Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

• 1.
  HYPERGLYCEMIA AND HYPOGLYCEMIA MADE BY: SNEHAL SALUNKHE(BBT-2-16036)
• 2.
  HYPERGLYCEMIA
• 3.
  1. ABOUT • Hyperglycemiais the medical term describing an abnormally high blood glucose (blood sugar) level. • Hyperglycemia is a hallmark sign of diabetes (both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes) and prediabetes. • Diabetes is the most common cause of hyperglycemia. • The main symptoms of hyperglycemia are increased thirst and a frequent need to urinate.
• 4.
  2. PATHWAY FIG. 1General features of hyperglycemia-induced tissue damage. FIG. 2 Hyperglycemia increases flux through the polyol pathway.
• 5.
  3. SIGNS ANDSYMPTOMS •The main symptoms of hyperglycemia are increased thirst and a frequent need to urinate. •Other symptoms that can occur with hyperglycemia are headaches, tiredness, blurred vision, hunger, trouble with thinking or concentrating, poor wound healing, dry or itchy skin etc.
• 6.
  4. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES •Follow your diabetes meal plan: The food you eat must be in balance with the insulin working in your body. • If your blood sugar levels are above your target range, drink extra liquids. This helps replace the fluids lost through your urine. Water and sugar-free drinks are best. Drink non- caffeinated and non-alcoholic beverages that do not contain sugar. avoid other drinks that have a lot of sugar, such as fruit juice. • Make sure you are following your meal plan, exercise program, and medication routine. • Check your blood sugar at home often, especially if you are sick or not following your normal routine. If you don't have a blood sugar meter, talk with your doctor about getting one.
• 7.
  5. TREATMENT •Control ofhigh blood sugar is important to prevent complications caused by chronic hyperglycemia. A doctor may need to review the treatment plan for a diabetes patient who becomes hyperglycemic and they may decide to take one of the following actions: 1. Raise the insulin dose 2. Recommend dietary changes 3. Recommend more exercise 4. Recommend closer glucose monitoring.
• 8.
  6. RECENT RESEARCHES Agrowing body of evidence showed that tea has anti- hyperglycemia and anti-diabetes effects during recent years. Tea may exert beneficial effects on decreasing blood glucose and ameliorating insulin resistance by: (i) suppressing carbohydrates absorption (ii) stimulating glucose metabolism (iii) alleviating the oxidative stress. Furthermore, it was also reported that tea consumption could ameliorate the complications of diabetes mellitus. However, being a key factor in the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress should be paid more attention. The relationship between the anti- oxidative efficacy and anti-diabetes actions of tea, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of this relevance need further meticulous research.
• 9.
  HYPOGLYCEMIA
• 10.
  1. ABOUT • Hyperglycemiais the medical term describing an abnormally low blood glucose (blood sugar) level. • Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels fall below 4 mmol/L (72mg/dL). • Hypoglycemia can be a side effect of insulin or other types of diabetes medicines that help your body make more insulin.
• 11.
  2. PATHWAY
• 12.
  3. SIGNS ANDSYMPTOMS •Confusion, heart palpitations, shakiness and anxiety. •Being pale, feeling weak and hungry, irritability. •Blurred visions Abnormal thinking, impaired judgment Nonspecific dysphoria, moodiness, depression, crying, exaggerated concerns. •Negativism, belligerence, combativeness, rage. •Fatigue, weakness, apathy, lethargy, daydreaming, sleep Confusion, memory loss, lightheadedness or dizziness, delirium.
• 13.
  4. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES •Record your low glucose reactions • Carry a glucose source at all times. • Get enough sleep. • Pay attention to physical activity. • Avoid insulin mix-ups. • If using a fast-acting insulin, pay attention to blood glucose levels one to two hours after injection. • Understand your medications.
• 14.
  5. TREATMENT
• 15.
  6. RECENT RESEARCHES Glucoseis the metabolic fuel for the brain. Acute interruption of glucose supply may result in functional brain failure and eventually lead to coma and death. There is a possible association between repeated episodes of severe hypoglycemia and long term cognitive dysfunction. Åsvold et al., reported that the overall cognitive scores were lower in children with diabetes who had experienced severe hypoglycemic episodes than those without history of severe hypoglycemia. Earlier studies also showed that severe hypoglycemia may aggravate the severity of the neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with diabetes. Severe hypoglycemic episodes in older patients with diabetes have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of dementia, functional brain failure and cerebellar ataxia. In human autopsy studies, of patients dying after an episode of severe hypoglycemia, as well as in animal models, the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and caudate nucleus, were reported to be affected. More recently, Bree et al., reported that severe hypoglycemia causes damage in the cortex and the hippocampus regions and the extent of damage was closely correlated to the presence of seizure-like activity.
• 16.
  REFERENCES • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784865/ • http://www.diabetesforecast.org/2014/07-jul/10-ways-to- prevent-low-blood.html •https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Glycemia.aspx • https://www.diabetes.co.uk/Diabetes-and- Hypoglycaemia.html • http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/1/217S.full • www.wikipedia.org • https://www.medicinenet.com/hyperglycemia/article.htm • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/hypoglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373685
• 17.
  THANK YOU