Human Parasitic Disease
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Parasitic diseases are caused by organisms that rely on hosts for survival, and they can lead to various health issues ranging from mild symptoms to severe infections. Common infections include malaria, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and hookworm, each with specific symptoms, treatments, and prevention methods. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, stool exams, and imaging, while treatment often relies on anti-parasitic drugs and preventive measures such as improved sanitation and safe sex practices.
Human Parasitic Disease
- 2. What can we learn- 1. What is parasitic disease? 2. Common infections and their 3. Symptom 4. Causes 5. Diagnosis 6. Treatment 7. Prevention
- 3. Parasitic Disease Parasites are organisms that live off other organisms, or hosts, to survive. Some parasites don’t noticeably affect their hosts. Others grow, reproduce, or invade organ systems that make their hosts sick, resulting in a parasitic infection. Some parasites like Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp. can cause disease directly, but other organisms can cause disease by the toxins that they produce. Malaria is one of the deadliest parasitic diseases.
- 4. Common Parasitic Infections 1. Trichomoniasis 2. Giardiasis 3. Cryptosporidiosis 4. Toxoplasmosis 5. Ascariasis 6. Hookworm 7. Tapeworm
- 5. Classification of Parasitic Disease 1. Ectoparasite - Head louse,blood sucking fleas,filies 2. Endoparasite - Entamoeba,Trypanosoma 3. Permanent parasite 4. Temporary parasite 5. Facultative parasite 6. Obligatory parasite-The head louse have no alternative but to remain on the host. 7. Occasional parasite - Mosquito behaves as a parasite only temporarily and moves away after taking a full blood meal
- 6. Common Causes Parasitic Infections Parasitic infections can be caused by three types of organisms: 1. Protozoa 2. Helminths 3. Ectoparasites Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can live and multiply inside your body. Some infections caused by protozoa include giardiasis. This is a serious infection that you can contract from drinking water infected with Giardia protozoa.
- 7. Common Causes Parasitic Infections(cont..) Helminths are multi-celled organisms that can live in or outside of your body. They’re more commonly known as worms. They include flatworms, tapeworms, thorny-headed worms,and roundworms. Ectoparasites are multi celled organisms that live on or feed off your skin. They include some insects and arachnids, such as mosquitos, fleas, ticks, and mites.
- 8. Malaria Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoa that causes malaria in humans. Malaria is transmitted by blood, so it can also be transmitted through: 1. an organ transplant 2. a transfusion 3. use of shared needles or syringes SYMPTOMS- muscle pain profuse sweating high fever headache nausea vomiting diarrhea bloody stools coma
- 9. Malaria(cont....) Treatment- chloroquine (Aralen) Artesunate-mefloquine quinine (Qualaquin) Prevention- Talk to your doctor about long-term prevention if you live in an area where malaria is common. Sleeping under a mosquito net may help prevent being bitten by an infected mosquito. Covering your skin or using bug sprays containing DEET may also help prevent infection. If you’re unsure if malaria is prevalent in your area, the CDC has an up- to-date map of where malaria can be found.
- 10. Malaria(Figure)
- 11. Ascariasis Ascariasis is a disease caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides Causes - Eating Ascaris eggs. Symptoms- Infections have no symptoms in more than 85% of cases.but some are Abdominal swelling, abdominal pain, diarrhea, shortness of breath. Treatment- Albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, pyrantel pamoate. Prevention-Improved sanitation, handwashing.
- 13. Hookworm Hookworm infection is an infection by a type of intestinal parasite in the roundworm group. Causes - Two species of hookworms that commonly infect humans are Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Symptoms - Itchiness, localized rash, abdominal pain, diarrhea. Treatment - Albendazole, mebendazole, iron supplements. Prevention - Not walking barefoot, stopping outdoor defecation[
- 14. Hookworm(Figure)
- 15. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, black fever, and Dumdum fever. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus.Leishmania parasites spread by sandfile. Symptoms- Weakness,Fatigue,Vomiting,Persistent fever,Night Sweats,Vague abdominal pain,Diarrhea Treatment- liposomal amphotericin B is the recommended treatment and is often used as a single dose.
