
Designed for electrical/utility work
Protect against falling objects, impact
Electrical protection against high-voltage
(proof-tested to 20,000 volts)
CLASS C (Conductive)
Designed for comfort; offers limited protection
Protects heads that may bump against fixed objects
Does not protect against falling objects or electrical hazards
ANSI Z89.1 Type II: provides protection from strikes
to the top of the head and also provides protection from
blows to the sides, front, and back of the head.

SAFETY DEVICE SYMBOLS AND IDENTIFICATION
Each safety device should be identified by a system of letters used to classify it functionally. The functional
identification includes one first letter covering the measured or initiating variable and one or more succeeding
letters covering the function of the device.

HSE 2022-2023.pdf الصحه والسلامه هندسه نفط

OCCUPATIONAL INJURY
Occupational Injury (OI) : A pain (cut, fracture, sprain, etc..) resulting from a work-related activity (activities in work
environment which are or ought to be subject to management controls)
Classification:
 Fatality: which results loss of life, either immediately or after being hospitalized
 LWDC (Lost Work Day Case) : which results in person being completely unfit to work on any day after the incidents
 LTI (Lost Time Injuries) : Cases involving LWDC and (RWDC)
 RWDC (Restricted Work Day Case) : which results in a person being unfit for full performance of the
regular job on any day after the incident
 MTC (Medical Treatment Case) : which is more severe than first aid but less than RWDC
 FAC (First Aid Case) : which can be cured by simple first aid treatment
Normally each company have a procedure to classify the occupation injury, however sometimes same case can be classified
differently by different company.

A hazard is something that can cause harm, e.g. electricity, chemicals, working up a ladder, noise, a keyboard, a
bully at work, stress, etc.
A risk is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm.
For example, working alone away from your office can be a hazard. The risk of personal danger may be high.
Electric cabling is a hazard. If it has snagged on a sharp object, the exposed wiring places it in a 'high-risk' category.

CONCEPT OF HAZARD VS. RISK
Hazards are conditions, or properties of materials, with the inherent ability to cause harm.
Risk involves the potential for exposure to hazards that will result in harm or damage.
For example, a hot surface or material can cause thermal skin burns or a corrosive acid can cause chemical skin
burns, but these injuries can occur only if there is contact exposure to skin.
A person working at an elevated height has “stored energy” and a fall from a height can cause injury but there is no
risk unless a person is working at heights and is thus exposed to the hazard. There is no risk when there is no
potential for exposure.
Determining the level of risk for any activity involves understanding hazards and estimating the probability and
consequences of exposures that could lead to harm or damage. While the preceding examples relate hazards to the
risk to people, the same principles apply to property risk.
For instance, hydrocarbon vapors in a flammable mixture with air can ignite if exposed to a source of ignition
resulting in a fire which could cause injury and damage property. Water spray systems do not change the probability
of a flammable material release. Proper application of water spray systems can reduce the consequences (damage)
and thus reduce risk to property.

hazard:A condition or inherent physical or chemical characteristic (flammability, toxicity, corrosively,
stored chemical, electrical, hydraulic, pressurized or mechanical energy) that has the potential for
causing harm or damage to people, property, or the environment.
risk: The probability of exposure to a hazard, hazardous environment or situation which could result in
harm or damage
risk assessment: The identification and analysis, either qualitative or quantitative, of the likelihood and
outcome of specific events or scenarios that result in harm or damage with judgements of probability
and consequences.
risk-based analysis: A review of potential hazards and needs to eliminate or control such hazards
based on a formalized risk assessment

UNDERSTANDING HAZARD AND RISK
A hazard is any source having potential to damage, harm, or adverse health effects on something or someone under
certain condition at work. A hazard can cause harm or adverse effects (to individual as health effects or property losses
Source Hazard Harm Caused
Object Knife (sharp edge) Cut
Material Benzene Leukemia
Energy source Electricity Electrocution
Condition Wet floor Slip, fall
Process Welding Metal fume fever
RISK
Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to
a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss.
Risk is the combination of likelihood and severity of a specified hazardous event occurring. In mathematical term, risk
can be calculated as:
RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY, where:
Likelihood is an event likely to occur within specific period or in specified circumstances.
Severity is the outcome from an event such as injury or health of people, or damage to property, or environment
pollution, or any combination of those

