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- 1. HUMAN GROWTH AND HUMANGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
- 2. LIFE STAGES LIFE STAGES •Growth and development begins at birth and ends Growth and development begins at birth and ends at death at death • During an entire lifetime, individuals have needs During an entire lifetime, individuals have needs that must be met that must be met
- 3. LIFE STAGES LIFE STAGES •Infancy: birth to 1 year Infancy: birth to 1 year • Early childhood: 1-6 years Early childhood: 1-6 years • Late childhood: 6-12 years Late childhood: 6-12 years • Adolescence: 12-20 years Adolescence: 12-20 years • Early adulthood: 20-40 years Early adulthood: 20-40 years • Middle adulthood: 40-65 years Middle adulthood: 40-65 years • Late adulthood: 65 years and up Late adulthood: 65 years and up
- 4. FOUR MAIN TYPESOF GROWTH FOUR MAIN TYPES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT • Physical: body growth Physical: body growth • Mental: mind development Mental: mind development • Emotional: feelings Emotional: feelings • Social: interactions and relationships Social: interactions and relationships with others with others • All four types above occur in each stage All four types above occur in each stage
- 5. ERIKSON’S STAGES OF ERIKSON’SSTAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT • Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst who Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst who identified eight stages of psychosocial identified eight stages of psychosocial development development • For each stage a basic conflict or need must For each stage a basic conflict or need must be met be met
- 6. INFANCY INFANCY • Age: birthto 1 year old Age: birth to 1 year old • Conflict – Trust vs. Mistrust Conflict – Trust vs. Mistrust • Dramatic and rapid changes Dramatic and rapid changes • Physical development Physical development– roll over, crawl, – roll over, crawl, walk, grasp objects walk, grasp objects • Mental development Mental development—respond to cold, —respond to cold, hunger, and pain by crying. Begin to hunger, and pain by crying. Begin to recognize surroundings and become aware recognize surroundings and become aware of surroundings and people of surroundings and people
- 7. INFANCY INFANCY • Emotional development Emotionaldevelopment – show anger, – show anger, distrust, happiness, excitement, etc. distrust, happiness, excitement, etc. • Social development Social development – self-centeredness – self-centeredness concept of the newborn to recognition of concept of the newborn to recognition of others in their environment others in their environment • Infants are dependent on others for all needs Infants are dependent on others for all needs
- 8. EARLY CHILDHOOD EARLY CHILDHOOD •Age: 1-6 years old Age: 1-6 years old • Conflict: Conflict: • Toddler 1 to 3 years - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Toddler 1 to 3 years - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt • Preschool 3 to 6 years – Initiative vs. guilt Preschool 3 to 6 years – Initiative vs. guilt • Physical development Physical development – growth slower than in infancy. – growth slower than in infancy. Muscle coordination allows the child to run, climb, move Muscle coordination allows the child to run, climb, move freely. Can write, draw, use a fork and knife freely. Can write, draw, use a fork and knife • Mental development Mental development – verbal growth progresses, short – verbal growth progresses, short attention span, at end of stage ask questions, recognize attention span, at end of stage ask questions, recognize letters, and some words letters, and some words
- 9. EARLY CHILDHOOD EARLY CHILDHOOD •Emotional development Emotional development – develop self- – develop self- awareness and recognize the effect they awareness and recognize the effect they have on other people and things. Children have on other people and things. Children feel impatience and frustration as they try to feel impatience and frustration as they try to do things beyond their abilities. This lead to do things beyond their abilities. This lead to temper tantrums (the terrible two’s) temper tantrums (the terrible two’s) • Social development Social development – at beginning of stage – at beginning of stage very self-centered one year old to sociable very self-centered one year old to sociable six year old. Strong attachment to parents. six year old. Strong attachment to parents. Needs are food, shelter, protection, love and Needs are food, shelter, protection, love and security. security.