- 16. VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS (VL)(cont....) Prevention- Outdoors: 1. Avoid outdoor activities, especially from dusk to dawn, when sand flies generally are the most active. 2. When outdoors (or in unprotected quarters), minimize the amount of exposed (uncovered) skin to the extent that is tolerable in the climate. Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and socks; and tuck your shirt into your pants. 3. Apply insect repellent to exposed skin and under the ends of sleeves and pant legs. Follow the instructions on the label of the repellent. The most effective repellents generally are those that contain the chemical DEET (N,N-diethylmetatoluamide). Indoors: 1. Stay in well-screened or air-conditioned areas. 2. Keep in mind that sand flies are much smaller than mosquitoes and therefore can get through smaller holes.
- 18. Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis (trich) is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Signs and symptoms- The most common symptoms among women are: vaginal discharge, which can be white, gray, yellow, or green, and usually frothy with an unpleasant smell vaginal spotting or bleeding genital burning or itching genital redness or swelling frequent urge to urinate pain during urination or sexual intercourse
- 19. Trichomoniasis(cont....) The most common symptoms in men are: discharge from the urethra burning during urination or after ejaculation an urge to urinate frequently. Treatment- Treatment for both pregnant and non-pregnant women is usually with metronidazole, by mouth once. Prevention- Not having sex, using condoms, not douching.
- 21. Giardiasis Giardiasis, popularly known as beaver fever which is a parasitic disease caused by Giardia lamblia . Symptoms- fatigue nausea diarrhea or greasy stools vomiting abdominal pain excessive gas
- 22. Giardiasis(cont..) Treatment- Certain antibiotics are commonly used to treat giardiasis: Like- Tinidazole, metronidazole. Diagnosis - Stool testing. Prevention - Improved sanitation, Using condom ,don’t drink tap water.
- 24. Tapeworm Tapeworm infection is the infestation of the digestive tract by a species of parasitic flatworm (known as a cestode), called tapeworms. Symptoms- Nausea Weakness Diarrhea Abdominal pain Hunger or loss of appetite Fatigue Weight loss Vitamin and mineral deficiencies
- 25. Tapeworm(cont..) Treatment- Tapeworms are usually treated with a medicine taken by mouth. The most commonly used medicine for tapeworms is praziquantel(Biltricide). Niclosamide can also be used Prevention- risk are reduce by washing your hands before and after using the toilet and by following these food safety tips.
- 26. TAPEWORM(Figure)
- 27. Risk of Parasitic Infections I. Have a compromised immune system or are already sick with another illness II. live or travel in tropical or subtropical regions of the world III. lack a clean supply of drinking water IV. swim in lakes, rivers, or ponds where Giardia or other parasites are common V. work in childcare, work with soil regularly, or work in other contexts where you come into contact with feces on a consistent basis
- 28. Parasitic Infections Diagnosed I. A blood test II. A fecal exam: In such an exam, a sample of your stool will be collected and checked for parasites and their eggs. III. An endoscopy or colonoscopy: These tests may be ordered if the results of a stool exam are inconclusive. While you are sedated, your doctor will pass a thin flexible tube through your mouth or rectum and into your digestive system to examine your intestinal tract. IV. X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computerized axial tomography (CAT): These scans are used to check for signs of lesions or injury to your organs caused by parasites.
- 29. Treatment Parasitic infections can usually be treated with anti-parasitic drugs. Albendazole and mebendazole have been the treatments administered to entire populations to control hookworm infection. However, it is a costly option and both children and adults become reinfected within a few months after deparasitation occurs raising concerns because the treatment has to repeatedly be administered and drug resistance may occur
- 30. Parasitic Infections Be Prevented- I. Practice safe sex, using a condom. II. Wash your hands regularly, especially after handling uncooked food or feces. III. Cook food to its recommended internal temperature. IV. Drink clean water, including bottled water when you’re traveling. V. Avoid swallowing water from lakes, streams, or ponds. VI. Avoid cat litter and feces when you’re pregnant.
- 31. Overview • Parasitic diseases are diseases transmitted by parasites, usually found in contaminated food, water or bug bites. Protect yourself with these tips. • 4 common parasitic infections. • symptoms Including abdominal pain, weight loss, incIeased appetite, bowel obstructions, diarrhea, and vomiting eventually leading to dehydration, sleeping problems, wo, allergies, nervousness. • Anti-parasitic drugs is usually used for it's treatment . • It's prevented by self and social awareness .