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT
It is a process to identify hazards, analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard, and determine appropriate
ways to eliminate or control the hazard
In practical terms, it is a thorough look at your workplace to identify those things, situations, processes, etc.. that may
cause harm, particularly to people.
After identification is made, you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then decide what measures should be
in place to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening.
All risks will be tabulated and scored to determine the overall risk.
SAMPLE OF CONSEQUENCE TABLE
Severity People Asset Damage Oil Spill Media
Catastrophic Multiple Fatalities ≥USD50000 ≥500 barrels International news
Fatal Single Fatalities ≤USD50000 ≤500 barrels National news
Major Lost Time Incident ≤USD10000 ≤100 barrels Local nwes
Moderate Restricted Work Day ≤USD5000 ≤5 barrels Local rumor
Minor First Aid ≤USD1000 ≤1 barrel Internal rumor
The likelihood / probability of an incident happen can be known from international / company standard, if not available
then professional judgment with supervisor approval is required.

OIL & GAS HAZARDS
• Pressure hazards (high pressure oil/gas from reservoir, inside pipes & vessels, high pressure steam from boiler)
• Temperature hazards (high temperature at compressor discharge pipe, low temperature at liquid nitrogen tank)
• Motion hazards (rotating drill pipes, rotating motor shaft, swing object during lifting)
• Chemical hazards (corrosion inhibitor, lube oil)
• Electrical hazards (lightning, electric work)
• Gravity hazards (slip, fall, falling object, heavy lifting)
• Noise hazards (high noise at compressor area)
• Hazardous atmosphere (gas release from vent, sulfide acid inside gas)
• Confined space hazards (work inside pressure vessel)
• Excavation hazards (laying buried onshore pipe)
• Sharp object hazards (work with grinding machine)
• Water & Underwater hazards (scaffolding work above sea, subsea pipeline inspection)
• Radioactive hazards (welding inspection by X-ray)
• Manual Handling hazards (wrong position during manual lifting)

CONTROLLING THE HAZARD – PRINCIPLE
• Each activity has different hazard, so the control method will also be different
• Control method for each hazard will be applied to reduce the hazard level until ALARP (As Low As Reasonable Practice)
• It is very important to understand the hazard and its control method
• Normally all control methods will be used during field work

Preventative and Corrective Measures
The implementation of Control Measures:
1.Administrative (through personnel, management, monitoring, limiting worker exposure, measuring performance, training and
education, housekeeping and maintenance, purchasing.)
2-Engineering (isolation of source, lockout procedure, design, process or procedural changes, monitoring and warning equipment,
chemical or material substitution.)
3.PPE (body protection, full protection.)
CONTROLLING OIL & GAS HAZARD
In general, hazard elimination is almost impossible in many case, that’s why oil & gas industry had been a long time considered as a high
risk industry
However, due to its high and strategic value, oil & gas experts had developed special engineering to ensure the safety of this industry
Basically there are 2 types of safety engineering:
1. Process Safety: focus on preventing fires, explosions, and accidental chemical release in process facilities
2. Occupational Safety & Health: focus on the management of personal safety
Since safety engineering only is not sufficient, specific procedures, guidelines, and permit to work must be applied for specific activities on
the field
PPE shall be considered as the last protection to human, and certain job need special PPE in addition to standard PPE, i.e. welding job need
special welding mask, not just safety glasses

CONTROLLING OIL & GAS HAZARD
CASE STUDY 1 : High Pressure Oil/Gas from the Reservoir
• Elimination : Not possible since our goal is to extract oil & gas from the reservoir to the surface
• Substitution : Not possible
• Engineering : Install Blow Out Preventer (BOP) during drilling and Christmas Tree during production
• Administrative : Permit to Work during drilling operation shall be strictly followed
• Personal Protective Equipment : Special PPE during drilling shall be worn, i.e. high impact hand gloves
CASE STUDY 2 : High Temperature at Compressor Discharge Pipe
• Elimination : Not possible since during compression, kinetic energy absorbed will be converted into heat
• Substitution : Also not possible
• Engineering : Install pipe insulation which can withstand the max temperature of compressed gas but the outer part is
still cool enough if touched by human Administrative : At least safety induction for personnel who will work at
compressor area
• Personal Protective Equipment : At least standard PPE shall be worn

