I B A H R I N E 7 T H E I N T E R N E T

New Media The Internet Web 2.0 7 Dr. Mohammed Ibahrine AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY in IFRANE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES PROGRAM

[1] What is the difference between the Internet and the Web? [2] History of the Internet [3] Theories of Information Society [3.1] Theories of Internet and Politics [3.1.1] The Neofuturists [3.1.2] The Dystopians [3.1.3] The Technorealists [4] Web 2.0 [4.1] Google Society [5] Social Media

From ARPANET to Internet (1 of 2) Cold War idea: keep vital computer networks connected Decentralized Information bundled in Internet Protocol packets ARPANET (Advanced Research projects Agency Network) 1980s NSF (National Science Foundation) More widespread network

THE INTERNET The Internet is a network of computer networks No one owns or run the Internet There is no “Internet company”

The Internet Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (the Web) interchangeably, But in fact the two terms are not synonymous The Internet and the Web are two separate but related things The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols

World Wide Web The World Wide Web , or simply Web , is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data The Web also utilizes browsers such as Netscape, Explorer and Firefox to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each other via hyperlins Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video

History In August 1991, Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the first website Founded World Wide Web Consortium at MIT in 1994 Named by Time magazine as one of the top 20 thinkers of the 20th century

The Structure of the Theoretical Debate on Politics and the Internet

International Communication Regime International Telecommunication Union ITU ICANN

International Telecommunication Union ITU

ICANN ICANN is responsible for the global coordination of the Internet's system of unique identifiers These include domain names (like .org, .museum and country codes like .UK), as well as the addresses used in a variety of Internet protocols ICANN's global stakeholders meet regularly to develop policies that ensure the Internet's ongoing security and stability

Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

History of the phrase “Web 2.0 “ Web 2.0 ” has become a catch-all buzzword that people use to describe a wide range of online activities and applications When the term emerged in 2004 (coined by Dale Dougherty and popularized by O’Reilly Media and MediaLive International) O’Reilly and others have smartly outlined some of the defining characteristics of Web 2.0 applications —utilizing collective intelligence, providing network-enabled interactive services, giving users control over their own data—these traits do not always map neatly on to the technologies held up as examples Google demonstrates many Web 2.0 sensibilities

History of the phrase “Web 2.0 New, interactive ways of using the Internet Second-generation web services, reflecting sharing and collaboration Social networking sites User-generated sites Group-effort sites Web 1.0 was about consuming content; Web 2.0 is about generating and sharing content To entrepreneurs, Web 2.0 = site representing little risk and huge rewards potential

Google demonstrates many Web 2.0 sensibilities Larry Page President, Products Sergey Brin President, Technology

Google Society or Googlezation of Society

Google Society The googlization of society will make everyone famous for 10 minutes and for 10 people’

Examples of Social Media Services

A wiki Wiki Wiki sign at Honolulu International Airport

A wiki [Definition] A wiki is a type of website that allows the visitors themselves to easily add, remove, and otherwise edit and change some available content, sometimes without the need for registration This ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for collaborative authoring The term wiki also can refer to the collaborative software itself Wiki engine that facilitates the operation of such a website, or to certain specific wiki sites, including the computer science site

iPod 2001 The iPod is currently the world's best-selling digital audio player and its worldwide mainstream adoption makes it one of the most popular consumer brands

“ Podcasting will change radio, not kill it” [Definition] A podcast is a multimedia file distributed over the Internet using syndication feeds, for playback on mobile devices and personal computers Originally, the term meant a portmanteau of "broadcasting" and “iPod“ (Ben Hammersley, The Guardian, 2004)

“ Podcasting will change radio, not kill it” The “pod” comes from Apple's iPod, a fashionable portable music player The “casting” comes from broadcasting, which means sending a radio signal to an entire population in a particular geographic area at a particular time The podcaster is the person who hosts or authors of a podcast The editors of the New Oxford American Dictionary declared "podcasting" the 2005 word of the year

