ICT Basic Concepts

Miguel Ángel Romero Ochoa
NICT Educational Space
Universidad de Sonora
New Information and
Communication Technologies
M.IS.T. Miguel Ángel Romero
2018
Information and
Communication
Technologies: Basic
Concepts

15-1-2015
Content
Information and Communication Technologies: ICT…….2
Personal Computer……………………………………….…….3
Hardware……………………………………………….………...3
Processing devices: Processor…………………….……4
Input devices……………………………….……………...4
Output devices…………………………….……………...4
Storage devices……………………………….…….…….4
Software……………………………………………….…….…....8
Software Licenses………………………….……………...8
Software Licenses Types…………………………….……9
Free software………………………….……………...9
Shareware …………….………………….…….…….9
Freeware...…………….………………….…….…….9
Proprietary software....…………………………….10
Creative Commons….……………………...….…10
Internet……………………………………………….…….…....10
References………………………………………………...…....12

Information and Communication Technologies:
Basic Concepts
Information and Communication Technologies: ICT
Satellite television, cellphones, fax, computer, Internet, DVD, videos,
and teleconferencing, among other things, are elements that have
become in part of our daily life. All of them have change the way we
communicate and process the information in our society. All this
tools that are used to communicate and process the information are
known as “Information and Communication Technologies”: ICT.
The ICT are found in all the human being areas, whether they are
public or private, transforming the man's relationships.
In them are include: informatics, telecommunications and
audiovisual technology.
Examples:
 Telecommunications: television, programs, teleconferences,
network, web, or Internet with all its possibilities and radio.
 Audiovisual technologies: Videos in its different formats.
 Informatics: Computer, software, multimedia, compact discs,
and databases.
The most representative element of the new technologies is
undoubtedly the personal computer and more specifically, Internet.
As its indicated by different authors, the Internet represents a

qualitative leap of great magnitude, changing and redefining man's
ways of knowing and relating.
Personal Computer
The personal computer is a set of electronic components integrated
into a system, which allows the data entry for its processing in
relation to the specific user needs demands.
It is usually equipped to fulfill common tasks of modern computing,
i.e. it allows surfing the Internet, write texts and made office or
educational work, like edit text and databases. In addition, people
can hear music, play videogames, study, etc.
The system is characterized by clearly differentiate two dimensions
of the computer, Hardware and Software, and is defined like a
flexible system that is configured according to the function required
by the users.
Hardware
It refers to the physical elements of the computer that we can
“touch”: keyboard, monitor, speakers, printer, scanner, etc.,
although some of them can’t been seeing at simple sight because
they are inside the cabinet or chassis (microprocessor, local disc,
RAM memory, among others). All of them, at the same time, are
classified by their function in input, processing, output and storage
devices.

Figure 1: Hardware operating diagram
Processing devices: Processor
Inside the computer is the processor, a chip that is used to manage
the computer´s software and hardware.
It is the part that perform the calculations, process the instructions
and handle the information flow passing through the computer.
Examples of processing devices are: Pentium, AMD, among others.
Input Devices
The input devices are the components that allows the user to
interact with the computer. Through them the machine receives
instructions to perform the activities that the user wants in a specific
program. Examples of input devices: keyboard, mouse, scanner,
among others.
Output devices
The output devices are those physical elements that allows us to
obtain information processed by the computer, whether in a visual,
auditory or printed form. Examples of output devices are: monitor,
speakers, printer, among others.
Storage devices

The storage devices are the responsible of saving all the information
(programs, pictures, text documents, etc.)
Some storage devices examples are:
 Hard disc: is an element that save all the information and
programs in the computer. They come in different capacities,
more capacity means more information that can be stored.
 RAM Memory (temporary or volatile storage): it is a piece
composed integrated circuits that locates inside the computer
and allow to store information temporarily (only while the
computer is on). Furthermore, it allows the computer to do
different things at the same time.
 ROM Memory (non-volatile storage): contain a set of
instructions that must stay unchanged so the computer can
work. It stores the commands that are used to verify that the
memory, hard disc unit and other components work correctly
when the computer starts.
 CD/DVD/Blue-Ray Unit: Regularly they are inside of the
computer chassis, allowing the insertion of a compact disc.
The function of the unit is to read or store information in them.
 Flash Memory: non-volatile memory type that is often used in
cell phones, digital cameras, USB memories, and other devices.
They can be erased and written as many times as it is required.

