Hybrid vehicle

HYBRID VEHICLE
A
project report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted to
DEPARTMENT
Under the Esteemed guidance of
M.Siva Krishna B.Tech
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A.A.N.M. & V.V.R.S.R. POLYTECHNIC
GUDLAVALLERU -521356
2013-2016

A.A.N.M &V.V.R.S.R POLYTECHNIC
SESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE
GUDLAVALLERU
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Certificate
This is certify that this project work entitled HYBRID VEHICLE Is
bonafideworkofMr./Miss………………………………….Regd.No…………………………..of
VI semester D.M.E along with his/her batchmates submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering by the Andhra Pradesh
State Board of Technical Education And Training during the academic session 2013-2016
Project Guide Head of the Department Principal
M.Siva Krishna Sri.N.V.K.Prasad Sri.N.S.S.V.Ramanujaneyulu
B.Tech M.Tech M.Tech,MISTE,MIETE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is great pleasure for us to express our sincere thanks to our
Honorable principal Sri.N.S.S.V.Ramanjaneyulu M.Tech,
MISTE,MIETE. Who had inspired a lot through his speeches. He is the
only personality who had given the meaning to the techonolgy studies
and told us how to survive in this competitive world.
We express our deep sense of heartful thanks to Sri.N.V.K.Prasad
B.Tech, Head of mechanical engineering Department for his cheerful
motivation and encouragement at is stage of this endeavor. We are
indebted him.
We record with pleasure our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved
project guide M.Siva Krishna B.Tech lectures in Mechanical
Engineering Department, for the stimulating guidance and profuse
assistance. We have from this through tout the course of the project
work. We should always cherish our association with him for his
encouragement, approachability and freedom of through and action we
are enjoyed during this work.
We thanks for the faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department
for their co-operation in completing this project.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES
PIN: NAME:
1.13030-M-021 CH.MOUNIKA
2.13030-M-024 CH.USHA
3.13030-M-029 D.GANESH SAI
4.13030-M-034 G.HEMALATHA
5.13030-M-037 I.VIJAY KUMAR
6.13030-M-038 I.MURALI KRISHNA NAYAK
7.13030-M-039 J.ASHOK REDDY
8.13030-M-043 K.BHARATH KUMAR
9.13030-M-046 K.SURYA PRAKASH
10.13030-M-051 K.SRINIVAS YADAV
11.13030-M-052 K.MOHAN SAI
12.13030-M-071 N.ANJANEYULU
13.13030-M-072 N.DURGA PRASAD
14.13030-M-074 N.PAVAN KUMAR
15.13030-M-075 N.SAI SOWJANYA
16.13030-M-081 P.JASWANTH VARMA
17.13030-M-088 SK.KAREEM
18.13030-M-091 SK.JAFAR
19.13030-M-095 S.DURGA SAI RAM
20.13030-M-100 T.SURESH
21.13030-M-103 T.PRAVALLIKA
22.13030-M-107 V.INDUMATHI
23.13030-M-402 D.GOPI
24.13030-M-403 K.SRIKANTH

ABSTRACT
Internal combustion engines produce appreciable emissions and
are also less efficient at part loads. On other hand electric drives have zero emissions,
but also very limited range. It is thus logical to combine the best aspects of both and
the result is a hybrid vehicle. Optimum strategy would then be to use electric drive
during slow moving city traffic, for acceleration and for hill climbing and IC engines at
cruising speeds on highways. This would also results in reduced pollution in cities,
along with improved mileage.
The engine on the conventional car is sized for the peak power requirement, which is
seldom required in actual practice. The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, whose
size is kept closer to the average power requirement rather than the peak power. A
smaller engine is always more efficient due to the reason that it would run at its
optimum capacity most of the time as compared to a bigger engine running at part
load most of the time.
Electric motor helps in several ways:
1. Provides extra power when the car is accelerating or climbing a hill.
2. Starts the engine, eliminating the need for a separate starter.
3. Provide regenerative braking to capture energy during braking.