Primary Characteristics of a Blog The word “blog” appears to date back to 1997, when one of the few practitioners at the time, Jorn Barger, called his website a “weblog” In 1999, another user, Peter Merholz, playfully broke the word into “we blog”, and somehow the new term—blog—stuck as both a verb and a noun Technically, Weblogs, or "blogs," are frequently updated webpages with a series of archived posts or entries (old content remains accessible), typically in a reverse-chronological journaling (format)

Blogs Blogs (weblogs) allow people to produce their own journals about whatever they want. A web 2.0 application Almost anyone can become a mass communicator Blogging took off when software made it easy to create and post blogs “ Blogosphere” doubles every six months Blogs have influenced traditional media

Primary Characteristics of a Blog Most blogs provide hypertext; links to related news articles, documents, blog entries within each entry (attribution) Many blogs allow for audience comments and have RSS or XML feed (ease of syndication) Blog posts are primarily textual, but they may also contain pictures (“photoblogs”) and or other multimedia content such as video (“vlogs”)

Technorati Who is saying what. Right now Each post is stored on its own distinct archive page, the so-called “permalink”, where it can always be found On average, Technorati tracks some 50,000 new posts an hour

Technorati Who is saying what. Right now

Technorati Search for Blogging

Technorati Search for Blogging “ The people formerly known as your audience, or the people formerly known as consumers, are now participants in the process of building your brand.” David Sifry , Founder and CEO, Technorati

YouTube 2005 YouTube is a popular free video sharing web site which lets users upload, view, and share video clips In 13 November 2006, Google, Inc., bought for $1.65 billion

Flick r : [Definition] Flikr is a photo sharing website and web services suite, And an online community platform

The Year of MySpace: MySpace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos MySpace also has an internal search engine and an internal e-mail system More than 100 million accounts created Third most popular site in the U.S. (after Yahoo and Google) In 2003, a site was unleashed on the net that would change everything; a site so popular and influential it has launched the careers of pop stars and was purchased by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation for $580m (£310m)

The Indymedia Network Indymedia is both a global online network (www.indymedia.org) and over 140 local, autonomous Indymedia organisations around the world offering ‘grassroots, non-corporate coverage’ of major protests and issues relevant to the anti-capitalist, peace and social justice movements Local Indymedia centres can be found across Europe, including the UK, as well as Israel, Palestine, South Africa, Indonesia, Nigeria, Australia, Russia, Brazil, Cyprus, Croatia, India and Colombia

The Indymedia Network Over one third of the IMCs (Independent Media Centres) are located in the U.S. and Canada Born out of the need to provide a space for alternative voices and independent journalists during the massive anti-WTO demonstrations in 1999 in Seattle, Indymedia has continued to grow exponentially since, both in size and scope This means that anyone can post a print article, photo, video or audio piece directly onto the website under the ‘newswire’ section

Wired magazine “ When the tools are spread ubiquitously, talent will rise out, luck will rise out, and being in the right place at the right time will rise out, and suddenly you will see the content just emerging whether it meant to or not.” Chris Anderson, Editor-in-Chief of Wired

Social Media [Definition] Social media are online tools and platforms and include Blogging Podcasting Videoblogging Photoblogging Wikis Mailing lists Bulletin boards Message boards have significantly limited the traditional media

Participatory Journalism Participatory journalism is a concept that embraces an expanded two-way communication between established media and readers, allowing readers to interact with journalists and news organizations Today’s practice of blogging embodies these concepts of journalism It is the latest in a series of technologies that have changed the face of both mass communication and social networks

social media Advocates of social media will point out that while there are applications such as wikis and social bookmarking that embody this 'unlimited aggregation' approach The ecology of social media is balanced by the presence of other applications such as blogs and social networking where individuality and cooperation are alive and well By using a mix of social media, communities can benefit both from the wisdom of crowds and the wisdom of individuals

