Html basics NOTE

HTML Basics
Welcome to HTML Basics. This workshop leads you through the basics of Hyper Text Markup
Language (HTML). HTML is the building block for web pages. You will learn to use HTML to
author an HTML page to display in a web browser.
Objectives:
By the end of this workshop, you will be able to:
Use a text editor to author an HTML document.
Be able to use basic tags to denote paragraphs, emphasis or special type.
Create hyperlinks to other documents.
Create an email link.
Add images to your document.
Use a table for layout.
Apply colors to your HTML document.
Prerequisites:
You will need a text editor, such as Notepad and an Internet browser, such as Internet
Explorer or Netscape.
Q: What is Notepad and where do I get it?
A: Notepad is the default Windows text editor. On most Windows systems, click your
Start button and choose Programs then Accessories. It should be a little blue
notebook.
Mac Users: SimpleText is the default text editor on the Mac. In OSX use TextEdit
and change the following preferences: Select (in the preferences window) Plain text
instead of Rich text and then select Ignore rich text commands in HTML files. This is
very important because if you don't do this HTML codes probably won't work.
One thing you should avoid using is a word processor (like Microsoft Word) for authoring
your HTML documents.
What is an html File?
HTML is a format that tells a computer how to display a web page. The documents
themselves are plain text files with special "tags" or codes that a web browser uses to
interpret and display information on your computer screen.
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags
The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page
An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension
Try It?
Open your text editor and type the following text:
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
This is my first homepage. <b>This text is bold</b>
</body>
</html>
Save the file as mypage.html. Start your Internet browser. Select Open (or Open Page) in
the File menu of your browser. A dialog box will appear. Select Browse (or Choose File)
and locate the html file you just created - mypage.html - select it and click Open. Now
you should see an address in the dialog box, for example
C:MyDocumentsmypage.html. Click OK, and the browser will display the page. To

view how the page should look, visit this web page:
http://profdevtrain.austincc.edu/html/mypage.html
Example Explained
What you just made is a skeleton html document. This is the minimum required information
for a web document and all web documents should contain these basic components. The
first tag in your html document is <html>. This tag tells your browser that this is the start
of an html document. The last tag in your document is </html>. This tag tells your browser
that this is the end of the html document.
The text between the <head> tag and the </head> tag is header information. Header
information is not displayed in the browser window.
The text between the <title> tags is the title of your document. The <title> tag is used
to uniquely identify each document and is also displayed in the title bar of the browser
window.
The text between the <body> tags is the text that will be displayed in your browser.
The text between the <b> and </b> tags will be displayed in a bold font.
HTM or HTML Extension?
When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html extension. The .htm
extension comes from the past when some of the commonly used software only allowed
three letter extensions. It is perfectly safe to use either .html or .htm, but be consistent.
mypage.htm and mypage.html are treated as different files by the browser.
How to View HTML Source
A good way to learn HTML is to look at how other people have coded their html pages. To
find out, simply click on the View option in your browsers toolbar and select Source or Page
Source. This will open a window that shows you the actual HTML of the page. Go ahead and
view the source html for this page.
HTML Tags
What are HTML tags?
HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements
HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and >
The surrounding characters are called angle brackets
HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
The text between the start and end tags is the element content
HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as <B>
Logical vs. Physical Tags
In HTML there are both logical tags and physical tags. Logical tags are designed to describe
(to the browser) the enclosed text's meaning. An example of a logical tag is the <strong>
</strong> tag. By placing text in between these tags you are telling the browser that the
text has some greater importance. By default all browsers make the text appear bold when
in between the <strong> and </strong> tags.
Physical tags on the other hand provide specific instructions on how to display the text they
enclose. Examples of physical tags include:
<b>: Makes the text bold.
<big>: Makes the text usually one size bigger than what's around it.
<i>: Makes text italic.
Physical tags were invented to add style to HTML pages because style sheets were not
around, though the original intention of HTML was to not have physical tags. Rather than
use physical tags to style your HTML pages, you should use style sheets.
HTML Elements

Remember the HTML example from the previous page:
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
This is an HTML element:
<b>This text is bold</b>
The HTML element begins with a start tag: <b>
The content of the HTML element is: This text is bold
The HTML element ends with an end tag: </b>
The purpose of the <b> tag is to define an HTML element that should be displayed as bold.
This is also an HTML element:
<body>
</body>
This HTML element starts with the start tag <body>, and ends with the end tag </body>.
The purpose of the <body> tag is to define the HTML element that contains the body of the
HTML document.
Nested Tags
You may have noticed in the example above, the <body> tag also contains other tags, like
the <b> tab. When you enclose an element in with multiple tags, the last tag opened should
be the first tag closed. For example:
<p><b><em>This is NOT the proper way to close nested tags.</p></em></b>
<p><b><em>This is the proper way to close nested tags. </em></b></p>
Note: It doesn't matter which tag is first, but they must be closed in the proper
order.
Why Use Lowercase Tags?
You may notice we've used lowercase tags even though I said that HTML tags are not case
sensitive. <B> means the same as <b>. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the group
responsible for developing web standards, recommends lowercase tags in their HTML 4
recommendation, and XHTML (the next generation HTML) requires lowercase tags.
Tag Attributes
Tags can have attributes. Attributes can provide additional information about the HTML
elements on your page. The <tag> tells the browser to do something, while the attribute
tells the browser how to do it. For instance, if we add the bgcolor attribute, we can tell the
browser that the background color of your page should be blue, like this: <body
bgcolor="blue">.

