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ICT in the Teaching Learning Process in Higher Education- Dr J D Singh
ICT plays an important role in higher education. It provides new opportunities for teaching and learning by making information easily accessible. Some key ways ICT impacts education include enabling e-learning, blended learning approaches, use of interactive whiteboards, mobile learning, and flipped classroom models. However, integrating technology also presents challenges around access, quality, infrastructure, faculty capacity, and financing. Overall, ICT has the potential to enhance learning when used appropriately in the teaching process.
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ICT in the Teaching Learning Process in Higher Education- Dr J D Singh
- 1. ICT in theTeaching Learning Process in Higher Education Dr. J D Singh G V (PG) College of Education (CTE) Sangaria-335063, Rajasthan Cell: +91 9414577875 Email: [email protected]
- 2. Who is aTeacher/Educator "Who dares to teach must never cease to learn." - John Cotton Dana • Teacher or Educator is person who gives you not only the knowledge but also inspiration and motivation to live meaningful life. • We have a Tamil proverb that says unless you have something soup in the pot, you cannot ladle it. This is the true of the profession of teaching. • The pot has to be an akshayapatra, the inexhaustible vessel with a never-failing supply of food. • A teacher has to be like the akshayapatra with a inexhaustible fund of knowledge. • The crux of teaching learning process rests with the teacher.
- 3. Present Scenario ofHigher Education • In 1951, only 18.3% of people were literate. • We had only 30 universities and 750 colleges with 3, 97,000 students • Research Publication’s share in the world was 20-25 percent • In 2019, It has 911 universities according to UGC. – Central Universities - 48 – State Universities - 400 – Private Universities - 337 – Deemed to be Universities - 126 • Over 40,000 colleges and 12000 standalone institutions with annual enrolment in excess of 36.5 million students. • The Indian higher education system is one of the largest systems in the world next to China and USA. • Expansion, inclusion and excellence were the three objectives of higher education policy of Government of India.
- 4. Present Scenario ofHigher Education • India educates approximately 26.3 per cent in 2018-19 of its young people between the age group of 18-23 enrolled in higher education as compared to 72 percent in Brazil and 86 percent in US. • As you know that Tamil Nadu has third highest GER in India at 49% after Sikkim (53.9%) and Chandigarh (50.6%) (AISHE, 2018-19). • However, in terms of gross enrolment ratio (GER), India is still lags behind the worldwide average (27%) and emerging neighbor countries like South Korea (98%) and China (48%). • Most of the Indian colleges and universities lack in high-end research facilities. • Various new initiatives are being taken by state and central government to increase the gross enrolment ratio (GER) in higher education.
- 5. Present Scenario ofHigher Education • Despite the recent growth, no Indian university features among the first 300 according to the London Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2020 out of 1400 universities. But universities in East Asia have been included in the first hundred. Hong Kong has three, ranked at 35, 47 and 57; Singapore two ranked at 25 and 48 and South Korea two ranked at 64 and 89th position. • Due to this, the National Knowledge Commission, a high-level advisory body to the then Prime Minister, had projected a requirement of 1500 universities and 45000 colleges to achieve this target. • As you know that one of the key objectives of India’s National Education Policy-2019 draft is to increase the gross enrolment ratio (GER) in higher education to at least 50% by 2035.
- 6. Present Scenario ofHigher Education • At present, the world-class institutions are mainly limited to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and perhaps a few others such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. • A few of the best universities have some excellent departments and centres, but these universities and colleges are countable. These institutions have only one per cent enrolment of the student population.
- 7. Present Scenario ofHigher Education • At the current practices of teaching learning pedagogy, mostly the higher education institutions believe on constructivist approach of teaching learning process. • Student’s accesses knowledge and information through radio, television, cellular phones, computer, satellite systems, digital media, cable network, internet and social media i.e. YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Whatsapp, Linkedin, iGO, Telegram, WeChat, MySpace, and a host of other digital resources. • The various kinds of ICT products available and having relevance to education, such as teleconferencing, email, audio conferencing, television lessons, radio broadcasts, interactive radio counseling, audio cassettes and CD ROMs have been used in education for different purposes. • In present trend the students of higher education are getting information from many sources such as Internet, Social Media, Multimedia, Animations, Web applications etc.