HUMAN FACTOR IN HAZARDS CONTROL
From human perspective, controlling hazard must involve the KNOWLEDGE and the HEALTH. Special
training is required for personnel working in dangerous location like oil & gas industry.
For people working or just visit to offshore facility, especially when travelling by helicopter, they must
completed BOSIET (Basic Offshore Safety Induction and Emergency Training) or T-BOSIET (Tropical and
Emergency Training) for tropical region
BOSIET consists of :
-Safety Induction
-Helicopter
- Underwater Escape Training
-Sea Survival
-Fire Fighting
-First Aid

INCIDENT,ACCIDENT AND NEAR MISS DEFINITIONS
Incident: An unplanned, undesired event that hinders completion of a task and may cause injury, illness, or
property damage or some combination of all three in varying degrees from minor to catastrophic. Unplanned and
undesired do not mean unable to prevent. Unplanned and undesired also do not mean unable to prepare for Crisis
planning is how we prepare for serious incidents that occur that require response for mitigation.
Accident: Definition is often similar to incident, but supports the mindset that it could not have been prevented.
An accident is the opposite of the fundamental intentions of a safety program, which is to find hazards, fix hazard,
and prevent incidents. When we accept that accidents have no cause, we assume that they will happen again.
Near Miss: A subset of incidents that could have resulted in injury, illness or property damage, if given a different
set of circumstances, but didn't
Formal management system used to control high risk activities. These enable an assessment of risk to be made and
to specify control measures which will be put in place in order to minimize the risk.

PERMIT TO WORK SAMPLE
It is a legal document which will be used as a reference in case of accident happen Permit To Work must be evaluated
Safety Authority and Operating Authority and approved by Installation Manager / Site Manager
Two types of main permit: COLD (no ignition source) and HOT (involve ignition source)
Additional permit may be required for certain job: Energy Isolation, Safety System Override, Excavation, Radioactive,
Diving, Heavy Lifting

COSTS OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURY/DISEASE
Work-related accidents or diseases are very costly and can have many serious direct and indirect
effects on the lives of workers and their families.
For workers some of the direct costs of an injury or illness are:
• The pain and suffering of the injury or illness
• The loss of income
• The possible loss of a job
• Health-care costs
COSTS TO EMPLOYERS OF WORKPLACE INJURIES AND WORK RELATED ILL HEALTH
Previous HSE estimates of the costs to employers of workplace injuries and Work-related ill health
considered five main categories:
• Absence costs
• Administrative costs
• Recruitment Costs
• Damage from injuries and non-injuries
• Compensation and insurance costs

Oil and Gas Safety Management
Safety Management System (SMS) Basics
Elements of a SMS
• Vision statement: Tells the world what the company would like to have accomplished in the future.
• Mission statement: Tells the world why the company exists. It's purpose. What it does.
• Goals and Objectives: Intended outcomes that support the mission and vision.
• Policies: General guidance formulated and implemented by managers at all levels.
• Programs: Describe coordinated strategies that support policy.
• Plans: Give clear written (formal) guidelines on how to implement programs and policies. Includes long-
term strategies and short-term tactics.
• Processes: Make sure safety is integrated into operational processes.
• Procedures: Ensure concise formal/informal step-by-step instructions.
• Practices: Employee methods and techniques that help to protect employees from injury or illness.
• Budgets: Funding that supports investment in all of the above.
• Rules: Clearly stated specifications and performance standards.
• Reports: Reflect process and measures results. Evaluates effectiveness of all the above.