CONTENTS:
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 BASIC COMPONENTS & THEIR DESCRIPTION
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYBRID VEHICLE &
TYPES OF HYBRID SYSTEMS
 BENEFITS & DRAWBACKS OF HYBRID VEHICLE
 SCOPE FOR FUTURE EXPERIMENT ACTION
 CONCLUSION
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION:
A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power
sources to move the vehicle; for example, a conventional internal combustion engine
and also a high voltage electric motor. The term most commonly refers to hybrid
electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine and one or
more electric motors. However, other mechanisms to capture and use energy may also
be included, such as diesel-electric trains which are powered by both diesel engine and
electric motor and submarines that use diesel engines to power the rotors and also to
charge batteries that power the craft when submerged. A vehicle is a hybrid if it
utilizes more than one form of onboard energy to achieve propulsion. In practice, that
means a hybrid will have a traditional internal-combustion engine and a fuel tank, as
well as one or more electric motors and a battery pack.
Hybrid cars are sometimes mistakenly confused with electric vehicles. Hybrids are
most often gasoline-burning machines that utilize their electric bits to collect and
reuse energy that normally goes to waste in standard cars. Theoretically, diesel-electric
hybrids would be even more fuel-efficient, but hybrid systems and diesel engines both
represent extra cost. So far, installing both in the same vehicle has proven to be
prohibitively expensive.
A hybrid car is an automobile that has two or more major sources of propulsion
power. Most hybrid cars currently marketed to consumers have both conventional
gasoline and electric motors, with the ability to power the vehicle by either one
independently or in tandem. These vehicles are appropriately termed gas-electric
hybrids. Other power sources may include hydrogen, propane, CNG, and solar energy.
The technology used depends on the goals set for the vehicle, whether they are fuel

efficiency, power, driving range, or reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Consumer
oriented hybrid cars, which have been on the market for about ten years, are usually
tuned for reduced emissions and driving range. Additionally, owners of hybrid vehicles
often enjoy social benefits such as prestige and discounted secondary services.
Some Chicago hotels as well as hotels in other cities give parking discounts to people
driving hybrid cars. Corporate and government fleets that have been in service for
twenty years or more are usually tuned for fuel efficiency, often at the cost of driving
range, power, and hydrocarbon emissions.
Motors are the "work horses" of Hybrid Electric Vehicle drive systems. The electric
traction motor drives the wheels of the vehicle. Unlike a traditional vehicle, where the
engine must "ramp up" before full torque can be provided, an electric motor provides
full torque at low speeds. The motor also has low noise and high efficiency. Other
characteristics include excellent "off the line" acceleration, good drive control, good
fault tolerance and flexibility in relation to voltage fluctuations.
The front-running motor technologies for HEV applications include PMSM
(permanent magnet synchronous motor), BLDC (brushless DC motor), SRM (switched
reluctance motor) and AC induction motor. A main advantage of an electromotor is
the possibility to function as generator. In all HEV systems, mechanical braking
energy is regenerated. The maximum Operational braking torque is less than the
maximum traction torque; there is always a mechanical braking system integrated in a
car.
Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are powered by electric
motors instead of being attached to the combustion engine. This allows efficiency
gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed or can be switched off.

HISTORY:
Gasoline cars of 1900 were noisy, dirty, smelly, cantankerous, and unreliable. In
comparison, electric cars were comfortable, quiet, clean, and fashionable. Ease of
control was also a desirable feature. Lead acid batteries were used in 1900 and are still
used in modern cars. Hence lead acid batteries have a long history (since 1881) of use
as a viable energy storage device. Golden age of Electrical vehicle marked from 1890 to
1924 with peak production of electric vehicles in 1912. However, the range was limited
by energy storage in the battery. After every trip, the battery required recharging. At
the 1924 automobile show, no electric cars were on display. This announced the end of
the Golden Age of electric-powered cars.
The modern period starts with the oil embargoes and the gasoline shortages during the
1970s which created long lines at gas stations. Engineers recognized that the good
features of the gasoline engine could be combined with those of the electric motor to
produce a superior car. A marriage of the two yields the hybrid automobile.
Invention Of hybrid vehicle:
In 1890 Jacob Lohner, a coach builder in Vienna, Austria, foresaw the need for an
electric vehicle that would be less noisy than the new gas-powered cars. He
commissioned a design for an electric vehicle from Austro-Hungarian engineer
Ferdinand Porsche, who had recently graduated from the Vienna Technical College.
Porsche's first version of the electric car used a pair of electric motors mounted in the
front wheel hubs of a conventional car. The car could travel up to 38 miles.