- 10. LATE CHILDHOOD LATE CHILDHOOD •Age: 6-12 years old Age: 6-12 years old • Conflict – Industry vs. inferiority Conflict – Industry vs. inferiority • Physical development Physical development– slow but steady. Muscle – slow but steady. Muscle coordination is well developed and children can coordination is well developed and children can engage in physical activity that require complex engage in physical activity that require complex motor-sensory coordination motor-sensory coordination • Mental development Mental development – developing quickly and – developing quickly and much of the child’s life centers around school. much of the child’s life centers around school. Reading and writing skills are learned, understand Reading and writing skills are learned, understand abstract concepts like honesty, loyalty, values and abstract concepts like honesty, loyalty, values and morals morals
- 11. LATE CHILDHOOD LATE CHILDHOOD •Emotional development Emotional development -- the child achieves -- the child achieves greater independence and a more distinct greater independence and a more distinct personality. Fears are replaced by the ability to personality. Fears are replaced by the ability to cope. cope. • Social development Social development – changes from activities by – changes from activities by themselves to more group oriented. They are more themselves to more group oriented. They are more ready to accept the opinions of others and learn to ready to accept the opinions of others and learn to conform to rules, and standards of behavior. Needs conform to rules, and standards of behavior. Needs are the same as infancy and early childhood along are the same as infancy and early childhood along with the need for reassurance, parental approval, with the need for reassurance, parental approval, and peer acceptance. and peer acceptance.
- 12. ADOLESCENCE ADOLESCENCE • Age: 12-20years old Age: 12-20 years old • Conflict – Identity vs. Role Confusion Conflict – Identity vs. Role Confusion • Physical development Physical development – growth spurts, muscle – growth spurts, muscle coordination slows. Development of sexual coordination slows. Development of sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics organs and secondary sexual characteristics (puberty). Secretion of sex hormones leads to (puberty). Secretion of sex hormones leads to the onset of menstruation in girls and the the onset of menstruation in girls and the production of sperm and semen in boys. Body production of sperm and semen in boys. Body shape and form changes. shape and form changes.
- 13. ADOLESCENCE ADOLESCENCE • Mental development Mentaldevelopment – most foundations – most foundations have been set. Development primarily have been set. Development primarily involves an increase in knowledge and involves an increase in knowledge and sharpening of skills. Learn to make sharpening of skills. Learn to make decisions and accept responsibility for decisions and accept responsibility for actions. actions. • Emotional development Emotional development – emotional – emotional development is often stormy and in conflict. development is often stormy and in conflict. Adolescents try to establish their identities Adolescents try to establish their identities and independence. They respond more and independence. They respond more and more to peer group influences. and more to peer group influences.
- 14. ADOLESCENCE ADOLESCENCE • Social development Socialdevelopment – spending less time with – spending less time with family and more time with peer groups. They family and more time with peer groups. They attempt to develop self-identity and independence attempt to develop self-identity and independence and seek security from their peers. Toward the end and seek security from their peers. Toward the end of this stage they develop a more mature attitude of this stage they develop a more mature attitude and develop patterns of behavior that they associate and develop patterns of behavior that they associate with adult behavior. with adult behavior. • Need for reassurance, support and understanding. Need for reassurance, support and understanding. Problems that develop in this stage can be traced to Problems that develop in this stage can be traced to conflict and feelings of inadequacy and insecurity. conflict and feelings of inadequacy and insecurity.
- 15. EARLY ADULTHOOD EARLY ADULTHOOD •Age: 20-40 years old Age: 20-40 years old • Conflict Intimacy vs. Isolation Conflict Intimacy vs. Isolation • Physical development Physical development – basically complete. – basically complete. Muscles are developed, strong and motor Muscles are developed, strong and motor coordination is at its peak. coordination is at its peak. • Mental development Mental development – young adults seek – young adults seek additional education, choose careers and additional education, choose careers and independence. independence.