A New Model for News The Internet supplements surveillance function of news media Any blogger can become a reporter “ Top-down” model of news has shifted: news can start at source and go “sideways” to anyone Blogs provide checks and balances for traditional media The Internet also expands the media’s interpretation function

Citizens' media Citizens' media—also called alternative media or radical media—are instances where communication technologies are used by Citizens' groups Collectives Grassroots organizations Social movements to meet their information, communication, expression, and networking needs

Mozilla Firefox This icon was introduced by Mozilla Firefox to indicate a web feed was present on a webpage Microsoft Internet Explorer and Opera have also adopted the icon

Going Mobile: The Wireless Web Mobile Gadgets and Media Wireless Internet access will increase as wireless technology becomes more common Laptop computers, cell phones, PDAs WiFi: Wireless Fidelity

Information Overload The Internet is an unparalleled information retrieval source We might retrieve so much information on a subject that we are overwhelmed rather than helped

From ARPANET to Internet (2 of 2) 1990s key developments World Wide Web and hypertext Browsers Search engines Mid-2000s Internet more popular than ever 2005: more than 400 million host computers connected to web

STRUCTURE AND FEATURES OF THE INTERNET TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol Allows computers to talk with other computers Access to the Internet ISPs (Internet Service Providers) OSPs (Online Service Providers)

E-Mail Electronic mail (e-mail) Fast, cheap, reliable Can send text, graphics, and much more Drawbacks Not suited for all message content Not as private as letters Spam Time loss

Newsgroups Internet equivalent of bulletin boards Based on themes, or specialized topics People read and post messages More than 40,000 newsgroups

World Wide Web WWW: network of varied information sources Hypertext allows nonlinear linkages The web is part of the Internet (terms not synonymous) WWW includes Web sites, web pages, home pages, portals URL: Uniform resource locator www.uga.edu (University of Georgia) 3.3 billion pages by 2006 85% in English, German, French, Japanese

Online Service Providers OSPs key during formative years of Internet Provide exclusive information and entertainment plus access to Internet AOL (America Online) was biggest OSP At its peak, AOL had 29 million subscribers Now a free service MSN (Microsoft Network) 2 nd largest OSP

THE EVOLVING INTERNET Predictions are risky Most experts agree on a few trends likely to change the web

Broadband Internet transmission channel fast enough for the large information transfers required by Video-on-demand, interactive TV, streaming video, downloadable movies Broadband access is by satellite modem, cable modem, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 2007: 50% of US homes have broadband US lags behind 24 other countries

Monetizing the Web Monetizing: Converting something to money Investors and many web site operators want to convert visitors into monetary reward Different web 2.0 sites approach monetizing differently Fees for extra services, display advertising, sponsored links, etc

ECONOMICS We will look at the impact of the Internet on the national economy, e-commerce, and then the finances of individual web sites

The Internet and the National Economy About 40% of publicly-traded Internet companies profitable (E-Bay, Expedia, Yahoo) Traditional companies use Internet more effectively Traditional stores use Internet as additional revenue stream Internet can be an effective business tool

E-Commerce Selling goods and services online Two types Traditional consumer commerce B2B (business-to-business), or E-business Consumer e-commerce $240 billion worldwide by 2007 B2B e-commerce $2 trillion worldwide by 2006

SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS The social implications of the Internet are constantly changing, but some are clear:

Lack of Gatekeepers Gatekeepers serve as evaluators of information Without gatekeepers, the Internet can be overwhelmed with unwanted messages We must evaluate the credibility of online information ourselves No gatekeepers = no censorship Can provide additional information, but may be partisan

THE FUTURE: THE EVERNET The Evernet is the successor to the Internet Also called the Supranet or Internet II Convergence of wireless, broadband, other devices Will result in being continuously connected to the Internet, anywhere, with any information device Staggering implications

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