The information stored on the computer is internally represented as 0
and1. Each 0 or 1 is called“bit” and a c combination of eight-bitis called
a “byte”. The followingtable shows the different terms used to measure
the memory or storage capacity.
Prefix Description
Bit
It is the smallest unit of information handed by a computer. One
bit contains only one of the values (0 or 1), which is always present.
A bit transmits information of little value, but if consecutive bits are
combined into large units, you can get more meaningful
information
Byte
It is a combination of eight bits arranged in a particular sequence.
Each sequence represents a single character, symbol, digit or letter.
A byte forms the basic unit used to measure a device storage
capacity.
Kilobyte
A kilobyte (KB) equals 1000 bytes. Most user data store on a
computer (like a simple e-mail message or a text file) use a storage
space of a few kilobytes.
Megabyte
A megabyte (MB) equals 1000 KB. The amount of information
contained in 1 MB is approximated the same as a textbook.
Gigabyte
A gigabyte (GB) equals 1000MG, which is approximately 1 billion
bytes. Most of the current computers have a large capacity hard
disc that is measure in gigabytes. One GB denotes a huge storage
capacity. Thus, a video film stored on a computer can occupy more
than 1 GB of space.

Terabyte
A terabyte (TB) equals 1000 GB, which roughly one trillion bytes.
Usually storage devices that have terabyte capacities are used in
organizations that need to store large volume of data. A terabyte
is so huge that just a few memory terabytes can contain the
complete text of a large number of books.
Petabyte
A petabyte (PB) equals 1000 TB, which is approximately 1 000 000
000 000 000 bytes. The prefix peta comes from the Greek πέντε
that means five, since it´s equivalent to 10005
or 1015
.
Formerly the equivalence of a KB was 1024 bytes, but due to the
bad use of this equivalence (often used as 1000 bytes), the IEC
(International Electronic Commission) defined the new prefix KiB or
Kibi.
To illustrate this, see the following table.
Prefix Equivalence in bytes Prefix Equivalence in bytes
Byte 1 Byte 1
KB 1 000 KiB 1 024
MB 1 000 000 MiB 1 048 576
BG 1 000 000 000 GiB 1 073 741 824
TB 1 000 000 000 000 TiB 1 099 511 627 776
PB 1 000 000 000 000 000 PiB 1 125 899 906 842 624
Table 2: Equivalence in bytes: information storage units
Software
Is the computer´s immaterial part and it refers to everything that
communicate people with the computer, which includes languages,
programs, and data. The software is classified in two types:
1. System

 Operating systems: Controls everything that happens
in the computer, it is the intermediary between the user
and the computer hardware. Its main objective is that the
computer system is used comfortably, and the second is
that the hardware be used efficiently. Some examples of
PC operating system are: Microsoft Windows, OS X,
GNU/Linux, Unix, Solaris, Google Chrome OS, Ubuntu,
etc.
 Utilities: Perform routine tasks related to the
maintenance of files, the hard disk, and the correct
performance of the computer system.
 Other.
2. Application
 Productivity Software: Word processing, database,
datasheets, etc.
 Educational Software: Tutorials, simulators and
encyclopedias.
 Other.
Software Licenses
Software license is defined like the authorization or permission
given by the copyright owner, in any contractual way, to the user of
an informatics program for use it in accordance with the agreed
conditions. It may be free or generate cost, so it is required that the
use, modification and distribution rights be granted to the person
who will use it and established limits of them.
Software Licenses Types
Free Software

