Fuzzy Logic Controller Based High Frequency Link AC-AC Converter For Voltage Compensation Using SPWM Technique

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 – APRIL 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
60
Fuzzy Logic Controller Based High Frequency
Link AC-AC Converter For Voltage
Compensation Using SPWM Technique
Abstract—In this paper, an advanced high frequency link AC-AC Push-pull cycloconverter for the voltage
compensation is proposed in order to maintain the power quality in electric grid. The proposed methodology can be
achieve arbitrary output voltage without using large energy storage elements. So that the system is more steadfast
and less costly compared with the conventional inverter topology. Additionally, the proposed converter does not
contain any line frequency transformer, which reduces the cost further. The control scheme for the push pull
cycloconverter employs the fuzzy logic controller based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) to accomplish
better performance on voltage compensation, like unbalanced voltage harmonics elimination. The simulation results
are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed high frequency link AC-AC converter and fuzzy logic controller
based SPWM technology
Index Terms — Push-Pull cycloconverter, Fuzzy logic controller (FC) and sinusoidal pulse width modulation
(SPWM).
——————————  ——————————
1 INTRODUCTION
s the rapid increasing of the number of the non-linear loads
installed in modern grid, it becomes a big concern to
maintain the power quality within the acceptable limits [1].
The developing of the concept of microgrid makes this
requirement even crucial because that the microgrid is much
weaker than the conventional grid and thus easier to be troubled
[2-3]. Most of the developed solutions to maintain the power
quality are qualified to choose the inverter-based converters [4].
Deplorably, the large passive storage components like electrolytic
capacitors, which unavoidably exist in the inverter-type
converters, not only decrease the reliability of the equipment, but
also increases the cost. Alternative approaches are proposed based
on single-phase AC-AC topologies or matrix converters [5].
The standards-compliant inverters [6], which are principally
designed for operation with the wider electricity network, face
fundamentally different operating conditions in the confines of an
isolated microgrid. These inverters are a key enabling technology
of distributed generation in general and of renewables in
particular, their operation in an isolated microgrid is a concern.
Though, the matrix based solutions requires complex structures
and control algorithms which make them difficult to handle
especially during the fault condition.
While the single-phase based solutions mainly focus on
dealing with the fundamental voltage quality issue such as
reactive power variation or voltage sag etc. Harmonics problems
are ignored due to the natural limitation of the single-phase circuit
[7]. Recently, a new concept in the direct AC-AC power
conversion field is proposed [8] which applies the Dual Virtual
Quadrature Sources (DVQS) voltage synthesis theory to the
traditional AC-AC choppers to achieve the required voltage
output. Additionally, only the balanced grid harmonics are
concerned in all the circumstances. An improved method for
unbalanced voltage harmonics elimination is still mandatory. The
goal of the advanced High Frequency Link AC-AC Converter [9-
11] is to apprehend high frequency power conversion at the same
time to achieve galvanic isolation by using a high-frequency
transformer. By applying the Fuzzy logic controller based
sinusoidal pulse width modulation to this type of single-phase
converter, a series of high power density converter for grid
voltage compensation can be obtained.
In this paper, an Advanced High Frequency Link (AHFL) AC-
AC converter for voltage compensation is proposed. The AHFL
converter can attain arbitrary voltage output without using any
large electrolytic capacitors. Thus, the system reliability can be
improved. Moreover, the converter has no line frequency
transformer, which also reduces the cost. The Fuzzy logic Control
(FC) scheme based on Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
(SPWM) technology is applied to achieve the function of
unbalanced voltage harmonics elimination, which greatly
improved the performance of the voltage compensation. The
simulation results are given to shows the effectiveness of the
proposed AHFL converter and SPWM technology.
2 ANALYSIS OF ADVANCED HIGH FREQUENCY
LINK AC-AC CONVERTER
The main circuit of the AHFL AC-AC converter designed for
voltage compensation is shown in Fig.l(a). The circuit can be
distributed into two parts. They are,
 Input push-pull forward cycloconverter
 Output push-pull cycloconverter.
Compared with the AC-AC push-pull forward converter
which is proposed and examined in [12], two additional bi-
A
C.Shanmugam 1
PG Scholar/Department of EEE
K.S.R. College of Engineering
Tiruchengode, India
cshanmugam67@gmail.com
A.Maheswari 2
Asst.Professor/Department of EEE
Tiruchengode, India
mahesgce@gmail.com
S.Kannan 3
PG Scholar/Department of EEE
Tiruchengode, India
engineerskannan@gmail.com