- 8. Changes in TeachingLearning Process in Present Era • Teacher controls and directs all aspects of learning • Knowledge transmitter, primary source of information, content expert and source of all answers • Passive recipient of information • Learning as a solitary activity • Reproducing information and knowledge • Teacher gives students more options and responsibilities for their own learning • Learning facilitator, collaborator, coach, mentor, knowledge navigator and co- learner • Active participant in the learning process • Learning collaboratively with others • Producing and sharing knowledge, participating at times as expert Traditional Paradigm New Age Paradigm To
- 9. Changes in TeachingLearning Process in Present Era • Emphasis on analytical linear/ convergent thinking (left br) with logic as digital brain • Instruction focused paradigm • Content driven & teacher centred • Didactic/Informative models of teaching • Lecture, listening, reading, rote learning • Norm referenced evaluation • Strives on whole brain divergent thinking with arts, emotions and creativity • Learning focused paradigm • Process driven & learner centred • Constructivist models of teaching • Self directed, Creative, Collaborative learning • Criterion referenced evaluation To Traditional Paradigm New Age Paradigm
- 10. Shifting Role ofthe Teachers in Present Scenario • Teacher as a facilitator • The role model/ an inspirational ideal • Recognize himself as a professional • Teacher to find his own teaching style • Teacher as a participant in the learners efforts • Be sensitive to student's needs and problems • Democratic & creative environment Provider •Teaching and guiding students according to their educational requirements and abilities i.e. • What we know, What we want to know, What we have learned, How we know it. Teacher should promote and adapt himself in the changing scenario to take the responsibility for the betterment of the students and society.
- 11. New Dimensions inHigher Education The changes which can be considered for framing new dimensions are- • Knowledge expansion • Technology revolution • Skill development • Growth in the GER • Change in the value pattern • New theories and methods • Improving student outcomes • Change in methods of teaching • Global competition • Redressal of inequality and • Sustainable development. It can be said that the knowledge of ICT will help teachers to know integrated technology with classroom teaching.
- 12. Why do weNeed ICT? • The present age is called as "Era of Information Technology". • Please tell me ‘Which would you like free books or free Wi-Fi ?’ • The higher education system in India continues to suffer due to inadequate access to technology and inequity. • It can improve the quality of human life because it can be used as a Teaching and learning. • It gives wings to scholars, educators, and allied staff in different ways. • In education 87% of information enters our brain through eyes, 9% by ears and 4% through other senses. So, visual aids gain much attention of students more than verbal teaching. • The role of ICT in the education and society is becoming more and more important and this importance will continue to grow and develop in the 21st century.
- 13. Why do weNeed ICT? • Developing Life Skills (Problem-Solving, Decision Making, Critical Thinking, Creative Thinking, Communication Skills, Self-Awareness, Stress Management, Empathy, Interpersonal Relationship etc.) – competencies that help people function well in their environments. • Updating to self that saves lot of extra efforts • Helpful in finding, sharing, collecting, contributing information very fast • Acquired through “learn-by-doing” activities at any time anywhere. • We remember (Edger Dale’s Cone of Experience): - 10% of what we read - 20% of what we hear - 30% of what we see - 50% of what we see and hear - 70% of what we see, hear and discuss - 90% of what we see, hear, discuss and practice
- 14. Why do weNeed ICT? • ICT is not only an essential tool for teachers in their day to day work, but also offers them opportunities for their own professional development. • The face of classroom is changing. In conventional teaching most of the time is consumed for the input output and less time left for the process. But in teaching with ICT the input and output time is reduced and process time is increased. • When the process time is increased, time of students’ activities, discussion, correlation with other subjects, brainstorming and learning etc will increase. • Hence there is a dire need to consider the new dimensions for the higher education. • Due to this, The teachers should prepare to keep up with technology utility (Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 tools ) in the classroom.