- 16. EARLY ADULTHOOD EARLY ADULTHOOD •Emotional development Emotional development – Young adults are subjected to – Young adults are subjected to many emotional stresses related to career, marriage, family, many emotional stresses related to career, marriage, family, etc. etc. • Social development Social development – moving away from peer group, and – moving away from peer group, and adults tend to associate with others who have similar adults tend to associate with others who have similar ambitions. Most find a mate and begin a family. ambitions. Most find a mate and begin a family.
- 17. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD MIDDLE ADULTHOOD •Age: 40-65 years of age Age: 40-65 years of age • Conflict – Generosity vs. Stagnation Conflict – Generosity vs. Stagnation • Physical development Physical development – Hair grey’s and thins, – Hair grey’s and thins, skin wrinkles, muscle tone decreases, hearing skin wrinkles, muscle tone decreases, hearing loss, visual acuity losses, weight gain. loss, visual acuity losses, weight gain. • Mental development Mental development – can continue to – can continue to increase. Confident decision makers and increase. Confident decision makers and excellent at analyzing situations. excellent at analyzing situations.
- 18. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD MIDDLE ADULTHOOD •Emotional development Emotional development – can be a period of contentment – can be a period of contentment and satisfaction. and satisfaction. • Social development Social development -- Family relationships can decline as -- Family relationships can decline as children begin lives of their own and parents die. Divorce children begin lives of their own and parents die. Divorce rates are high. Friendships are with people with similar rates are high. Friendships are with people with similar interests and lifestyles. interests and lifestyles.
- 19. LATE ADULTHOOD LATE ADULTHOOD •Age: 65 years of age and up Age: 65 years of age and up • Conflict – Ego integrity vs. despair Conflict – Ego integrity vs. despair • Physical development Physical development – on the decline. Skin becomes dry – on the decline. Skin becomes dry and wrinkles, “age spots” appear. Hair thins, muscles lose and wrinkles, “age spots” appear. Hair thins, muscles lose tone and strength. Memory loss can occur and reasoning tone and strength. Memory loss can occur and reasoning ability can diminish. ability can diminish.
- 20. LATE ADULTHOOD LATE ADULTHOOD •Mental development Mental development – varies. People who – varies. People who remain mentally active and are willing to remain mentally active and are willing to learn new things tend to show fewer signs of learn new things tend to show fewer signs of decreased mental ability decreased mental ability • Emotional development Emotional development – Emotional – Emotional stability also varies. stability also varies. • Social development Social development – retirement can lead – retirement can lead to loss of self esteem, lost identity. Death of to loss of self esteem, lost identity. Death of spouse and friends cause changes in social spouse and friends cause changes in social relationships. relationships.
- 21. 7:2 DEATH ANDDYING 7:2 DEATH AND DYING • Death is “the final stage of growth” Death is “the final stage of growth” • Experienced by everyone and Experienced by everyone and no one escapes no one escapes • Young people tend to ignore its existence Young people tend to ignore its existence • Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to think about their think about their own death own death
- 22. STAGES OF DEATHAND DYING STAGES OF DEATH AND DYING • Denial – refuses to believe Denial – refuses to believe • Anger – when no longer able to deny Anger – when no longer able to deny • Bargaining – accepts death, but wants more time Bargaining – accepts death, but wants more time • Depression – realizes death will Depression – realizes death will come soon come soon • Acceptance – understands and accepts the fact they are going Acceptance – understands and accepts the fact they are going to die to die
- 23. 7:3 HUMAN NEEDS 7:3HUMAN NEEDS • Needs: lack of something that Needs: lack of something that is required or desired is required or desired • Needs exist from birth to death Needs exist from birth to death • Needs influence our behavior Needs influence our behavior • Needs have a priority status Needs have a priority status • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- 24. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OFNEEDS MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
- 25. MEETING NEEDS MEETING NEEDS •Motivation to act when needs felt Motivation to act when needs felt • Sense of satisfaction when needs met Sense of satisfaction when needs met • Sense of frustration when needs not met Sense of frustration when needs not met • Several needs can be felt at the same time Several needs can be felt at the same time • Different needs can have different levels Different needs can have different levels of intensity of intensity
- 26. METHODS FOR SATISFYING METHODSFOR SATISFYING NEEDS NEEDS • Direct methods – meeting a need and obtaining satisfaction. Direct methods – meeting a need and obtaining satisfaction. • Hard work Hard work • Set realistic goals Set realistic goals • Evaluate situation Evaluate situation • Cooperate with others Cooperate with others
- 27. METHODS FOR SATISFYINGNEEDS METHODS FOR SATISFYING NEEDS • Indirect methods of satisfying a need usually reduce Indirect methods of satisfying a need usually reduce the need and help relieve tension if need is unmet. The the need and help relieve tension if need is unmet. The need is still there but its intensity decreases. need is still there but its intensity decreases. • Rationalization Rationalization • Projection Projection • Displacement Displacement • Compensation Compensation • Daydreaming Daydreaming • Repression Repression • Suppression Suppression • Denial Denial • Withdrawal Withdrawal
- 28. BELL WORK 11/4 BELLWORK 11/4 • What is the difference between direct and indirect methods of What is the difference between direct and indirect methods of satisfying human needs? satisfying human needs?
