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Hypotheses
This document discusses hypotheses and assumptions in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables, while an assumption is a statement taken as true without proof. The document outlines different types of hypotheses, including simple/complex, associative/causal, directional/non-directional, null/research hypotheses. It also discusses different types of assumptions like universal, theory-based, empirical, and methodological assumptions. The importance of clearly outlining assumptions and hypotheses in research is emphasized.
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Introduction to hypotheses, types, characteristics, and sources. Key terms: prediction, relationship, associative, causal, testability.Explains assumptions, their types (universal, theoretical, empirical, methodological), with definitions and examples of warranted and unwarranted assumptions.
Describes the significance of assumptions as a foundation for research, aiding in topic selection, and enriching knowledge.
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Hypotheses
- 1. HYPOTHESES & ASSUMPTIONS PRESENTED BY: Mrs. DEVAPONPUSHPAM.I, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR.
- 2. HYPOTHESES Hypothesis is atentative prediction or explanation of relationship between two variables. Hypothesis is a shrewd guess or inference that is formulated and provisionally adopted to explain observed facts or conditions and to guide in further investigsation. - Good and Hatt
- 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOODHYPOTHESIS Conceptual clarity & availability of techniques Empirical referent & economical Objectivity & consistency Specificity & simplicity Relevant & purposiveness Testability &verifiability
- 4. SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS Theoreticalor conceptual framework Previous research Real life experiences Academic literature SOURCES
- 5. TYPES OF HYPOTHESES HYPOTHESES SIMPLE& COMPLEX ASSOCIATIVE & CAUSAL DIRECTIONAL & NONDIRECTIONAL NULL & RESEARCH
- 6. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS (BIVARIATE) Itexpresses an expected relationship between one independent and one dependent variable under study. Eg. There will be a significant association between smoking behaviour and lung cancer among individuals attending respiratory clinic.
- 7. COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS (MULTIVARIATE) It refersto a prediction of a relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables. Eg. There will be a significant association between obesity, lack of exercise, smoking and myocardial infarction and hypertension among clients attending medical out patient department.
- 8. ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS It statethe relationship between two or more than two variables that occur or exist in natural setting without manipulation. It is commonly used in co relational research studies. Eg. The more the communication from health care professionals, the higher the awareness and satisfaction among patients.
- 9. CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS It predictsthe cause and effect relationship between two or more variables in experimental research, where independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to examine the effect on the dependent variables. Eg. Prevalence of infection is lower in patients who receive surgical care with hydrogen peroxide as compared to patients who receive the surgical care with povidone iodine solution.
- 10. DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS It specifiesnot only the existence of relation but also the expected direction or nature of relationship between the variables. Eg. There will be a significant increase in the wound healing process among those who receive insulin than those who do not receive insulin among patients with diabetic ulcer.
- 11. NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS It statesthat a relationship exists, but not stipulate the exact nature / direction of relationship. Eg. There is a relationship between age and depression.
- 12. NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0) Itis also known as statistical hypothesis. It states that there is no relationship or no difference or no effect between the dependent and independent variables. It is used for the purpose of statistical testing and interpreting inferences. Eg. There is no relationship between internet addiction and depression among engineering students.
- 13. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS (H1) (ALTERNATIVEHYPOTHESIS) It states the existence of relationship between variables. It is also called scientific, substantive or theoretical hypothesis. Eg. There will be a significant relationship between increasing age and osteoporosis.
- 14. ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions are statementsthat are taken for granted or are considered true, even though they have not been scientifically tested. Assumptions are principles those are accepted as being true based on logic or reasons but without proof or verification.
- 15. TYPES OF ASSUMPTIONS Universal Basedon theories Empirical based assumption Research / methodological assumption Warranted Unwarranted
- 16. UNIVERSAL ASSUMPTIONS These arebeliefs that assumed to be true by a large part of society or universe. Testing of such assumption is not always possible. Eg. Divine power controls the universe.
- 17. ASSUMPTIONS BASED ON THEORIES Itmay also be drawn from theories. If a research study is based on a theory, the assumption of particular theory may become assumption of that particular research study. Eg. Study based on Betty Neuman System model follows the assumptions of Betty Neuman System model in the study.
- 18. EMPIRICAL BASED ASSUMPTIONS These arederived from previous research studies. They are therefore considered the most reliable. Eg. Use of drug warfarin for ischemic heart disease or coronary artery bypass grafting surgery patients improves blood circulation and prevents thrombus formation.
- 19. RESEARCH/METHODOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS Researcher has toformulate some of the methodological assumptions to conduct a research study. Eg. Participants will be participating in the study willingly and respond to the research tools honestly.
- 20. WARRANTED ASSUMPTIONS These typeof assumptions stated along with the proof or evidences to support. Eg. Regular prayer brings success because it boosts the morale of the individual.
- 21. UNWARRANTED ASSUMPTIONS These assumptionsdo not have supportive evidence or proof. Sometimes, it will be difficult to fulfill these kind of assumptions. Eg. The almighty God exists everywhere in this universe.
- 22. IMPORTANCE OF ASSUMPTIONS INRESEARCH Assumptions work as a foundation or base for researcher. Selection of research topic can be based on written assumption or assumptions of the previous studies. Assumptions helps in research process and conclude the research study. Verified and tested assumptions expand the body of knowledge.
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