Hybridization- sp, sp2 and sp3
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The document by A.K. Gupta discusses hybridization in chemistry, detailing types such as sp3, sp2, and sp along with their geometries and bond formation properties. It describes how hybrid orbitals are formed and their roles in sigma and pi bond creation, particularly in molecules like methane and ethene. The document emphasizes the importance of hybridization in understanding chemical bonding and molecular structure.
Hybridization- sp, sp2 and sp3
- 1. Hybridization Class XI A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry KVS ZIET Bhubaneswar
- 2. What is hybridization? Hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory. A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 3. Types of hybridisation sp3 C ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 1s 2s 2p 2p 2p C* ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 1s 2s 2p 2p 2p C* ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 1s sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3 C atom ground state C atom excited state C atom sp3 hybridized A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 4. sp3 Hybridization A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 5. sp3 Hybridization A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 6. Bonding in Methane (CH4) A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 7. Summary sp3 hybridization occurs when a C has 4 attached groups sp3 hybrid orbital has 25% s and 75% p character the 4 sp3 hybrids point towards the corners of a tetrahedron at 109.28o to each other each sp3 hybrid orbital is involved in σ bond foprmation. A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 8. Formation of Sigma Bond A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 9. hybrid orbitals – sp, sp2, or sp3 A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 10. A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 11. A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 12. Formation of s bond A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 13. sp2 Hybridization A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 14. A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 15. Formation of bond A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 16. Remaining p orbitals from sp or sp2 s bond A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 17. A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 18. A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 19. Formation of bond Planar molecule (each carbon is trigonal planar) with cloud above and below the plane bond hinders free rotation about the carbon-to- carbon bond A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 20. sp2 hybridization occurs when a C has 3 attached groups sp2 hybrid orbital has 33% s and 67% p character the 3 sp2 hybrids point towards the corners of a triangle at 120o to each other each sp2 hybrid orbital is involved in a σ bond formation and the remaining p orbital forms the bond a double bond as a σ+ bond Summary A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 21. Bonding in Ethene (H2C=CH2) A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 22. sp Hybridization A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR Pure p orbital Sp hybrid orbital
- 23. Bonding in Acetylene A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 24. sp Hybridization A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 25. Bonding in Acetylene A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 26. Summary Sp hybridization occurs when a C has 2 attached groups sp hybrid orbital has 50% s and 50% p character the 2 sp hybrids are oriented at an angle of 180o to each other each sp hybrid orbital is involved in a σ bond formation and the remaining two p orbital forms two bonds a triple bond = one σ + two bonds A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 27. Bond formation from hybridization • Single bond - sigma bond • Double bond – sigma bond + pi bond • Triple bond – sigma bond + pi bond + pi bond How are the two pi bonds in the triple bond oriented? end-to-end side-to-side A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 What is the hybridization in each carbon atom? sp3 – 2, 5 tetrahedral sp2 – 1, 3, 4 trigonal planar sp – 6, 7 linear = Oxygen atom = Carbon atom = Hydrogen atom
- 29. What is the hybridization in each carbon atom? 1 2 3 4 A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 30. Draw the Lewis dot structure – C3H4 Remember to chain the carbon atoms and fill the octet of the center carbon atom in the chain first. You should have come up with one of these structures: H:C:C:::C:H H H .. .. C::C::C H H .. .. H H .. .. A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR
- 31. Thanks
Editor's Notes
- #2: Sinex