Safety Culture
The most successful Safety Management System (SMS) includes an underlying safety culture that reflects long-term
commitment to safety and tough-caring leadership.
Real Safety Commitment
The success of your company's SMS depends on the willingness of top management to demonstrate a long term
serious commitment to protect every employee from injury and illness on the job. Management commitment to
safety will occur to the extent each manager clearly understands the positive benefits derived from their effort.
Understanding the benefits will create a strong desire to do what it takes to improve the company's safety culture.
Management commitment to safety will occur to the extent each manager clearly understands the positive
benefits derived from their effort. Understanding the benefits will create a strong desire to do what it takes to
improve the company's safety culture.
Managers who understand the positive benefits will more likely invest serious time and money into effective
safety management by developing safety policies, programs, plans and procedures. They will also display
leadership through effective accountability and recognition of behaviors and results.
Employers and employees see culture from different perspectives. From the employer's point of view, the
company's safety culture is something to be managed, but if you ask employees to define the company's culture,
they will likely tell you it's "just the way things are around here."

Effective Safety Leadership
Every day, oil and gas workers, supervisors and managers have many opportunities to communicate and act in ways that
demonstrate safety leadership. Unfortunately, these opportunities go unanswered because they are just not seen as
real leadership opportunities.
We believe that a company’s leadership is the most important asset it possesses. It’s important that employers and
managers understand that the simple expression of tough-caring safety leadership – having high safety standards
because you care about the employee - can result in enormous benefits. The ability to perceive leadership opportunities
improves the company's potential to succeed.
Tough-caring leaders also assume their workers, at all levels of the organization are good people trying to do the
best they can with the skills they have.
Employees, on the other hand, do not always have the physical resources and psychosocial support needed to achieve
the kind of results expected of them. Why is that? It is because they are not being provided with adequate physical
resources (tools, equipment, machinery, materials, etc.) or the education, training, time, and consequences.

Accountability for Safety
Accountability ranks right at the top with management commitment as a critical ingredient in a company's safety and
health management system. Why do we behave the way we do in the workplace? Consequences. Why do we take
the unsafe shortcut? Again, consequences play a factor.
Accountability may be thought of as establishing the "obligation to fulfill a task to standard or else." When you are
held accountable, your performance is measured against specific criteria and consequences are applied appropriate
to the level or quality of performance.
Management may impose all kinds of safety policies, programs, written plans, directives, rules, training, etc., yet if
appropriate application of effective consequences within a culture of accountability does not exist, desired
behaviors will not be sustained. If employees do not believe they are going to be held accountable for the decisions
they make and the actions they take, you can be sure that any safety effort is ultimately doomed to fail.
Six important elements should be present in an employer safety accountability system:
1) formal standards of performance
2) adequate resources and psychosocial support
3) a system of performance measurement
4) application of effective consequences
5) appropriate application of consequences
6) continuous evaluation of the accountability system

Developing Goals and Objectives
To make sure the safety management system is successfully designed, developed and deployed, it's important to write
effective goals and objectives. Many companies treat goals and objectives as though they are the same, but they're not.
Goals
Goals short unstructured statements and are easy to write. They're nothing more than wishes. For instance, a goal
might be to:
• Designate a qualified safety person to coordinate the program.
• Plan for safety using a written Job Safety Analysis.
• Make regular wellsite safety inspections and conduct health monitoring.
• Follow safety procedures and rules.
• Provide on-going safety training.
• Enforce safety rules and use appropriate discipline.

Objectives
Objectives are much more than mere wishes. They are structured, action-oriented statements that describe a specific
outcome. Objectives should be relevant, agreed-upon, important, and realistic. They should be written using clearly
stated, measurable, observable, and time- sensitive terms that describe how to accomplish a specific outcome.
A well-written objective should include the following components:
• It starts with an action verb. (I.e., decrease, increase, or improve)
• It describes observable results. (i.e, performance, behaviors, quantity, or quality)
• Specifies a single key result. (i.e., The percentage of employees trained in PPE)
• Results are quantifiable. Uses numbers to measure a desired change. (i.e., numerical, percentage)
• Specifies a target date for accomplishment. (i.e., by end of the third quarter)
• Examples of safety objectives include:
• Increase the number of safety suggestions to 25 a month by July 31st.
• Reduce the number of back injuries in the warehouse by 70% by the end of 2020.
• Conduct safety training on lockout/tagout to all maintenance employees within three months.
• Lower the number of injury accidents by 90% by the end of the fiscal year