61
directional switches Ss1 and Ss2 are added to the secondary side
circuit of the main circuit. So that , the line frequency transformer
is replaced by means of new four windings transformer Tk which
can now operate under the high frequency switching condition.
The turns for each winding of Tk are denoted as np1, np2, ns1 and
ns2 respectively whereas np1 = np2 and ns1 = ns2. The turn ratio N
equals np1/ ns1. Different from the circuit approached in [12], all
the bi-directional switches are realized by two IGBTs connected
in series which is shown in Fig.l(b). At the same time, the output
LC filter Lo and Co is moved to the secondary side to make the
circuit simpler. The energy in the leakage inductors Lk1 and Lk2 of
Tk can be recycled by adding one clamping capacitor Cs1.
Associated with the circuit presented in [12], the large size of the
system is reduced by employing the high frequency transformer.
The proposed circuit has fewer passive components which makes
the circuit even smaller and easier to analyze. There are four
operational modes for the AHFL AC-AC converter circuit
depending on different polarity of the input voltage Vin and the
output voltage Vo .The demonstration of the gate signals and the
crutial waveforms of the circuit for each mode are shown in Fig.2.
(a)
(b)
Fig.l Proposed AHFL AC-AC converter (a) main circuit (b)
realization of bi-directional switches
In each operational mode, one switching period is
divided into two stages, which are named as the positive stage and
the negative stage. SPWM method is applied to each stage to
decide the duty cycle of all the transistors. The duty cycle of the
circuit D is defined as follows: The magnitude of D equals the
total duty cycle of the SPWM voltage Uab in one switching period
Ts. It can be found that the time average of Uab is Vout, which
infers that the magnitude of Vout is controlled by varying duty
cycle D. Furthermore, the variation range of D is defined as {-1 to
1}. D is negative when Vin and Vout have the opposite polarity. As
shown in Fig.2, the circuit operates in Mode I and IV when D is
positive. It enters the operation mode II and III when D changes
to negative. The overall way of selecting the switching patterns
according to different operational modes and stages are given in
Table I. As it infers in the operational strategy, the input ac
voltage is modulated into high frequency AC voltage Unp1 by the
chopping of the input cycloconverter. The output cycloconverter
acts like a rectifier which is demodulated the AC voltage into uni-
polarity pulse wave Uab. The output voltage Vout is then filtered
out by the output LC filter. An isolated AC output voltage can
thus be generated without implementation of line frequency
transformer. The steady state analysis of the circuit is simple as it
is essentially attributed to buck-type.
Fig.2 Demonstration of gate signals and crucial waveforms
By applying the principle of inductor volt-second balance and
using the small-ripple approximation, the relationship of Vin and
Vout can be given by:
. .out inV V D N
Based on (1), Vout can be easily controlled by varying duty
cycle D. The output range of Vout is {- VinN to VinN }, which
shows its bi-directional control ability when applied to voltage
compensation system.
3 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER FOR AHFL AC-AC
CONVERTER
The fuzzy control system consists of five parts: fuzzy
controller, interface of input and output, control object, execute
institution and sensors [13], which actually translates the
knowledge and experience of expert into the control law. Because
FC is not designed based on the mathematical analysis of a
process model, MATLAB/ SIMULINK and Fuzzy Logic Toolbox
are used for simulation analysis. The actual instantaneous output
voltage is sensed, sampled and compared with sinusoidal
reference value to create the error voltage. Discrete error voltage
E(k) and its change of error Ec(k) are processed by the FC
through fuzzification, fuzzy inference and defuzzification
operations. The change of control signal Δu(k) as the output
variable of primary FC is added to the control signal, U(k) to give
a updated value of switching angles to compensate properly with
(1)

62
any loading variation. In the FC system, weight factor Ke, Kc and
scaling factor Ku are very important to the static and dynamic
performance. The effect of the gain settings for a conventional PI
controller in a closed loop system is related to the scaling factors
adjustment in the FC, which can be approximated as a actual PI
controller. Referring to the conventional integral digital PI
controller.
( ) ( ) ( )P Iu k K e k K e k   
Referring to FC presented in [14].
( ) ( ) ( )U C EK u k K Ec k K E k  
Relating (2) and (3),
andC E
P I
U U
K K
K K
K K
 