- 15. Web 2.0 andWeb 3.0 Technology •Web 2.0 is a dynamic web •Wildly Read-Write •Two way communication •Sharing Content (Collaborative) •Web Applications •Interaction between web users and sites • Participative social web • Applications including wikis, blogs, social networking & content hosting services. • Most popular websites are Wikipedia, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Flickr etc. •Web 3.0 is a Semantic web •Read-Write and Executable •Live-streams / Waves •Consolidating Content •Smart Applications •Interaction between “Machine-to- user” • The Artificial/ intelligent Web • Web 3.0 application could be a content management system with artificial intelligence. • Example of Web 3.0 are Semantic digital libraries like Longwell, BRICKS etc.
- 16. Issues, Problems andChallenges in Higher Education • As we know that Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 tools are impacting teaching and learning in higher education system. • Programmes such as the Google Suite for education, Seesaw, Emodo, and Showbie may have different features, but they offer communication and collaboration affordances that not only support a paperless classroom, but also empower students to be responsible and independent learners. • Access, quality, research, infrastructure, equity etc. are some of the major challenges facing in present time. • As you know that about 62% of universities and 90% of colleges are average or below average on the basis of their NAAC accreditation. It is estimated that barely 20 percent of the institutions have the basic minimum laboratory equipments.
- 17. Issues, Problems andChallenges in Higher Education • Academics are now being challenged by the rapidly growing new information technologies of multimedia, internet, WWW and other virtual computer technologies, which demands changes in the styles, attitudes and skill towards information handling. • The rapid growth in the area, both in terms of enrolment and number of institutions has thrown up new challenges of maintaining quality of higher education. • In India, number of research/technology parks is in single digit and patents from Indian researchers are very little in comparison to China, Japan other western countries. • There is 40% and 33% shortage of faculty in state and central universities, respectively. • India’s relative citation impact is half the world average.
- 18. Major Challenges inHigher Education Challenges related to educational policy and technology plans- • Lack of steady electric power supply • Lack of appropriate software/materials • Lack of hardware and technical support • Challenges related to financing the cost of ICT use • Challenges related to time and crowded classrooms • Lack of basic knowledge/skills for technology integration • Unattractive classrooms and inadequately stocked laboratories
- 19. Major Challenges inHigher Education Challenges related to educational policy and technology plans- • Lack of appropriate course content and instructional programs • Unattractive compensation packages and working environment • Infrastructure-related challenges in technology-enhanced education • Lack of motivation of the teachers concerning the use of ICTs in their classes • Lack of knowledge about ways to integrate technologies to enhance curriculum • Outdated programmes with inflexible structures and content by most of the institutions • Challenges with respect to capacity-building in various competencies.
- 20. ICT and itsRole in the Teaching-Learning Practices in HE ICT-based teaching learning process helps in following manners- • It provides a wide variety of options for learning •ICT provides new ways of learning and interacting • Develops interest and curiosity among the stakeholders • Improves communication between students and teachers • Lighten teacher workloads and solve academic problems • Preparation of staff regarding innovative pedagogical methods • Collaboration and connection with classmates in/out the classroom • Reaching more students with Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) • Helpful in instant access to knowledge and improves knowledge retention • Online digital repositories for lectures, course materials and digital library
- 21. ICT and itsRole in the Teaching-Learning Practices in HE • Enhancing learning experiences and providing new sets of skills for research work • Making use of handheld computers, laptops, tablets, audio/ video players, projector devices etc. • Helpful in preparing virtual lesson plans, virtual library and virtual learning (e-learning) • Developing resources for enhancing education and making learning more effective and fun • Education software of ICT makes teaching- learning more interesting and goal oriented • Easy sharing of new practices among teaching community and result in widening the opportunities • Using technology in the classroom allows experimenting more in pedagogy and getting instant feedback.
- 22. Major Educational Practicesrelating to ICTs in Higher Education • My dear friends close your eyes and remember the two decades back classroom and prepare a list of the teaching learning material that was being used in classroom. • • A chalkboard? • Textbooks? • Radio/TV? • • A video/audio cassette player? • • A slide/filmstrip projector? • An overhead projector? • A computer? • Now, prepare a list of the technological tools you would expect to see if you walked into the today’s classroom. What would still be there? What would be new? • Yes of course, Technology is changing the way we live at a faster rate every day.