Writing Safety Policies
Safety policies help to set standards and guidelines for decision-making. They let managers, supervisors and
employees make safety decisions with some degree of confidence without having to constantly check with “the boss”.
Managers, supervisors and workers know they are making decisions that conform to corporate safety policies.
Below are a number of points that would be good to adopt in your companies’ safety and health policy.
• No job or no task is more important than worker health and safety.
• A wellsite Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) will be conducted on all tasks with a potential safety or health threat.
• Every procedure must be a safe procedure. Shortcuts in safe procedures by either foremen or workers
must not be tolerated.
• If workers observe any wellsite unsafe condition, which may pose a potential threat to their health or
safety, they will immediately correct the situation when feasible or inform management.
• Management has the responsibility to take adequate proactive precautions, comply with OSHA
standards, and assure the safety and health of employees. (OSHA occupational safety health administration)
• If a job cannot be done safely it will not be done.
• Leadership within a company will acknowledge the importance of creating a positive safety culture
through employee involvement and effective policies and procedures.

Writing Safety Programs
A safety “program” may be thought of as a plan of action to accomplish a safety objective. An effective safety
program is designed around the processes, procedures, and practices normally assigned to employees and
integrate safety-related decisions and precautions into them. Oil and gas contractors must initiate and maintain
such programs as may be necessary to comply with company.
Responsibilities
It’s important to understand who is responsible for safety on the oil and gas wellsite construction. According to OSHA, there
are four employer roles or categories on a multi- employer wellsite:
1. Creating employer: The employer that caused a hazardous condition that violates an OSHA standard.
2. Exposing employer: This is an employer whose own employees are exposed to the hazard.
3. Correcting employer: This is an employer who is engaged in a common undertaking, on the same wellsite
construction as the exposing employer, and is responsible for correcting a hazard. This usually occurs where an
employer is given the responsibility of installing and/or maintaining particular safety/health equipment or devices.
4. Controlling employer: This is an employer who has general supervisory authority over the wellsite construction,
including the power to correct safety and health violations itself or require others to correct them. Control can be
established by contract or, in the absence of explicit contractual provisions, by the exercise of control in practice.

Oil and gas companies should designate a competent and qualified safety representative to coordinate, implement,
and administer the Safety Management System (SMS). The safety representative should be thought of as an internal
safety consultant and should not be responsible for enforcing safety rules. Enforcement of safety rules is the job of
line managers, not staff personnel. Responsibilities of the safety representative include
1. Understand potential job hazards and how to eliminate them.
2. Conduct or assist with Job Hazard Analysis.
3. Assure compliance with OSHA oil and gas safety and health standard requirements.
4. Conduct regular job site safety and health inspections.
5. Establish safety and health procedures.
6. Coordinate regular safety and health training.
7. Conduct or assist with Tailgate or Tool Box Talks.
8. Maintain documentation of training, inspections, injuries and illnesses, and other safety records.
9. Participate in accident investigations and implementation of corrective actions.
10. Involve employees in the implementation of the SHMS.
11. Create statistical reports that compare severity and frequency rates against prior records.

The Supervisor’s Safety Responsibilities
The supervisor’s attitude plays an important part in obtaining or preventing the acceptance of safe and healthful work
practices, policies, and procedures. It is the supervisor’s responsibility to identify potential hazards, identify methods to
control or eliminate wellsite hazards, ensure workers use safe and healthful work practices, and make sure everyone
receives safety and health training to do their work. Immediate supervisors should review, investigate, and take any
necessary and appropriate action on all employee reports of hazards or potential hazards.
Related Employer Responsibilities
According to OSHA, employers also have these general safety responsibilities:
1. Provide employees with sanitary and safe working conditions Assign safety and health responsibilities
2. Give safety and health designees authority to correct hazards
3. Assure employees that they may voice safety and health concerns without fear of reprisal
4. Inform employees of hazards
5. Coordinate hazard communication with other employers on site
6. Post the OSHA State or Federal Poster