Referring to conventional PI control experience [15], the
following conclusions can be gained:
 A higher value of Ke will cause a long transition progress or
even an overshoot. On the contrary, a smaller Ke will result in
a poor dynamic response and a large system error.
 Increscent Kc can make the controller sensitive, which will
avoid overshoot of the system output and bring out a slow
dynamics. Otherwise, a large overshoot or even a surge will
occur.
 The value of Ku will influence directly the output scale of
controller. By reducing Ku, a steady output can be achieved.
On the other hand, a large Ku makes for a proper dynamics.A
compromise should be carried when selecting an appropriate
Ku.
In Fig.3, a fuzzy controller based on scaling factor self-
adjusting online is designed. The assistant fuzzy controller is
introduced to modify the scaling factor of primary fuzzy
controller for better robust depending on various load features.
The basic rules of assistant fuzzy controller are shown as follows.
Scaling factor Ku should be reduced for a small output overshoot
and short rise-time when error E is large and has the inverse sign
with the change of error, EC. On the contrary, Ku should be
increased when E and EC has the same sign, because system
output is drawing away with reference at this point. On the other
hand, when E has a large value, scaling factor Ku should have a
large change range. It should be reduced if system output draws
away from reference after drawing on it. This method is in fact a
gain-variable nonlinear controller which is unattached with model
[16]. Rules of primary FC and assistant FC are shown in Table II
and Table III respectively.
Fig.3 Block diagram of Fuzzy controller
The controller is designed as a double closed-loop of Output
voltage instantaneous FC and inductor current P Control, which is
shown in Fig.2. As the input variations of PI-type primary fuzzy
controller and PD-type assistant fuzzy controller, E and EC have
the definition of error and the change of error respectively [8].
TABLE II. PRIMARY FC RULES
EC/E NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB
NB NB NB NB NB NM NS ZE
NM NB NB NB NM NS ZE PS
NS NB NB NM NS ZE PS PM
ZE NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB
PS NM NS ZE PS PM PB PB
PM NS ZE PS PM PB PB PB
PB ZE PS PM PB PB PB PB
TABLE III ASSISTANT FC RULES
EC/E NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB
NB VB VB VB B M SM VS
NM VB VB B B BM SM S
NS VB BM NM B VB S S
ZE SM M BM VS M BM SM
PS S SM S VB B BM VB
PM S SM BM B B VB VB
PB VS SM M B VB VB VB
They are all divided into seven fuzzy subsets from [-8, +8]:
{NB, NM, NS, Z, PS, PM, PB}. As shown in Fig.3, their
membership functions have the same geometry of asymmetric
Triangle [9]. Δu as the output variation of primary fuzzy
controller is also divided into seven subsets, which is not like α ,
the output of assistant fuzzy controller. α is divided into seven
fuzzy subsets from [0,1], {VS, S, SM, M, BM, B, VB}. But they
have the same membership functions of symmetrical triangle. The
inference logic of MAX-MIN method is employed in two fuzzy
controllers, similarly the defuzzification method of centroid
formula is shown in (4) [9].
4 SINUSOIDAL PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
TECHNOLOGY
Traditionally, the single-phase AC-AC converter is considered
as cannot output the voltage with arbitrary frequency and phase.
In order to break the limitation, DVQS voltage synthesis concept
is proposed in [7]. Based on this concept, the Even Harmonics
Modulation (EHM) scheme is also proposed in [7] to generate the
required compensating sine wave output [7 -10]. However, the
EHM scheme still has its own limitation such that the frequency
of the output voltage can only be the integral multiple of the line
frequency. Furthermore, only the balanced grid faults are
concerned in all the scenarios in [17-19]. In this paper, Sinusoidal
Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technology is proposed to
replace the EHM scheme and improve the performance of AHFL
converter when dealing with the unbalanced harmonics and grid
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)1
1
( )
( )
n
i i
i
n
i
i
u u
u
u









63
(10)
fault by generating the unbalanced compensating voltage output.
The basic concept of SPWM can be described as follows. At first,
the three-phase input grid voltage Vm is assumed as the balanced
pure sine in positive sequence, which is given by:
sin
sin ( 120 )
sin ( 120 )
ina m
o
inb m
o
inc m
V V t
V V t
V V t




 
 