Early Hybrid Vehicles:
In 1900 Porsche showed his hybrid car at the Paris Exposition of 1900. A gasoline
engine was used to power a generator which, in turn, drove a small series of motors.
The electric engine was used to give the car a little bit of extra power. This method
of series hybrid engine is still in use today, although obviously with further scope of
performance improvement and greater fuel savings.
In 1915 Woods Motor Vehicle manufacturers created the Dual Power hybrid vehicle,
second hybrid car in market. Rather than combining the two power sources to give a
single output of power, the Dual Power used an electric battery motor to power the
engine at low speeds (below 25km/h) and used the gasoline engine to carry the vehicle
from these low speeds up to its 55km/h maximum speed. While Porsche had invented
the series hybrid, Woods invented the parallel hybrid.
In 1918 The Woods Dual Power was the first hybrid to go into mass production. In all,
some 600 models were built by. However, the evolution of the internal combustion
engine left electric power a marginal technology
In 1960 Victor Wouk worked in helping create numerous hybrid designs earned him
the nickname of the “Godfather of the Hybrid”. In 1976 he even converted a Buick
Skylark from gasoline to hybrid.
In 1978Modern hybrid cars rely on the regenerative braking system. When a standard
combustion engine car brakes, a lot of power is lost because it dissipates into the
atmosphere as heat. Regenerative braking means that the electric motor is used for
slowing the car and it essentially collects this power and uses it to help recharge the
electric batteries within the car.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF HYBRID VEHICLE &
THEIR DESCRIPTION:
1. HEAT ENGINE
2. MOTOR
3. GENERATOR
4. BATTERIES
5. TRANSMISSION
1. HEAT ENGINE:
A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in North America) is an internal
combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and
similar volatile fuels.
It was invented in 1876 in Germany by German inventor Nikolas August Otto.

In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually pre-mixed before compression
(although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The
pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically
controlled fuel injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of
electronics does not justify the added engine efficiency. The process differs from
a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to
initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed (and
therefore heated), and the fuel is injected into very hot air at the end of the
compression stroke, and self-ignites.
Petrol engines may be air-cooled, with fins (to increase the surface area on the
cylinders and cylinder head); or liquid-cooled, by a water jacket and radiator.
The coolant was formerly water, but is now usually a mixture of water and
either ethylene glycol or propylene glycol.
These mixtures have lower freezing points and higher boiling points than pure water
and also prevent corrosion, with modern antifreezes also containing lubricants and
other additives to protect water pump seals and bearings. The cooling system is
usually slightly pressurized to further raise the boiling point of the coolant.
Petrol engines use spark ignition and high voltage current for the spark may be
provided by a magneto or an ignition coil. In modern car engines the ignition timing is
managed by an electronic Engine Control Unit.

2. MOTOR:
Workings of a brushed electric motor with a two-pole rotor (armature) and permanent
magnet stator. "N" and "S" designate polarities on the inside face of the magnets; the
outside faces have opposite polarities. The positive and negative signs show where the
DC current is applied to the commutator which supplies current to the armature coils.
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current
electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by magnetic fields. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric
vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power
electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many
applications.
A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with
one more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core that
concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple turns around the
core, and in large motors there can be several parallel current paths. The ends of the
wire winding are connected to a commutator. The commutator allows each armature
coil to be energized in turn and connects the rotating coils with the external power

supply through brushes. (Brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC
current to each coil on and off and have no brushes.)
The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the
armature. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field
circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power
electronics systems which adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC current into on and
off cycles which have an effective lower voltage.
DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive
power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars and electric cars as well as
driving a host of cordless tools. Today DC motors are still found in applications as
small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper
machines. Large DC motors with separately excited fields were generally used with
winder drives for mine hoists, for high torque as well as smooth speed control using
thyristor drives. These are now replaced with large AC motors with variable frequency
drives if external power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a dynamo.
This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid car and electric cars
or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or electric powered
train line when they slow down. This process is called regenerative braking on hybrid
and electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as
generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks.