- 23. Major Educational Practicesrelating to ICTs in Higher Education • Today ICTs- including laptops wirelessly connected to the internet, personal digital assistants, low cost video cameras, and cell phones have become affordable, accessible and integrated in large sections of the society throughout the world. • With current technologies, teachers need the freedom to select and mix-and-match digital tools to meet student needs and instructional goals.
- 24. Major Educational Practicesrelating to ICTs in Higher Education There are following common educational practices relating to ICTs for quality enhancement in this modern era of science and technology. 1. E-Learning 2. Blended Learning 3. Interactive Whiteboard 4. Mobile Learning 5. Ubiquitous Learning 6. Flipped Classroom Learning 7. Online Collaborative Learning 8. EDUSAT Project The ICT has been used in various aspects of teaching learning process in higher education. Let us discuss about the mentioned common technologies that are very important at present digital era.
- 25. 1. E-Learning E-Learning: Technologyhas transformed our life in many ways including the teaching learning pattern. • With the increasing use of video conferencing systems, many higher institutions have adopted e-learning options in the curriculum. • Online learning has been made college education possible without having to be on campus or real classrooms. • Online discussion technology also helps learners respond to questions, participate, and offer peer feedback to support the sharing the new information. • Information can be shared over a network leading to creative engagement and knowledge sharing among group members. • The use of ICT in education is not only improves classroom teaching learning process, but also provides the facility of e- learning.
- 26. 1. E-Learning In otherwords, we can say that e-learning has the following advantages. • E-learning facilitates both linear and collaborative learning. • It is helpful in easy sharing of right content. • E-learning helps in developing joint working culture. • It is helpful in instant access to best quality work. • It is a transformation from traditional learning to a flexible learning. • E-learning provides the right information to the right people at the right time and places using the right medium. The idea of interactive e-learning beyond the classroom, remote learning may really take off due to developing technology.
- 27. 2. Blended Learning BlendedLearning: Introducing technology alone cannot change the teaching and learning process. Blended learning is the combination of multiple ways and content delivery mechanisms. • In blended learning, essentially, a student learns with a blend of self-paced online and classroom instruction. • Blended learning programmes often use e-textbooks to allow their students to have unlimited access to their learning material. They include classroom learning, online learning as well as one to one learning and their combination. • Cost benefits aside, students say that they enjoy the benefits of blending both online and in-classroom learning styles. • Blended learning is a student-centred learning approach in which students influence the content, activities, materials and pace of learning. • This learning model places the students at the centre of the learning process.
- 28. 2. Blended Learning Elementsof an Effective Blended Learning classroom - • A comprehensive learning management system • A well-defined course outline • Clear learning objectives • Consistent with adequate visuals and graphics • A well-trained Teacher • Good communication • Evaluation/ Follow up
- 29. 3. Interactive Whiteboard InteractiveWhiteboard: An interactive whiteboard is a classroom tool, also known as a smart board/electronic whiteboard. • The interactive whiteboard is a touch-screen LED display that is connected to a computer or other device. • It is an interactive display in the format of a whiteboard that reacts to user input either directly or through other devices. • It allows computer images to be displayed onto a board using a digital projector. • The instructor can manipulate the elements on the board by using his finger as a mouse, directly on the screen. • This eliminates the need for a mouse, wireless clicker, or laser pointer. • The benefits of using interactive whiteboards in the classroom affect both the students and teachers positively.
- 30. 3. Interactive Whiteboard Mainbenefits of interactive whiteboard in teaching-learning practices are given below- • Environment friendly and low maintenance device. • It is various types of media that support the transition from concrete learning. • Students can learn by seeing, hearing, and interacting with the board through touch.
- 31. 3. Interactive Whiteboard •It can be used in the classroom by teachers to improve the presentation of content. • Using OCR software to translate cursive writing on a graphics tablet into text. • It is easy to use charts, graphs and polls, including virtual versions of tools. • It allows teachers to teach in different styles to their students. • Capturing and saving notes written on a whiteboard to the connected PC. • It helps teachers to build lessons and support collaborative learning in the classroom. • Using an audience response system so that presenters can poll a classroom audience or conduct quizzes, capturing feedback onto the whiteboard.