This tag defines an HTML table: <table>. With an added border attribute, you can tell the
browser that the table should have no borders: <table border="0">. Attributes always
come in name/value pairs like this: name="value". Attributes are always added to the start
tag of an HTML element and the value is surrounded by quotes.
Quote Styles, "red" or 'red'?
Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the most
common, but single style quotes are also allowed. In some rare situations, like when the
attribute value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:
name='George "machine Gun" Kelly'
Note: Some tags we will discuss are deprecated, meaning the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) the governing body that sets HTML, XML, CSS, and other
technical standards decided those tags and attributes are marked for deletion in
future versions of HTML and XHTML. Browsers should continue to support deprecated
tags and attributes, but eventually these tags are likely to become obsolete and so
future support cannot be guaranteed.
Basic HTML Tags
The most important tags in HTML are tags that define headings, paragraphs and line
breaks
.
Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the largest heading while
<h6> defines the smallest.
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h6> This is a heading</h6>
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a heading. A useful
heading attribute is align.

<h5 align="left">I can align headings </h5>
<h5 align="center">This is a centered heading </h5>
<h5 align="right">This is a heading aligned to the right </h5>
Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag. Think of a paragraph as a block of text. You can
use the align attribute with a paragraph tag as well.
<p align="left">This is a paragraph</p>
<p align="center">this is another paragraph</p>
Line Breaks
The <br> tag is used when you want to start a new line, but don't want to start a
new paragraph. The <br> tag forces a line break wherever you place it. It is similar
to single spacing in a document
Notice you don't see the text between the tags . If you look at the
source code, you would see the comment. To view the source code for this page, in
your browser window, select View and then select Source.
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after some elements, like before
and after a paragraph, and before and after a heading. If you want to insert blank lines into
your document, use the <br> tag.
Try It Out!
<html>
<head>

</head>
<body>
<h1 align="center">My First Webpage</h1>
<p>Welcome to my first web page. I am writing this page using a text editor
and plain old html.</p>
<p>By learning html, I'll be able to create web pages like a pro....<br>
which I am of course.</p>
</body>
</html>
Save the page as mypage2.html. Open the file in your Internet browser. To view how the
page should look, visit this web page:
http://profdevtrain.austincc.edu/html/mypage2.html
Other HTML Tags
As mentioned before, there are logical styles that describe what the text should be
and physical styles which actually provide physical formatting. It is recommended to
use the logical tags and use style sheets to style the text in those tags.

HTML Fonts
The <font> tag in HTML is deprecated. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has
removed the <font> tag from its recommendations. In future versions of HTML, style
sheets (CSS) will be used to define the layout and display properties of HTML elements.
The <font> Tag Should NOT be used.
HTML Backgrounds
Backgrounds
The <body> tag has two attributes where you can specify backgrounds. The background can
be a color or an image.
Bgcolor
The bgcolor attribute specifies a background-color for an HTML page. The value of this
attribute can be a hexadecimal number, an RGB value, or a color name:
<body bgcolor="#000000"> <body bgcolor="rgb(0,0,0)"> <body bgcolor="black">
The lines above all set the background-color to black.
Background
The background attribute can also specify a background-image for an HTML page. The value
of this attribute is the URL of the image you want to use. If the image is smaller than the
browser window, the image will repeat itself until it fills the entire browser window.
<body background="clouds.gif"> <body
background="http://profdevtrain.austincc.edu/html/graphics/clouds.gif">
The URL can be relative (as in the first line above) or absolute (as in the second line above).
If you want to use a background image, you should keep in mind:
Will the background image increase the loading time too much?
Will the background image look good with other images on the page?
Will the background image look good with the text colors on the page?
Will the background image look good when it is repeated on the page?
Will the background image take away the focus from the text?
Try It Out!