- 29. DEFENSE MECHANISMS DEFENSE MECHANISMS •Rationalization Rationalization is putting something into a different light is putting something into a different light or offering a different explanation for one’s perceptions or or offering a different explanation for one’s perceptions or behaviors in the face of a changing reality. behaviors in the face of a changing reality. • a woman who starts dating a man she really, really likes and a woman who starts dating a man she really, really likes and thinks the world of is suddenly dumped by the man for no thinks the world of is suddenly dumped by the man for no reason. She reframes the situation in her mind with, “I suspected reason. She reframes the situation in her mind with, “I suspected he was a loser all along.” he was a loser all along.” • Projection Projection is the placing a person’s undesired thoughts, is the placing a person’s undesired thoughts, feelings or impulses onto another person who does not feelings or impulses onto another person who does not have those thoughts, feelings or impulses. have those thoughts, feelings or impulses. • a spouse may be angry at their significant other for not listening, a spouse may be angry at their significant other for not listening, when in fact it is the angry spouse who does not listen. when in fact it is the angry spouse who does not listen.
- 30. DEFENSE MECHANISMS DEFENSE MECHANISMS •Displacement Displacement is the redirecting of thoughts is the redirecting of thoughts feelings and impulses directed at one person or feelings and impulses directed at one person or object, but taken out upon another person or object. object, but taken out upon another person or object. People often use displacement when they cannot People often use displacement when they cannot express their feelings in a safe manner to the person express their feelings in a safe manner to the person they are directed at. they are directed at. • The classic example is the man who gets angry at his boss, The classic example is the man who gets angry at his boss, but can’t express his anger to his boss for fear of being but can’t express his anger to his boss for fear of being fired. He instead comes home and kicks the dog or starts fired. He instead comes home and kicks the dog or starts an argument with his wife. The man is redirecting his an argument with his wife. The man is redirecting his anger from his boss to his dog or wife. anger from his boss to his dog or wife.