3. GENERATOR (DYNAMO):
A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of
a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for
industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion
devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and
the rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation,
for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical
commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices
(vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic. The dynamo
uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing
direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction.
A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a
constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn
within that field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push
on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines
the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger
machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which
are usually called field coils.

4. BATTERY:
A HEV battery is type of rechargeable battery that supplies electric energy to
an automobile. An automotive SLI battery (starting, lighting, and ignition) is an
automotive battery that powers the starter motor, the lights, and the ignition system of
a vehicle's engine, mainly in combustion vehicles.
Hybrids employ two battery types. Nickel-metal hydride batteries are used in
almost all current hybrids, but they are not sufficiently efficient and compact for plug-
in use.Lithium-ion batteries that are durable enough for automotive use are the
battery of choice for plug-ins and, increasingly, for newer conventional hybrid models.
They are lighter and more energy-dense than nickel-metal hydride batteries. Battery
engineers continue to seek the next-generation hybrid or electric vehicle battery that
will offer even lighter weight, lower cost and greater range.
BATTERY REQUIREMENTS:
Ordinary hybrids .i.e.., Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) require high power in short
pulses, from 1.0 to1.5 KWh, which means that the batteries must be able to provide
many shallow charging cycles.

On the other hand, HEVs need a large battery which can provide energy in all-electric
(charge-depleting) mode for a defined distance. For instance, a HEV would need
10KWh energy for a 40 miles (64Km) range 5KWh for a 10 miles (16Km) range.
Besides this energy, the battery also must provide higher continuous power discharge-
deep charging cycles similar to that of an electric vehicle. In addition, the batteries
should also be able to provide many shallow cycles for the blended/mixed modes.
Batteries for EV (electric vehicle) should be able to produce about 40KWh of
continuous-discharge energy and be capable of one charge per week.
5. TRANSMISSION:
This cutaway illustration image shows a
typical manual transmission from a
front wheel drive automobile, showing
shafts, splines, gears, roller bearings
and a torque converter.

WORKING OF HYBRID VEHICLE:
How does a hybrid automobile work? What goes on under the hood to give you 20
or 30 more miles per gallon than the standard automobile? And does it pollute less
just because it gets better gas mileage?
Defining-Hybrids:
A vehicle is a hybrid if it utilizes more than one form of onboard
energy to achieve propulsion. In practice, that means a hybrid will have a
traditional internal-combustion engine and a fuel tank, as well as one or more
electric motors and a battery pack.
Hybrid cars are sometimes mistakenly confused with electric vehicles. Hybrids are
most often gasoline-burning machines that utilize their electric bits to collect and
reuse energy that normally goes to waste in standard cars. Theoretically, diesel-
electric hybrids would be even more fuel-efficient, but hybrid systems and diesel
engines both represent extra cost. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources
of power that can directly or indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid. Most
hybrid cars on the road right now are gasoline-electric hybrids.

Below are the terms most often used when referring to hybrid vehicles.
Motor-generator: The more accurate term for the electric motor. It provides
supplemental acceleration "oomph" when operating as a motor by drawing electricity
from the battery. Several hybrids have two, and a few models employ three.
Stop-start: Present on all hybrids, the engine's traditional starter motor is absent
because the motor-generator takes on that function, too. Hybrid-control software
shuts the engine off while stopped at traffic signals and automatically restarts it again
with the electric motor when the driver releases the brake pedal thus eliminating the
fuel waste of an idling gas engine.
Regenerative braking: An important function of the motor-generator is to generate
electricity to recharge the battery as it absorbs a portion of the vehicle's momentum
when slowing or coasting downhill. Normal cars waste all of their excess momentum
as heat in the brakes. Regenerative braking is insufficient to stop a car quickly, so
conventional hydraulic brakes are still necessary.
Electric drive: Operating the vehicle on electric power alone is possible if the hybrid
system has enough electrical capacity. The maximum speed and distance over which
electric-only operation can be sustained varies from essentially zero to a handful of
miles, and has everything to do with the weight and aerodynamics of the vehicle, the
strength of the motor-generator and, more than anything else, the capacity of the
battery.