Continuous Improvement
It’s important to the overall success of the safety management system that the company makes
a commitment to continuous improvement of all aspects of safety and health.
One successful change management technique is to use the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) Cycle. It was first developed by
Dr. Walter Shewhart, and later applied by W. Edwards Deming, the father of total quality management, to transform the
industry of Japan after World War II. He promoted the PDSA Cycle that was partly responsible for Japan's meteoric rise
in manufacturing. He believed that statistics hold the key to improving processes, and that management must take
responsibility for quality in the workplace because management controls the processes.
The PDSA Cycle contains four important steps:
Plan - plan what you're going to do
Do - test the plan small scale
Check - analyze the results
Act - improve the plan and fully implement

What Is an Environmental Management System (EMS)?
} An EMS is simply a set of procedures to reduce our environmental footprint in our day-to-day
activities.
} An EMS is the combination of people, policies, procedures, review, and plans to help address
environmental issues.
} An EMS is that part of an overall management system which includes organizational structure,
planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes, and resources for...achieving
environmental policy.
} Important EMS elements include continual improvement, management commitment, formalization,
and awareness of a systems based approach
Purpose of an EMS
An EMS brings together the people, policies, plans, review mechanisms, and procedures used to
manage environmental issues at a facility or in an organization
Benefits of an EMS
} Helps maintain compliance
} Reduce operating costs
} Integrate environmental programs into mission
} Increase employee involvement
} Minimize environmental and organization impact;

Provide a system to meet environmental legislative and other requirements;
} Communicate effectively with internal and external stakeholders on environmental
management and performance;
} Identify and manage environmental risks in advance rather than reactively;
} Reduce business risk by managing aspects consciously;
} Effect cultural change in the workforce to improve environmental awareness and
responsibility;
} Reduce the likelihood of environmental incidents;
} Provide direction and resources to all aspects of environmental management; and
} Improve relationships with stakeholders, including community and government
agencies

EMS Frameworks
} The International Standard ISO 14001 is the most widely used and respected.
} Organizations, however, use many EMS frameworks and models.
The Continuous Cycle
Plan
Planning, identifying environmental aspects and establishing goals
DO
Implementing, includes training and operational controls
Check
Checking, includes monitoring and corrective action
Act
Reviewing, includes progress reviews and acting to make needed changes

A-Environmental Policy
B-Planning
C-Implementation and Operation
D-Checking and Corrective Action
E-Management Review
Environmental Policy
} Issue a policy statement signed by facility manager. At a minimum, commit to
◦ Continual improvement
◦ Pollution prevention
◦ Environmental compliance
} Identifies EMS framework
} Publicly available
B-Planning
} Identify aspects and impacts from facility activities, products, and services
} Review legal requirements
} Set objectives and targets
} Establish formal EMS program

C-Implementation and Operation
Define roles and responsibilities
} Provide EMS training
} Establish internal and external communication mechanisms
} Establish document control system
} Establish operational controls
} Integrate with or establish emergency preparedness procedures
C. chking and Corrective Action
} Conduct periodic monitoring of environmental performance
} Identify root causes of findings and conduct corrective and preventive actions
} Maintain environmental records
} Conduct periodic EMS audit
E. Management Review
} Conduct periodic senior management review of EMS
} Revise policies as needed

The EMS Plan, Do, Check, Act Cycle (e.g., ISO 14001)
ISO14001 standards
} ISO 14001 is suitable for organizations of all types and sizes, be they private, not-for-profit or
governmental.
} It requires that an organization considers all environmental issues relevant to its operations, such as air
pollution, water and sewage issues, waste management, soil contamination, climate change mitigation
and adaptation, and resource use and efficiency.

Bottom Line EMS Requirements
} Must have commitment of top managers.
} An EMS doesn’t exist in isolation.
} Must be consistent with other management systems (e.g., IT) in your organization.
} An EMS must be owned by everyone in your organization.
Some Basic EMS Definitions
Environmental Aspect (Cause)
The elements of an organization’s activities, products, or services which can interact with the environment.
} It is important to establish, implement and maintain a procedure to identify the environmental aspects
of activities products and services that you “can control and …can influence.”
} After identifying environmental aspects you must determine those which have or can have significant
impacts on the environment.
} Examples include: air emissions, water discharges, , use of raw materials, energy use, use of natural
resources, use of volatile organic compounds.

