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Humans, Machines, and Work: The Future Is Now!
- 1. Humans, Machines, andWork: The Future is Now Moshe Y. Vardi Rice University [email protected] Follow me on social media!
- 4. Birth of ArtificialIntelligence Alan M. Turing, 1902-1954
- 5. “Computing Machinery andIntelligence” Turing, 1950: “ I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted.” Crux of paper: A compelling philosophical analysis for the feasibility of intelligent machines.
- 6. 1958, H.A. Simon and A. Newell: "within ten years a digital computer will be the world's chess champion” 1967, M. Minsky: "Within a generation ... the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved." AI: Early Optimism
- 7. The firstAI winter 1974−1980: slow progress and dearth of research funding The second AI winter 1987−1993: the “Japanese Fifth-Generation bust” and dearth of research funding “AI Winters”
- 8. 1997: IBM’sDeep Blue beats Kasparov. AI Breakthroughs, I
- 9. 2011: IBM’sWatson defeats the two greatest Jeopardy! champions, Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, by a significant margin. AI Breakthroughs, II
- 10. 2016: AlphaGobeats Lee Se-dol to take Google DeepMind Challenge series! AI Breakthroughs, III
- 11. “AlphaGo combinestree-search techniques with search-space-reduction techniques that use machine learning.” In other words, AlphaGo develops “intuition” for Go playing. Machine learning provides a response to Polanyi’s Paradox (1966): "We can know more than we can tell... The skill of a driver cannot be replaced by a thorough schooling in the theory of the motorcar" AI Develops Intuition
- 12. 2005: DARPAGrand Challenge - Stanford autonomous vehicle drives 131 miles along an unrehearsed desert trail. Automated Driving, I
- 13. 2007: DARPAUrban Challenge - CMU autonomous vehicle drives 55 miles in an urban environment while adhering to traffic hazards and traffic laws. AI Breakthroughs, II
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- 15. Transportation Revolutions, I Approx.5000BC: invention of the wheel
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- 17. Transportation Revolutions, II Approx.3500BC: domestication of the horse
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- 19. Transportation Revolutions, III 1804:Steam Locomotive
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- 21. Transportation Revolutions, IV 1908:Ford Model T
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- 25. The Automobile The mostimportant industrial product of the 20th Century: Shaped US urban geography Gave rise to a mighty American industry Led to victory in WWII “Car Culture” – Adulthood and freedom!
- 26. Automobiles: Societal CostI 1901: The “Lucas Gusher”, Spindletop, TX 1908: Energy source for the Model T – Steam? Electricity? Gasoline! 2011: Road transport absorbs some 90% of global oil.
- 27. Worldwide: 1.25M deathsin 2013, 20-50M were injured or disabled More than half of all road traffic deaths occur among young adults ages 15-44 Road crashes are the leading cause of death among young people ages 15-29, Road crashes annually cost > $0.5T Automobile: Societal Cost II
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- 29. Human error accountsfor more than 90% of car crashes! Top Driving Behavior in Fatal Crashes (US,2014): Driving too fast – 18.8% Under the influence – 12.3% Failure to keep in lane – 8.5% Failure to yield way – 6.9% Distracted – 6.7% Careless driving – 4.8% Humans: Unsafe at Any Speed
- 30. 30 companiesare now making self-driving cars – estimated market: $2-5T over next decade Technical issues to be resolved within 10 yrs Many legal issues need to be resolved Profound business disruption: Major industrial contraction (cars are now idle 90% of the time) “Major loss of business” for insurance, legal, and medical industry Huge societal benefit: reduce accidents, liberate elders and the disabled The Automation of Driving
- 31. The Most CommonJobs (2014)
- 32. 4M truck+taxidrivers in the US 15M US jobs involve operating a vehicle Automation of the whole supply chain is expected: cargo ships, ports, trucking, warehouses, delivery, … Bottom Line: Massive loss of jobs! But there will be new jobs. Right? What about the Drivers?
- 33. The Neclassicals K.Rogoff: “Since the dawn of the industrial age, a recurrent fear has been that technological change will spawn mass unemployment. Neoclassical economists predicted that this would not happen, because people would find other jobs, albeit possibly after a long period of painful adjustment. By and large, that prediction has proven to be correct.”
- 34. The Neoluddites P.Krugman: “Can innovation and progress really hurt large numbers of workers, maybe even workers in general? The truth is that it can, and serious economists have been aware of this possibility for almost two centuries.”
- 35. The Debate inA Nutshell Neoluddites: “This time it is different.” Neoclassicals: “This time it is not different.” Who is right?