The operating principles of a hybrid car revolve around the interaction between the
two energy sources. According to TechnoBlitz, this principle involves a simple idea;
when the hybrid is not moving, neither are either engines -- this includes the gasoline
engine which shuts off when stopping at a red light, which saves energy. The start-up
of the car depends upon the electric motor, and it continues to power the vehicle up to
a certain speed, at which time the gasoline engine takes over operation. Anytime there
exists a need for sudden acceleration the gasoline power is available, in addition to
handling the power at extended high speeds. This continual interaction saves energy
and occurs automatically.
TYPES OF HYBRID SYSTEMS:
1. Series Hybrid System
2. Parallel Hybrid System
3. Combined Hybrid system
Series Hybrid System:
In a series hybrid system, the combustion engine drives an electric
generator (usually a three-phase alternator plus rectifier) instead of directly driving
the wheels. The electric motor is the only means of providing power to the wheels. The
generator both charges a battery and powers an electric motor that moves the vehicle.
When large amounts of power are required, the motor draws electricity from both the
batteries and the generator.
Series hybrid configurations already exist a long time: diesel-electric locomotives,
hydraulic earth moving machines, diesel-electric power groups, loaders.

Structureof a series hybrid vehicle
Advantages of series hybrid vehicles:
 There is no mechanical link between the combustion engine and the wheels.
The engine-generator group can be located everywhere.
 There are no conventional mechanical transmission elements (gearbox,
transmission shafts). Separate electric wheel motors can be implemented easily.
 The combustion engine can operate in a narrow rpm range (its most efficient
range), even as the car changes speed.
Series hybrids are relatively the most efficient during stop-and-go city driving.

Parallel Hybrid System:
Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric
motor in parallel connected to a mechanical transmission.
Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one unit, often
located between the combustion engine and the transmission, replacing both the
conventional starter motor and the alternator (see figures above). The battery can be
recharged during regenerative breaking, and during cruising (when the ICE power is
higher than the required power for propulsion). As there is a fixed mechanical link
between the wheels and the motor (no clutch), the battery cannot be charged when the
car isn’t moving.
When the vehicle is using electrical traction power only, or during brake while
regenerating energy, the ICE is not running (it is disconnected by a clutch) or is not
powered (it rotates in an idling manner).

Parallel hybrids can be programmed to use the electric motor to substitute for the IC
engine at lower power demands as well as to substantially increase the power available
to a smaller IC engine, both of which increase the fuel economy substantially
compared to an ordinary vehicle run only by an IC engine.
Advantages of parallel hybrid vehicles:
 Both the engine and the motor supply power simultaneously, due to which the
vehicle has more power.
 Most parallel hybrid vehicles do not require separate generator for recharging
since the motor regenerates the battery.
 Because the power is directly carried to road wheels, it is more efficient.
However, a gear box is necessary in the parallel configuration to synchronize
the engine and the motor.
Combined Hybrid system:
Combined hybrid systems have features of both series and parallel
hybrids. There is a double connection between the engine and the drive axle
mechanical and electrical.
Power-split devices are incorporated in the powertrain. The power to the wheels can
be either mechanical or electrical or both. This is also the case in parallel hybrids. But
the main principle behind the combined system is the decoupling of the power
supplied by the engine from the power demanded by the driver.

Simplified structureof a combinedhybrid electric vehicle
In a conventional vehicle, a larger engine is used to provide acceleration from
standstill than one needed for steady speed cruising. This is because a combustion
engine's torque is minimal at lower RPMs, as the engine is its own air pump. On the
other hand, an electric motor exhibits maximum torque at stall and is well suited to
complement the engine's torque deficiency at low RPMs.
At lower speeds, this system operates as a series HEV, while at high speeds, where the
series powertrain is less efficient, the engine takes over. This system is more expensive
than a pure parallel system as it needs an extra generator, a mechanical split power
system and more computing power to control the dual system.
OPERATING MODES:
There are a number of mode in which HEV’S can operate. These modes manage the
vehicle battery discharge strategy, due to which they directly affect the type and the
size of the battery required. Various operating modes are:
Charge-depleting mode: In this the vehicle operates only on electricity until the
battery charge level is depleted to a predetermined level at which the IC engine would
be engaged. A Pure electric vehicle can operate only in this mode.