It's the software name that gives freedom to the users on their
product and, therefore, once obtained, it can be used, copied,
studied, modified, and redistributed without restrictions.
According to the Free Software Foundation, the free software refers
to the user’s liberty to run, copy, study, change and improve the
software; more precisely, refers to four freedoms of software users:
 The freedom to use the program, with any purpose.
 To study the operation of the program.
 To adapt it to your own needs.
 To distribute copies, which can help to improve the program
and release the improvements, so the whole community
acquire benefits (for the second and final freedom mentioned,
access to the code is a prerequisite.)
Shareware
It’s a software distribution mode, in which the user can evaluate the
product for free, but with time use limitations or in some of the
forms of use or with restrictions in the final capacities.
To acquire a software license that allows the use of the software
completely, a payment is required, although there is also the so-
called "shareware of zero price", but this modality is uncommon.
The shareware should not be confused with the freeware software
that indicates that the software is completely free. Nor should be
confused the fact that the software is shareware or freeware with
the fact that it is open source, because the last one depends on the
availability of the source code, while the former are denominations
of the form or marketing system.

Freeware
It defines a type of software that is distributed free of charge,
available for its use and for an unlimited time, and it´s a free variant
of shareware, in which the goal is to get a user to try the product
for a limited time and, if its satisfied, then you pay for it, enabling
its complete functionality. Sometimes the source code is included,
but it isn't usual.
The freeware usually includes a use license, which allows its
redistribution but with some restrictions, such as not modifying the
application itself, not selling it and mention its author. You can also
disavow the use to a company with commercial purposes or to a
government entity. All this depends on the particular type of license
to which the software is hosted.
Proprietary software
It defines a type of software that is marketed, the one whereby the
companies or people who produce it charge money, as well as for
their support or distribution. Most of this money is used to cover
salaries of the people who contributed to create such software.
Creative Commons
It is an organization that allows to use and share both creativity and
knowledge through a series of free legal instruments. These legal
instruments consist of a set of "model licensing agreements" or
copyright licenses that offer the author of a work a simple and
standardized way of granting permission to the general public to
share and use their creative work under the terms and conditions of
his choice. In this sense, the Creative Commons licenses allow the

author to easily change the terms and conditions of copyright of his
work from "all rights reserved" to "some rights reserved".
Creative Commons licenses do not replace copyrights, but instead
rely on them to allow you to modify the terms and conditions of the
license of your work in the way that best meets your needs.
Internet
One of the most successful services when using a computer is the
Internet, its origins go back to the 1960s, within DARPA (Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency) in response to the need of this
organization to find better ways to use computers.
Internet (International Network) is a global network of computers
that are connected together and can exchange information. It is an
interactive communication form, which means that users can
interact in real time with the information they receive.
For the computers that make up the network work, you need the
following:
 Physical medium: That one that allows to transfer information.
In a small network, it can be a cable that connects to the
network card for each computer, although in Internet would
be impossible to join the millions of computers around the
world; therefore, the telephone line is used.
 Protocol: It is a common language of communication for all
computers that make up the network; This language is called
a protocol or TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol).

 Services offered: Internet offers different services, which
depending on the user, will be on internet sites, email,
newsgroups, teleconferences, videoconferences, telephony,
among others.
References
1. Instituto nacionalpara la educación de los adultos. (2004). El uso de
las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en el proceso de
aprendizaje de los jóvenes y adultos. Obtenido de
http://www.convyt.org.mx/cursos/para_asesor/tics/imagen/lectura.p
df
2. Belloch Ortí, C. (s.f.) Las tecnologías de la información y
comunicación. Obtenido de
http://www.uv.es/~bellochc/pdf/pwtic1.pdf
3. Corrado Marcos, F. (s.t.) Computadora personal (PC). Obtenido
de https://sites.google.com/site/informaticaenag/p1o-primer-
ano/computadora-personal-pc
4. Saldívar Vaquera, C., & Delgado Ibarra, R. (2010). Tecnologías de la
información y la comunicación. Pearson.
5. Wikipedia. (2015). Creative Commons. Obtenido de
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons
6. Wikipedia. (2015). Freeware. Obtenido de
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware
7. Wikipedia. (2015). Shareware. Obtenido de
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware

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