- 32. 4. Mobile PhoneLearning/ M-Learning Mobile Phone Learning/ M-Learning: The new smart phones can be used as tools for learning just like laptops, Tablets, notebooks and iPads that are already being allowed/ used in the classrooms. Cell phones are different from a computer lab filled with systems because the cell phone is personal technology. Smart phones are also being used to access computer files from remote locations. With the increased use of smart phones, educational institutions can easily approach students to make them aware about the courses. Tasks like administration, sharing class notes, downloading lectures, instant messaging etc. have been made easy by a simple smart phone.
- 33. 4. Mobile PhoneLearning/ M-Learning There are some reasons/strategies to use mobile Gadgets/Cell- phones in the classrooms. • Live digital polling/quizzing tools. • Chat and online discussion forums. • Students can do Google searches on any time. • For sharing internet information in group projects. • Teachers and students can answer questions via phones. • To access maps and locating driving routes for field trips. • A learner can download educational applications to their phones. • For using photo and video capabilities on college projects/events. • Students’ progress feedback can be collected through the phones. • Cell phone supports the flipped learning and blended learning concepts. There are several more ways by which both students and lecturers can creatively use mobile technology in the classroom.
- 34. 5. Ubiquitous Learning/U-Learning 5. Ubiquitous Learning /U-Learning: Ubiquitous learning/ U-learning is a new learning paradigm. It is a combination of e-learning and m-learning. It is said to be an expansion of previous learning paradigms as we move from conventional learning to electronic learning (e-learning) and from e-learning to mobile learning (m-learning) now we are shifting to u-learning. In e-learning, learning is confined to single desk while in u-learning, it is very much flexible. In the u-learning mode/ system, is based on the educational activities, location and time of interactions. There are three types of learning modes- • Synchronous, • Asynchronous and • Hybrid mode.
- 35. 5. Ubiquitous Learning/U-Learning U-learning is a learning paradigm which takes place in a ubiquitous computing environment that enables learning the right thing at right place and time in the right way. • U-learning is 24X7 type learning. • U-learning = e-learning + m-learning. • It enables people to study regardless of time and space in a learning environment. • U-learning is helpful for efficient communication between teachers and students. • U-learning provides seamless transmission of data everywhere, any time in a required manner.
- 36. 6. Flipped ClassroomLearning Flipped Classroom Learning: It is an instructional strategy and type of blended learning that reverses the traditional learning environment by delivering instructional content, often online, outside of the classroom. • Flipping helps students of all abilities to excel. It reverses the traditional learning dynamics completely. • Blended learning brings together elements of both traditional and flipped classrooms. • Flipped classroom is one of the most innovative methods of teaching that has evolved in the recent times.
- 37. 6. Flipped ClassroomLearning There are 6 steps to flipped classroom learning. 1. Selection of the technology tool to be used 2. Decide the video service through this sent to students 3. Prepare videos for students. 4. Making students accountable for watching video. 5. Keep it up. 6. Enjoy the glow of stress free teaching.
- 38. 6. Flipped ClassroomLearning Advantages of flipped learning • Flipped learning is adaptive, flexible and effective. • It is also cost effective. • It offers more transparency for parents. • It allows to student for self pacing learning with own personal abilities and appetite. • It helps in exploring subjects in a deeper manner. • Once a lecture is done, it can be reused as many times as the teacher wants.
- 39. 7. Online CollaborativeLearning Online Collaborative Learning: Collaborative learning is one of the teaching approach where students work in groups so as to understand concept, create a product or solve a problem. It is an e-learning approach where students are able to socially interact with other students, as well as teachers. Online collaborative learning (OCL) theory is a form of constructivist teaching that takes the form of instructor-led group learning online. In OCL, learners are encouraged to collaboratively solve problems through discourse instead of memorizing correct answers. Collaborative learning activities can include collaborative writing, study teams, joint problem solving, group projects, debates and other group activities. Two heads are better than one
- 40. Online Collaborative Learning OnlineCollaborative Learning involves interaction between learners and faculty members through the web; this interaction can occur in one of the following modes: • Synchronous interaction • Asynchronous interaction Synchronous, means ‘at the same time’, it involves interacting with a faculty member and other learners via the web in real time using technologies such as virtual classrooms and / or chat rooms. On the other hand, Asynchronous means ‘not at the same time’; it enables learners to interact with their colleagues and faculty member at their own convenience, such as interacting through email.