Charge-sustaining mode: In this mode, the vehicle operates by combining
optimally the power from both the engine as well as battery, such that the battery
charge always remains above a pre-determined level. Ordinary production hybrids
operate in this mode. In case of a plug-in hybrid, it can switch automatically into this
mode as soon as it has exhausted its all-electric charge-depleting mode.
Blended mode: This mode is applied in case of vehicles not having enough electric
power to sustain high speeds, without the help of I.C engine of the vehicle. Thus, this is
a type of charge-depleting mode. This mode is used in vehicles such as Renault
Kangoo and some conversions of Toyota Prius.
Mixed mode: The term is used for a trip in which the combinations of the above
modes are applied.
For example, a HEV 32 km may start a trip with 8 Km of low-speed
charge-depleting mode, then enter an expressway and operate in blended mode for 32
km, which consumes 16 km of all-electric range at twice the fuel economy. After
covering this 32 km the driver exists expressway and drives further 8Km without
running the engine, thus utilizing 8+16+8=32Km, i.e., its full all-electric range. After
this he can switch on to the charge-sustaining mode for another 20Km to reach his
destination. Such a trip is termed a mixed mode.

THE BENEFITS HYBRID VEHICLES FOR YOU AND ENVIRONMENT
There are many benefits of hybrid cars, so it's not a surprise that they are becoming
more and more popular each year. Hybrid cars can run on electricity or water. There
are also some that run on a combination of gas and electric or gas and water. Hybrid
autos that are known as water hybrids do not really run on water, but instead on
hydrogen that has been extracted from the water. Usually a water hybrid car runs on a
combination of gasoline and hydrogen. Here are some of the top benefits to owning
one of these green cars.
Environmental concerns: Hybrid cars emit less smog into the atmosphere than a
regular car. The reason they emit pollution is because they run partially on gasoline
once higher speeds have been hit.
Increased mileage: Hybrid cars allow for increased gas mileage. Again, this is due
to the fact that they run only partially on gasoline. When an electric hybrid
automobile is running on electric it will not be using any gasoline. The car will
instead use electrical energy tostart and to operate at low speeds. This will decrease
the exhaust emissions and be of great benefit to the atmosphere. As the vehicle gains
speed, the gasoline engine will take over.
Uses clean energy: Hybrid vehicles use clean sources of energy such as hydrogen
and electric. Although they still use gasoline, harmful emissions are reduced when
the hydrogen or electric powered engine is running the vehicle. Hybrid cars help
reduce carbon emissions in the air.
Reduced fuel and maintenance costs: The lesser cost of fuel is a main benefit to
hybrid car owners. When driving a vehicle that doesn't always need gas to run, you can

save a lot on fuel costs. Hybrid vehicles require less maintenance because there are
fewer moving parts and because of the clean fuel source. This is especially true with a
water hybrid vehicle. There is less buildup in the engine, resulting in less wear and tear
on the motor.
Excellent performance: Hybrid cars work with the same level of performance as
any other car. With the exception of some electric hybrid cars that don't run as well on
steep uphill climbs, you can expect the same high performance that you have always
experienced with your vehicle. The electric hybrid might need to be switched over to
gasoline to climb steeper hills.
In large cities where pollution is at its worst, hybrid autos make the largest impact
because they produce very little tono emissions at slower speeds. Most people that
drive them love them and do not notice any difference in performance. The demand
for hybrid vehicles continues to increase, causing automakers to struggle to keep up
with the demand for them. Hybrid vehicles are not gaining popularity only with the
general public, but also with police and other law enforcement agencies.
DRAW BACKS HYBRID VEHICLES
Hybrid cars have steadily increased in popularity because some of the advantages they
have over conventional gas powered vehicles. However there can be some downsides
to going hybrid and each consumer should know about the possible drawbacks of
taking advantage of hybrid technology before making the switch. Issues that drivers of
hybrid cars may face include:
Reduced performance: The ultra-efficient hybrid motors have been criticized by
some drivers as lacking power in comparison with their conventionally powered