- 31. DEFENSE MECHANISMS DEFENSE MECHANISMS •Compensation Compensation is a process of psychologically is a process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other arenas. By emphasizing and focusing on strength in other arenas. By emphasizing and focusing on one’s strengths, a person is recognizing they cannot be strong one’s strengths, a person is recognizing they cannot be strong at all things and in all areas in their lives. at all things and in all areas in their lives. • When a person says, “I may not know how to cook, but I can sure do When a person says, “I may not know how to cook, but I can sure do the dishes!,” they’re trying to compensate for their lack of cooking the dishes!,” they’re trying to compensate for their lack of cooking skills by emphasizing their cleaning skills instead. skills by emphasizing their cleaning skills instead. • Daydreaming Daydreaming is a dream like thought process when the is a dream like thought process when the person is awake. person is awake. • Daydreaming can be good or bad, it can lead to reaching our goals. Daydreaming can be good or bad, it can lead to reaching our goals. Can be bad if person has the thoughts but don’t take any action. Can be bad if person has the thoughts but don’t take any action. •
- 32. DEFENSE MECHANISMS DEFENSE MECHANISMS •Repression Repression is the unconscious blocking of is the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings and impulses. unacceptable thoughts, feelings and impulses. “Repressed memories” are memories that have “Repressed memories” are memories that have been unconsciously blocked from access or view. been unconsciously blocked from access or view. • Terrified of heights but don’t know why Terrified of heights but don’t know why • Suppression Suppression like repression but the individual is like repression but the individual is aware of why they have unacceptable thoughts, aware of why they have unacceptable thoughts, feelings or impulses and refuses to deal with them. feelings or impulses and refuses to deal with them. Form of avoidance. Form of avoidance. • Avoid the doctor because you are afraid of what you will Avoid the doctor because you are afraid of what you will hear. hear.
- 33. DEFENSE MECHANISMS DEFENSE MECHANISMS •Denial Denial is the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting is the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist. as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist. • a person who is a functioning alcoholic will often simply a person who is a functioning alcoholic will often simply deny they have a drinking problem, pointing to how well deny they have a drinking problem, pointing to how well they function in their job and relationships. they function in their job and relationships. • Withdrawal Withdrawal is removing your self either physically is removing your self either physically or emotionally from an unwanted situation or emotionally from an unwanted situation • Withdrawal is a healthy defense mechanism when you Withdrawal is a healthy defense mechanism when you avoid an conflict or an unhappy situation. avoid an conflict or an unhappy situation.
- 34. SUMMARY SUMMARY • Be awareof own needs and Be aware of own needs and patient’s needs patient’s needs • More efficient and quality care can More efficient and quality care can be provided when know needs and understand motivations be provided when know needs and understand motivations • Better understanding of our behavior Better understanding of our behavior and that of others and that of others
- 35. BELL WORK 11/7:NAME THE DEFENSE MECHANISM BELL WORK 11/7: NAME THE DEFENSE MECHANISM 1. 1. Bill's friends and family believe that he has a drinking problem. Bill's friends and family believe that he has a drinking problem. When Bill is confronted by his loved ones, he claims that his When Bill is confronted by his loved ones, he claims that his drinking is not problematic. What type of defense mechanism is drinking is not problematic. What type of defense mechanism is Bill's response? Bill's response? 2. 2. Clare complains about her job duties at work, rarely completes Clare complains about her job duties at work, rarely completes assigned tasks, and is regularly late for work. When she is fired, she assigned tasks, and is regularly late for work. When she is fired, she claims it was due to her co-worker badmouthing her instead of claims it was due to her co-worker badmouthing her instead of blaming it on her own poor work performance. Which defense blaming it on her own poor work performance. Which defense mechanism explains Clare's reaction? mechanism explains Clare's reaction? 3. 3. Mary has an argument with her boss, but remains calm while at Mary has an argument with her boss, but remains calm while at work. When she gets home that evening, she yells at her spouse and work. When she gets home that evening, she yells at her spouse and children. Which defense mechanism is Mary displaying? children. Which defense mechanism is Mary displaying? 1. 1. Denial Denial 2. 2. Rationalization (projection) Rationalization (projection) 3. 3. Displacement Displacement
- 36. 7.4 EFFECTIVE 7.4 EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION •Health care workers must be able to relate to patients, family, Health care workers must be able to relate to patients, family, coworkers, and others coworkers, and others • Understanding communication skills assists in this process Understanding communication skills assists in this process • Communication is the exchange of information, thoughts, Communication is the exchange of information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings ideas, and feelings
- 37. COMMUNICATION TYPES COMMUNICATION TYPES •Verbal: spoken words Verbal: spoken words • Written Written • Nonverbal: facial expressions, body language, and touch Nonverbal: facial expressions, body language, and touch