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I.A Richard's "Practical Criticism"
- 1. “Department of English” ■ Name : Trivedi Anjali P. ■ Roll no. : 02 ■ Course : M.A Sem 2 ■ Enrollment no. : 3069206420200022 ■ Subject : Criticism and Indian esthetic ■ Topic : “I.A. Rechards Practical Criticism ■ Guide teacher : Dilip barad sir ■ E-mail : [email protected]
- 2. I.A.Richards Figurative language. ■ Introduction I.A. Richards was a poet, dramatist, philosopher, psychologist is among the first of 20th century critics. He is a pioneer of new critism.
- 3. ■ New criticism and the whole of modern poetics derive theire strength and inspiration from the seminal writings of Rechards such as principles of literary criticism. His path breaking works are: 1). The meaning of meaning. 2). The principles of literary criticism. 3). The practical criticism.
- 4. Practical criticism: ■ Practical criticism is like formal studies of English literature. It began into 1920 with a series of experiments by the Cambridge critic I.A. Richards. ■ The main objective of his work was to encourage students to concentrate on the words on the page rather than dependent on the preconceived or received belief about the text. This meant that they would clarify the various currents of thought in the poem and achieve a corresponding clarification of their own emotions. ■ 1) Four kinds of meaning ■ 2)Two uses of language ■ 3) Figurative language
- 5. Four kinds of meaning ■ Practical criticism is first focus on the meaning of meaning and philosophy of Rhetoric. Richards advocates a close textual and verbal analysis of poetry. According to Richards the words communicate four kinds of meaning. ■ Sense, feeling, tone, intention. So the poetry communicates through the interplay of these four types of meanings.
- 6. ■ Sense- Sense is that which is communicated by the plain literal meanings of the words. ■ Feeling- Feeling refers to emotion. Emotional attitude, desire, pleasure, displeasure. ■ Tone-Tone means the attitude of the writers towards his readers. ■ Intention- Intention refers to the effect one tries to produce, which modifies one's expression. So understanding of all these aspects is part of meaning of poetry.
- 7. Two uses of language ■ Scientific use of language- In the scientific statement may be used for the sake of reference, which may be verified as true or false. This is the scientific use of language. ■ Emotive use of language- The poet uses words emotively for the purpose of evoking emotions and attitudes considered valuable by him e.g., the word ‘fire’ has only one definite scientific reference to a fact in the real world. But when poetry uses it in a phrase such as ‘heart on fire’ the word evokes an emotion that of excitement.
- 8. Four misunderstanding of language 1. Misunderstanding of the sense of poetry: careless, rhyme or irregular syntax. 2. Over-literal reading 3. Defective scholarship 4. Difference in meaning of the words in poetry and prose.
- 9. Mixed use of metaphors ■ Sense metaphors- In the sense metaphor the shift is due to a similarity between the original object and the new one. ■ Emotive metaphors- In Emotive metaphor the shift is due to a similarity between the feelings the new situation and the normal situation arouse.
- 10. Figurative language ■ Similes occur in both poetry and prose and they may be short and simple or long and extended. ■ The use of figurative language can problems. It is difficult to turn poetry it logical respectable prose. So in the figurative language use for enjoyment and understanding of the best poetry. It requires a sensitiveness and a nicely imaginativeness.
- 11. Poem The Poem Solemn and gray, the immense clouds of evenPass on their towering unperturbed way Through the vast whiteness of the rain-swept heaven The moving pageants of the waning day; Heavy with dreams, desires, prognostications, Brooding with sullen and Titanic crests, They surge, whose mantles' wise imaginationsTrail where Earth's mute and languorous body rests; While below the Hawthorns smile like milk splashed downFrom Noon's blue pitcher over mead and hill; The arrased distance is so dim with flowers It seems itself some coloured cloud made still, O how the clouds this dying daylight crown With the tremendous triumph of tall towers!
- 12. Analysis of poem ■ In this poem poet uses many figurative language. Many things are happens in this poetry and that can't be happen in reality for eg, ■ Cloud can not have 'desire’. ■ A mantle can not have 'imaginations’. ■ 'Imaginations' can not 'trail’. ■ 'Milk' does not 'smile’. ■ 'Dim with flowers' is rather weak, for flowers are bright thing.
- 13. ■ So there are many things that shows the use of figurative language in the poetry. The poetic figures creates the problem or misunderstanding during the reading of poem. It is also enhance the charm of poetry but many time it difficult to understand poem.
- 14. Conclusion ■ So in the last in a very simple words and language describe figurative language. It can also lead a reader to misunderstanding too but even it can never be wrong, because not a single thing, single interpretation in poetry has numbers of interpretations because a work of art has numbers of interpretations.