counterparts. The battery packs which are an essential part of a hybrid car's
powertrain do not function as well under extremely cold temperatures. Anyone who
needs a car that is going to perform reliably during very cold winters may want to
consider an alternative vehicle. Also, operating the batteries at extremely hot
temperatures may reduce their life. In addition, the battery pack adds a considerable
amount of weight to the car, which could be a disadvantage under some conditions.
Increased cost: Consumers can expect topay up to 20% more to purchase a hybrid
vehicle than they would for a conventionally powered vehicle of the same make and
model. This is because the complex hybrid drive components cost more to
manufacture and assemble than a conventional drivetrain.
Expensive parts and maintenance: Hybrid parts tend to be more expensive and
hard to find than for other vehicles. Many parts for the high-output electric motors
and battery storage systems are unique and high-tech. Also, most repairs on a hybrid
car just can't be handled by a home mechanic. There are special safety considerations
(like the danger of electrocution) when repairing a hybrid car that mean it should be
left to a specialized technician. Also, if you ever leave your car sitting for long periods
of time a hybrid car is probably not a good choice. The battery pack in a hybrid needs
to be run through its cycle regularly to keep it working well. Parking your car and not
starting it for several weeks could actually ruin the battery system.
Safety concerns: The NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) batteries that are part of the
hybrid drive system operate at extremely high voltages, which can represent an
electrocution hazard in an accident.

SCOPE FOR FUTURE EXPERIMENT ACTION
Since petroleum is limited and will someday run out of supply. In the arbitrary year
2037, an estimated one billion petroleum-fueled vehicles will be on the world's roads.
Gasoline will become prohibitively expensive. The world needs to have solutions for
the “400 million otherwise useless cars”. So year 2037 “gasoline runs out year”
means, petroleum will no longer be used for personal mobility. A market may develop
for solar-powered EVs of the size of a scooter or golf cart. Since hybrid technology
applies to heavy vehicles, hybrid buses and hybrid trains will be more significant.
Manufacturers of hybrid cars are attempting planning on increasing the efficiency of
hybrid engines, hopefully being able to push these vehicles up to 70 miles to the
gallon. General Motors is already looking to develop their new hybrid to that 70 mile
mark in 2010, and may be able to push that number even higher.If hybrids can use
Lith-Ion batteries, then cars can accelerate faster to higher speeds, be even more
efficient, and would be able to lengthen the distance between fill-ups. Not only would
those advantages be available, new hybrids would be much more affordable to
consumers, and hopefully would solve a lot of problems. Especially since, as it stands,
most of the battery packs used in current hybrids could be much more efficient than
they are. Hybrid cars are already extremely efficient, but there is always room for
improvement. 90% of the hybrid cars on the market today could easily be more
efficient, although, Zero Emissions won't be possible, seeing as how hybrids still
require gasoline So, even though the hybrid you want may not be available yet, there is
hope no matter what. As long as consumers are willing to buy hybrids now, these
advances will be more affordable, and soon you could be enjoying your very own
Volkswagen Beetle Hybrid with close to zero emissions and plenty of room for that
walking stick you just had to bring camping with you.

EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT:
The below images represents the simple working model of a
hybrid vehicle which was implemented by our team members.

CONCLUSION:
Researches and projects developed during the past years present different solutions
and approaches to the electric and hybrid electric technologies. Hence, it is validated
by means of computational simulating the functioning of the control system for the
motor working as motor and generator treating all of the aspects and subsystems of a
hybrid electric vehicle carefully is a complex and time consuming task. Hybrid cars are
definitely more environmentally friendly than internal-combustion vehicles. Batteries
are being engineered to have a long life. When the hybrid cars become more
widespread, battery recycling will become economically possible. Research into other
energy sources such as fuel cells and renewable fuels make the future look brighter for
hybrid cars.

BIBILIOGRAPHY:
 AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING BY KIRPAL SINGH
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle
 "Hybrid Electric HMMWV". GlobalSecurity.Org. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
 How Do Hybrid Vehicles Impact the Environment?

Hybrid vehicle

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