Environmental Impact (Effect)
Any change to the environment whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an
organizations activities, products, or services.
} Examples include: depletion of natural resources, air pollution, hazardous waste generation, soil and
water contamination.
Examples of Aspects and Impacts
Facility Operations
Aspect: Office use of electronic equipment
Impact: Generation of recyclable waste (paper, batteries, toner cartridges)
Aspect: Use of solvents, oil, fluorescent lamps, and excess furniture
Impact: Land contamination (landfill)
Aspect: Air emissions from well flaring
Impact: Air pollution, global warming

Aspect: Motor vehicle Operations (Use of oil, rags, antifreeze, tires, and batteries)
Impact: Hazardous waste generation and air pollution
Aspect: Custodial Operations (Use of cleaning products, paper, water, energy)
Impact: Depletion of natural resources and contamination of land
Aspect: Grounds Maintenance
Impact: Depletion of natural resources (pesticides, fertilizer, water use, fossil fuels)

Examples of Significant Environmental Aspects
} Purchasing chemicals
} Use of chemicals
} Application of pesticides
} Office products/paper consumption
} Use of electronic equipment
} Building temperature control
} Grounds and custodial operations
} Motor vehicle operations

Objective and Target
An EMS objective is an overall goal arising from the environmental policy statement set by the
organization.
An EMS target is a detailed measurable performance requirement related to the objective
} Compliance with Regulations
} Reduce Waste Streams(Hazardous, Solid, and Universal)
} Reduce Energy Consumption
} Recycle
} Green Purchasing
} Pollution Prevention

Examples for Objectives and Targets
Objective: Increase solid waste diversion
Target: Achieve a 60% diversion rate for all solid waste by the year 2018.
Objective: Improve environmental compliance
Target: Reduce the number of external environmental compliance audit findings by 50% on an audit-to-audit
basis.
Objective: Reduce transportation congestion
Target: Increase the number of employee-days of mass transit use by 50% by the year 2020 based on a 2010
calendar year baseline and purchase 25 bicycles for use within the facility by the year 2018.

An objective of EMS is to reduce environmental impacts
Below are ways you can support this objective
} Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Reduce your use of resources such as water.
Reuse resources such as office supplies Recycle all batteries, paper, electronics, toner cartridges,
metal scraps, metal cans, glass and plastic containers, and fluorescent light bulbs, etc.
} Purchasing Requirements – Government purchasing agents, including credit card holders, are required
to follow the Affirmative (Green) Procurement Plan.
} Carpool – Conserve fuel by carpooling to field sites or other work related destinations
What Managers and Supervisors Need to Do
Provide support to change habits
} Old habits die hard.
} Employees need support through both motivational and technical hurdles.
} Initial training and periodic refreshers are essential to continuing pollution prevention success.

Top Ten Pollution Prevention Techniques
Good housekeeping and maintenance practices
1) Spill prevention and preparedness
2) Inventory management
3) Prudent purchasing
4) Waste exchange programs
5) Alternate cleaning processes
6) Reduce/reuse process wastes
7) Process modifications
8) Changes in equipment or technology
9) Environmentally preferable purchasing
Summary
} An EMS is the combination of people, policies, procedures, review, and plans to help address
environmental issues.
} Important EMS elements include continual improvement, management commitment,
formalization, and awareness of system approach
} Being a good environmental steward is every organization employee’s business.
} Performing your job in an environmentally safe and sound manner benefits us all by protecting the health of
the surrounding ecosystem, preserving resources for future generations, being good neighbors, minimizing
mission impact due to non- compliance issues, and saving money by decreasing wasted resources.

Your Participation
All personnel have roles and responsibilities at the location for EMS. Your level of participation will vary
according to the work you perform.
At a minimum, you are responsible for knowing:
} The commitments of the Environmental Policy.
} How your job impacts the environment.
} The procedures/protocols of your job and adhering to them.
} The potential environmental impacts of departing from the procedures of your job.
} The legal and other requirements of your job

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