(a) Membership functions of E and EC
(b) Membership function of Δu
Fig 4. Shape of membership functions for SAFC
Where Vm is the amplitude of Vin and the angular frequency ω can
be 2πf . As indicated in DVQS concept [10], the duty ratio D of
the AC-AC converter is no need to fix but can add a specified
modulation wave which may vary with time. The products of the
injection can not only be the fundamental frequency output but
also the harmonics output. Therefore, the voltage synthesis
process of SWM has three steps. Firstly, the desired voltage
output is separated into several decoupled components with
different frequency and sequence, including the fundamental
components, harmonics components and even the components
with the fractional multiple of the line frequency. Following this,
several specified modulation waves are implemented to the AC-
AC converter to generate each required component output. At
last, the outputs are added together to reform the desired voltage
output. The following parts are to figure out how to decide the
specified modulation waves used for voltage synthesis. Generally,
the desired voltage is separated into the fundamental voltage, the
voltage in positive sequence and the voltage in negative sequence.
4.1 Generation of fundamental voltage
The SWM scheme for generating the fundamental voltage is
to add the fixed DC component to the modulation wave of D
which is expressed as:
0 0
0 0
0 0
a a
b b
c c
D K
D K
D K



Substitute (6) and (7) to (1), the output voltage of the
converter in each phase is
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
. . sin
. . sin ( 120 )
. . sin ( 120 )
outa ina a a m
o
outb inb b b m
o
outc inc c c m
V V D N K V t
V V D N K V t
V V D N K V t



 
  
  
It can be concluded in (8) that the output voltage is in phase
with the input voltage as well as the frequency is the same. The
amplitudes are different if Koa ≠ Kob ≠ Koc. It is used as voltage
variation compensation by controlling the value Ko, which is the
common control strategy for the AC-AC converters applying in
voltage compensation [5-9].
4.2 Generation of voltage in positive sequence
The SWM scheme for generating the positive sequence
voltage for compensation is to add a series of negative sequence
sinusoidal waves to the modulation wave of D. The amplitude of
the sinusoidal waves is expressed as Ki and the corresponding
angular frequency and phase are ω, and ϕi respectively. The
modulation wave of D for converters in each three-phase is the
summation of all the sinusoidal components, which is given by:

sin( )
sin( 120 )
sin( 120 )
ap i i i
o
bp i i i i i
o
cp i i i
D K t
D K t
D K t
 
   
 
  
    
   
Substitute (6) and (9) to (1), the output voltage of the
converter in each phase is:
   
 
 
_
_
_
. .
1 1
cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
. .
1 1
cos ( ) 120 cos ( )
2 2
. .
1 1
cos ( ) 120 cos ( )
2 2
out ap ina ap
m i i i i i
out bp inb bp
o
m i i i i i
out cp inc cp
o
m i i i i i
V V D N
V K t t
V V D N
V K t t
V V D N
V K t t
     
     
     

 
      
 

 
         
 

 
         
 
It can be found that the output voltage consists of two
quadrature components. The first harmonic component in positive
sequence has the angular frequency equal to ωi - ω and the phase
equal to –ϕi. The amplitude, phase and frequency of this
component are all controllable by setting proper ωi , Ki and ϕi . In
order to keep this component in positive sequence, the condition
ωi – ω >0 should be satisfied. The second harmonic components
are in zero sequence, which means that it cannot propagate in the
three-phase system. As a result, after the implementation of the
negative sequence sinusoidal waves to the modulation wave of D
a series of new controllable voltage outputs in positive sequence
can be synthesised in the output voltage. Also, the by-products
can be eliminated without adding additional filters.
4.3 Generation of voltage in negative sequence
Different from the positive sequence voltage generation,
under this condition, negative sequence sinusoidal waves with ωj
(7)
(8)
(9)
(6)

64
– ω < 0 are implemented to the modulation wave of D . The
expression for D is given by,

sin( )
sin( 120 )
sin( 120 )
an j j j
o
bn j j j j
o
cn j j j
D K t
D K t
D K t
 
   
 
  
    
   
If ωj < 0 , (10) is changed to
sin( )
sin( 120 )
sin( 120 )
an j j j
o
bn j j j
o
cn j j j
D K t
D K t
D K t
 
 
 