- 36. McKinsey believesas much as 45% of current jobs could be replaced using technology that already exists; Gartner predicts one in three jobs will be converted to software, robots and smart machines by 2025; According to an Oxford University Study, about 47 percent of total US employment is at risk; OECD: across the 21 OECD countries, only 9% of jobs are automatable. Future of Work, I
- 37. Why so manydifferent predictions? “Predictions are easy, especially about the far future!” Paraphrasing Albert Einstein, Nils Bohr, Mark Twain, or Yogi Berra “Correct predictions are hard, especially about the far future!” Let’s consider the past! Future of Work, II
- 38. Case Study: USManufacturing
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- 43. Tesla Model SFactory Floor
- 44. Over thepast 40 years, automation has had a very harsh impact on middle- and working- class Americans! William Galston, WSJ, July 6, 2016: “Educated professionals—including most politicians—live in an economic and cultural bubble, and they all too easily assume that what they see and hear around them represents the entire country.” The Future is Now!
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- 49. Inequality vs SocialMobility
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- 51. The middle classis shrinking
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- 53. “The SecretShame of Middle-Class Americans”: Nearly half of Americans would have trouble finding $400 to pay for an emergency. (The Atlantic, May 2016) “Americans Living on the Financial Edge”: two-thirds of Americans would have trouble immediately paying an unanticipated bill of $1,000. (Associated Press, May 2016) The Age of Precariousness
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- 56. Labor Share ofNational Income
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- 59. Jobs Lost andGained
- 60. Real Hourly Wagesby Education
- 61. US White Mortality,45-54
- 62. Washington Post,March 4, 2016: “Eerie correlation in the voting data: it seems that Donald Trump performed the best in places where middle-aged whites are dying the fastest.” Death vs Trump
- 63. “All thatis solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses, his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.” K. Marx, F. Engels, 1848: The Manifesto of the Communist Party All That Is Solid
- 64. “Information technology andautomation are a central reason why median wages have been stagnant in the US over the past decade, despite rising productivity.” Agree: 43% Uncertain: 30% Disagree: 24% Strongly disagree: 4% 2014 Economists Opinion Poll
- 65. Technology hasbeen destroying jobs since the start of the Industrial Revolution, yet new jobs have continually been created. But we have never faced machines that may be able to outcompete us in almost everything! Thought experiment: Suppose that machines can do everything we can do. What is our comparative advantage? This Time It May Be Different!
- 66. Take waterat room temperature and heat it up one degree per minute. It gets warmer and warmer, and then it suddenly boils! Malcolm Gladwell, 2005: “The tipping point is that magic moment when an idea, trend, or social behavior crosses a threshold, tips, and spreads like wildfire.” The Tipping Point
- 67. Tipping Point: IndustrialRevolution
- 68. W. Leontief, 1983:Imagine a pair of horses in the early 1900s talking about technology. One worries all these new mechanical muscles will make horses unnecessary. The other reminds him that everything so far has made their lives easier: “Even if this car thingy takes off, there will be new jobs for horses we can't imagine.” Fact: The horse population peaked in 1915 -- from that point on it has been nothing but down. Neoclassical Horses
- 69. A: Willtechnology destroy or downscale jobs? Yes! B: Will technology create jobs or upscale jobs? Yes! Will B offset A? What is the relative speed of A and B? It’s All about Relative Speed
- 70. T. Berger andC.B. Frey: “Industrial Renewal in the 21st Century: Evidence from US Cities”: The magnitude of workers shifting into new industries is strikingly small: in 2010, only 0.5% of the US labor force was employed in industries that did not exist in 2000. Relative to major corporations of the early computer revolution, the companies leading the digital revolution have created few employment opportunities. November 2014 Oxford Study
- 71. Detroit 1990:The three largest companies had a combined market value of $65 billion (real), with 1.2 million workers. Silicon Valley 2016: The three largest companies had a combined market value of $1.5 trillion, with about 190,000 workers. New Jobs?
- 72. The Past andthe Future Jason Furman, Chairman, Council of Economic Advisers, July 2016: “My worry is not that this time could be different when it comes to AI, but that this time could be the same as what we have.”
- 73. Obama on Automation June13, 2016: Bloomberg News “As we move toward an economy where, because of automation, you need fewer and fewer people to make more and more stuff, more and more of us are going to have to move into the service sector. The service sector historically has been a low-wage sector.” “Because of automation, because of globalization, we’re going to have to examine the social compact, the same way we did early in the 19th century and then again during and after the Great Depression.”
- 74. delange.rice.edu Humans, Machines,and the Future of Work