<html>
<head>
</head>
<body background="http://profdevtrain.austincc.edu/html/graphics/clouds.gif"
bgcolor="#EDDD9E">
<p>Welcome to my <strong>first</strong> webpage. I am writing this page using
a text editor and plain old html.</p>
<p>By learning html, I'll be able to create webpages like a
<del>beginner</del> pro....<br>
</body>
</html>
Save your page as mypage3.html and view it in your browser. To view how the page
should look, visit this web page:
Notice we gave our page a background color as well as a background image. If for some
reason the web page is unable to find the picture, it will display our background color.
HTML Colors
Color Values
Colors are defined using a hexadecimal notation for the combination of red, green,
and blue color values (RGB). The lowest value that can be given to one light source
is 0 (hex #00). The highest value is 255 (hex #FF). This table shows the result of
combining red, green, and blue:

Web Safe Colors
A few years ago, when most computers supported only 256 different colors, a list of 216
Web Safe Colors was suggested as a Web standard. The reason for this was that the
Microsoft and Mac operating system used 40 different "reserved" fixed system colors (about
20 each). This 216 cross platform web safe color palette was originally created to ensure
that all computers would display all colors correctly when running a 256 color palette. To
view the 216 Cross Platform Colors visit this web page:
http://profdevtrain.austincc.edu/html/216.html
16 Million Different Colors
The combination of Red, Green and Blue values from 0 to 255 gives a total of more than 16
million different colors to play with (256 x 256 x 256). Most modern monitors are capable of
displaying at least 16,384 different colors. To assist you in using color schemes, check out
http://wellstyled.com/tools/colorscheme2/index-en.html. This site lets you test
different color schemes for page backgrounds, text and links.
HTML Lists
HTML provides a simple way to show unordered lists (bullet lists) or ordered list s (numbered
lists).
Unordered Lists
An unordered list is a list of items marked with bullets (typically small black circles).
An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

Try It Out
Open your text editor and type the following:
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#EDDD9E">
<p>Welcome to my <strong>first</strong> webpage. I am writing this page using
a text editor and plain old html.</p>
Here's what I've learned:
<ul>
<li>How to use HTML tags</li>
<li>How to use HTML colors</li>
<li>How to create Lists</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

Save your page as mypage4.html and view it in your browser. To see how your page
should look visit this web page:
HTML Links
HTML uses the <a> anchor tag to create a link to another document or web page.
The Anchor Tag and the Href Attribute
An anchor can point to any resource on the Web: an HTML page, an image, a sound file, a
movie, etc. The syntax of creating an anchor:
<a href="url">Text to be displayed</a>
The <a> tag is used to create an anchor to link from, the href attribute is used to tell
the address of the document or page we are linking to, and the words between the
open and close of the anchor tag will be displayed as a hyperlink.

The browser puts the image where the image tag oc curs in the document. If you put an
image tag between two paragraphs, the browser shows the first paragraph, then the image,
and then the second paragraph.
The Alt Attribute
The alt attribute is used to define an alternate text for an image. The value of the alt
attribute is author-defined text:
<img src="graphics/chef.gif" alt="Smiling Happy Chef ">
The alt attribute tells the reader what he or she is missing on a page if t he browser can't
load images. The browser will then display the alternate text instead of the image. It is a
good practice to include the alt attribute for each image on a page, to improve the display
and usefulness of your document for people who have text-only browsers or use screen
readers.
Image Dimensions
When you have an image, the browser usually figures out how big the image is all by itself.
If you put in the image dimensions in pixels however, the browser simply reserves a space
for the image, then

loads the rest of the page. Once the entire page is loads it can go back and fill in the
images. Without dimensions, when it runs into an image, the browser has to pause loading
the page, load the image, then continue loading the page. The chef image would then be:
<img src="graphics/chef.gif" width="130" height="101" alt="Smiling Happy
Chef">
Open the file mypage2.html in your text editor and add code highlighted in bold:
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align="center">My First Web page</h1>
<p>Welcome to my first webpage. I am writing this page using a text editor and plain old
html.</p>

<p><img src="graphics/chef.gif" width="130" height="101" alt="Smiling Happy
Chef" align="center"></p>
<p align="center">This is my Chef</p>
</body>
</html>
Save your page as mypage5.html and view it in your browser. To see how your page
should look visit this web page:
Tables
Tables are defined with the <table> tag. A table is divided into rows (with the <tr>
tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). The letters td
stands for table data, which is the content of a data cell. A data cell can contain text,
images, lists, paragraphs, forms, horizontal rules, tables, etc.

There are arguments in favor of giving your tables a relative width because such table
widths yield pages that work regardless of the visitor's screen resolution. For example, a
table width of 100% will always span the entire width of the browser window whether the
visitor has a 800x600 display or a 1024x768 display (etc). Your visitor never needs to scroll
horizontally to read your page, something that is regarded by most people as being very
annoying.
HTML Layout - Using Tables One very
common practice with HTML, is to use HTML tables
to format the layout of an HTML page.
A part of this page is formatted with two columns.
As you can see on this page, there is a left column
and a right column.
This text is displayed in the left column.
An HTML <table> is used to divide a part
of this Web page into two columns.
The trick is to use a table without borders,
and maybe a little extra cell-padding.
No matter how much text you add to this
page, it will stay inside its column borders.
</body>
</html>

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to
write Web Pages.
Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together.
Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.
As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to simply
"mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display.
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like
headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information
between researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags
available in HTML language.

HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the
content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most
of the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its closing
tag</html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses the following tags:

Html basics NOTE

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