   
    
    
which represent a positive sequence sinusoidal wave. Despite of
the zero sequence components, negative sequence components are
included in the output voltage by modulation, which has the
angular frequency equal to ω - ωj , the phase equal to φi and the
amplitude is VmKj as well.
4.4 Combination of output voltage
The final output is given in (13). It is simply to add all
the modulation waves together to be the modulation wave D for
the AC-AC converter. The zero components are excluded in the
final results of the output voltage. It is inferred in (13) that by
applying the SWM technology, arbitrary voltage output is realized
using the single-phase based AC-AC converter. Particularly, the
frequency range of outputs are (0,∞), which means that the output
voltage is not limited to the integral multiple of the line
frequency. As a result, compared to EHM, the proposed strategy
is more flexible which can handle all the harmonics voltage
generation including unbalanced voltage and can be potentially
used in AC applications such as motor drive etc.
5 CONFIGURATION OF VOLTAGE COMPENSATION
SYSTEM
One of the typical applications for the proposed AHFL
converter with SWM scheme is the voltage compensation system.
Fig.5 shows the system configurations for voltage compensation.
Fig.5 Typical system configuration with proposed IHFL AC-AC
converter for voltage compensation
The voltage at the PCC is distorted by the nonlinear load
such as diode-rectifier with resistance-capacitance load. The
nonlinear load can be connected to either the three-phase or
single-phase. Thus the voltage harmonics at PCC could be
unbalanced. At the same time, one three-phase critical load
requires pure sine voltage input. Three individual AHFL
converters are applied to each phase to realize voltage
compensation function. The converter is placed between the grid
and the critical load, which can be considered as a controllable
voltage source to inject a controllable compensation voltage in
series with the grid voltage to compensate for the harmonics and
voltage variations. The input power of the AHFL converter is
drawn from the grid side. The input inductor Li is added to
minimize the switching harmonics superposed to the grid. The
relationship between the system input voltage Vsys_in and output
voltage Vsys_out is given by:
_ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ _
. 1
sys outa sys ina outa sys ina a
sys out sys outb sys inb outb sys inb b
sys outc sys inc outc sys inc c
V V V V D
V V V V V D N
V V V V D
          
          
              
         
         
Where Vsys_in is also the input voltage of the AHFL converter and
the compensating voltage Vout is the output voltage of the AHFL
converter.
6 SIMULATION RESULT
Simulation studies are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink to
validate the proposed AHFL converter as well as the SPWM
scheme. The specification of the system are given by: Vsys_in : 220
V; Vsys_out: 220V; Vline: 380V; Pout: 3kW; fs: 10kHz; Ci: 3 μF; Co: 5
μF; Cs1 : 1 μF; Li: 2mH; Lo: 0.68mH . Three 1 mH inductors Ls
are connected in series with the output of three sine voltage
sources in order to simulate a weak grid. The Simulink diagram is
shown in fig.6. The dynamic performances of the Conventional
and Proposed methods are shown in fig.7 & fig.8 respectively.
7 CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, The AHFL AC-AC converter for voltage
compensation is proposed. The AHFL converter has the
Fig. 6 Simulink Diagram of Proposed AHFL AC-AC Converter
Scheme
   
 
_ 0 0
_ 0 0
1 1
. . sin( ) cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
1 1
. . sin( 120 ) cos ( ) 120 cos ( ) 120
2 2
out an ina a ap an a m m i i i m j j j
o o o
out bn inb b bp bn b m m i i i m j j j
V V D D D N K V t V K t V K t
V V D D D N K V t V K t V K t
V
      
      
 
            
 
 
                   
 
 _ 0 0
1 1
. . sin( 120 ) cos ( ) 120 cos ( ) 120
2 2
o o o
out cn inc c cp cn c m m i i i m j j jV D D D N K V t V K t V K t      
 
                   
 
(11)
(12)
(14)

65
Fig.7. Simulation results of input and output line voltage and
current for conventional method
Fig.8. Simulation results of input and output line voltage and
current for proposed method
Fig.9. Simulation results of harmonic spectra of output line
current for Proposed method
advantages such as no large electrolytic capacitors and no line
frequency transformer. So that the cost of the system is reduced
and the reliability is improved. The new proposed SPWM
technology can be used to achieve the function of unbalanced
voltage harmonics elimination to increase the performance of the
voltage compensation. The Fuzzy logic Controller proposed in
this paper has a simple design progress no need of exact
mathematics model of AC-AC Converter and can operate
automatically without man-made effect. It provides insensitivity
to plant-parameter variations and external distribution such as
making for overcoming perturbations caused by Non-linear loads.
The simulation results are show the effectiveness of the proposed
AHFL converter and SWM technology.
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