- 41. Online Collaborative Learning Thereare following advantages of collaborative teaching and learning strategy for stakeholders. • Online collaborative learning enhances problem solving skills. • It inspires critical thinking. • It develops oral communication skills. • It is assumed that knowledge is socially constructed. • It improves social interactions and interpersonal relationships. • Collaborative learning encourages cooperation and increases self- esteem. • It makes easier for learners who aren’t in the same location to work together. • It encourages developing laissez-faire approach for higher level knowledge content. • It is applied to develop higher order thinking in students of colleges and universities.
- 42. 8. EDUSAT Project EDUSATProject: GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, is a communication satellite which was launched on 20 September 2004 by the ISRO. EDUSAT is the first Indian communication satellite built exclusively to serve the educational domain. The EDUSAT have helped to the distance education for reach the remote area also. Satellites can establish the connectivity between urban educational institutions with adequate infrastructure quality education. EDUSAT is specially configured for an audio visual medium employing a digital interaction classroom. Educational institutions like IGNOU, NCERT, UGC and IITs are among the many that benefit from the EDUSAT facility. The EDUSAT based training also follows more or less e-learning method and provides direct interaction with the teacher/instructor when the lecture is delivered using EDUSAT satellite communication.
- 43. 8. EDUSAT Project Thisis related to distance education, which is essentially asynchronous learning, where teaching and learning takes place at different time. Of course, there is also scope for occasional face to face interaction as a form of synchronous. Currently, the use of online education, virtual experiences, multimedia and blended approach of learning process has established a connectedness in the world with the learners.
- 44. Conclusion Educational systems aroundthe world are under increasing pressure to use the new technologies to teach students the knowledge and skills they need in the twenty first century. The use of ICT will not only enhance learning environment but also prepare generation for future lives and careers. At present, there is a great need to change our attitude for developing technology and knowledge based higher education system. Online resources that can be accessed from anywhere at any time from multiple devices are essential for supporting innovations in the teaching learning practices. Now, online education is slowly and surely becoming popular with interest from working professionals to learn new things and technology. A few numbers of organizations like Byju, Unacademy, Khan Academy are emerging to target online education. The idea of interactive learning beyond the classroom, remote learning may really take off due to developing science and technology. With the advent of 4G and 5G networks in India, the online classroom will become a high definition reality. Therefore, educators in the field of e-learning should share how new technologies can be applied in and out of the classroom, and how contemporary pedagogical practices should be deployed. It’s a great time for educational institutions to start working with technologies to make meaningful progress in this 21st century.
- 45. Selected References • Baker,J.D. (2003). Instructor immediacy increases student enjoyment, perception of learning. Online Classroom, 1-2. Retrieved October 21, 2014, fromhttp://vnweb.hwwilsonweb. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_India • Newby, T., Stepich, D., Lehman, J., and Russel, J. (2000). Instructional technology for teaching and learning. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, Merrill/Prentice Hall. • Sandholtz, J., Ringstaff, C. and Dwyer, D. (1997). Teaching with Technology. New York: Teachers College Press. • Singh, J.D. (2011). Higher Education in India- Issues, Challenges and Suggestion. In Higher Education (Pp.93-103). Germany: LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Singh, J.D. (2012). Education in Creating India a Knowledge Based Society. SRJIS. 1(1), Pp. 18-25.
- 46. Selected References • Singh,J.D. (2013). Research Excellence in Higher Education: Major Challenges and Possible Enablers. University News, 51(32). Pp.19-25. •Singh, J.D. (2014). ICT Enabled Teacher Education in Context of New Millennium. SRJIS. II/XIV, Pp. 2019-26. • Singh, J.D. (2015). Higher Education for the 21st Century. University News. 53(26), Pp. 18-23. • Singh, J.D. (2017). Excellence in Higher Education. Productivity, 58(3), Pp.280-285. • Teaching with Technology, 2006, http://cte.uwaterloo.ca/teaching_with_technology/ • Richardson, W. (2006). Blogs, wikis, podcasts, and other powerful web tools for classroom. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. --------------------