IDENTIFYING AND STATING THE PROBLEM 2.pptx

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IDENTIFYING
AND STATING
THE PROBLEM

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THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
(According to Calderon and Gonzales)
 A problem is “any significant, perplexing,
and challenging situation, real or artificial,
the solution of which requires reflexive
thinking”. In research, it is known as the
Research Topic.

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THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
(According to Calderon and Gonzales)
 An intellectual stimulus calling for an
answer in the form of scientific inquiry.
 Scientific inquiry – is a form of problem-
solving and questioning that helps
people come to a greater understanding
of observable phenomena.

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 Before starting a journey of finding
the unknown, you need to know first
what it is that you want to find out,
where and how you are going to find
the answers to your questions, and
what specific qualities are you
looking for

z SOURCES OF RESEACH
TOPICS OR PROBLEMS
1. Prevailing theories or philosophy
2. Observations, intuitions or combinations of both
3. Different subjects taken and from them identify a
problem that interests a student-researcher most.
4. Fields of interest or specialization or event from
related fields.

TOPICS OR PROBLEMS
5. Existing problems in the
classroom/school/campus/university which one may
want to solve are good sources or research problems
6. Existing needs of the community or society
7. Repetition or extension of investigations already
conducted or maybe a branch of studies underway
(Angeles, 1966, p.86)

TOPICS OR PROBLEMS
8. Related studies and literatures
9. Advice of authorities or experts from funding
agencies
10. Offshoots of friendly conversations
11. Incidental from interesting topics of professors
during the course meeting/session.

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SOURCES OF RESEARCH
TOPICS
 Mass media communication - press (newspapers, ads,
TV, radio, films, etc.)
 Books, Internet, Peer-reviewed journals, government
publications.
 General periodicals such as Readers' Digest,
Panorama Magazine, etc.
 Previous reading assignments in your other subjects.
 Work experience - clues to a researchable topic from
full-time or part-time jobs, OJT experience, fieldwork,
etc.

z CRITERIA IN CHOOSING
A RESEARCH PROBLEM
 It should be something new or different from what
has already been written about.
 It must be original
 It should be significant to the field of study or
discipline
 It must necessarily arouse intellectual curiosity
 It should be of researcher’s interest and
researcher must be with the topic

A RESEARCH PROBLEM
 It should be a modest one for a beginner to be
carried on within a limited period of time
 It should be clear, not ambiguous
 It should be specific, not general
 It should consider the availability of data involved
in the study and the methods and techniques to
be employed in gathering them.

A RESEARCH PROBLEM
 It should consider the availability of effective instruments
for gathering the data and their treatment ( interviews,
questionnaires, online surveys, and checklists.)
 It should consider the financial capacity of the
researcher to support the project
 It should consider the time factor involved in the
undertaking.
 It should consider the training and personal
qualifications of the researcher

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 The researcher has to settle first the problem
of selecting the problem to research on. The
following may be considered as basis for
selecting the problem: Technical and Personal.
Technical Personal
• Significant to chosen field/advancement
of science or specialization
• Originality
• Arouse intellectual curiosity
• Relevance to degree
• Availability of data
• Availability of instruments
• Interest
• Training
• Expertise
• Financial capacity
• Time factor
involved in the
project

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RESEARCH TOPIC TO BE
AVOIDED
 Controversial topics - causing disagreement or
discussion. These are topics that depend greatly on the
writer's opinion, which may tend to be biased or
prejudicial. Facts cannot support topics like this. For
example Abortion, Political scandals.
 Highly technical subjects – For a beginner, researching
on topics that require an advanced study, technical
knowledge, and vast experience is a very difficult task.
Ex: Artificial Intelligence; Problems with computer crime

z RESEARCH TOPIC TO BE
AVOIDED
 Hard-to-investigate subjects - A subject is hard to
investigate if there are no available reading materials
about it and if such materials are not up-to-date.
 Too broad subjects - A topic is too broad to be
manageable when a review of the literature reveals
too many different, and oftentimes conflicting or only
remotely related, ideas about how to investigate the
research problem. EX: “Healthcare in the Philippines”

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RESEARCH TOPIC TO BE
AVOIDED
 Too narrow subjects - A topic that is too narrow usually has
many concepts, or focuses on a specific geographic area or
group. This type of search will find few, if any, results. Ex:
burnout of neonatal nurses aged 30-40 in Chicago.
 Vague subjects - Choosing topics like these will prevent you
from having a clear focus on your paper. For instance, titles
beginning with indefinite adjectives such as several, many, some,
etc., as in "Some Remarkable Traits of a Filipino" or "Several
People's Comments on PH Law," are vague enough to decrease
the readers' interests and curiosity.

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GUIDELINES IN THE
FORMULATION OF A RESEACH
TITLE
1. Title must contain the following elements:
a) The subject matter or research problem
(WHAT?)
b) The setting of the study (WHERE?)
c) The respondents or participants involved in the
study (WHO?); and
d) The time or period of the study during which the
data are to be collected. (WHEN?)

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GUIDELINES IN THE
TITLE
2. The title must be broad enough to include all aspects of
the study but should be brief and concise as possible
3. The use of terms as “Analysis of”, “A Study of”, “An
Investigation of” and the like should be avoided all
these are understood to have been done in research.
4. If the title contains more than one line, it should be
written in inverted pyramid

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GUIDELINES IN THE
TITLE
5. When typed or encoded in the title page, all words in
the title should be in capital letters
6. If possible, the title should not be longer than 15 words
7. Avoid a long, detailed title that gives too much
information
8. To shorten the title, delete the terms “assessment” or
“evaluation” if these are already emphasized in the
text.

z CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD TITLE
1. A title should give readers information about
the contents of the research and is preferable
to one that is vague or general
2. Title do not need to be stuffy or dull but they
should generally give readers some idea at the
outset of what the research paper will contain.
3. Choose a title that is a phrase rather than a
complete sentence

z CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD TITLE
4. Select a straightforward title over other kinds
5. Use no punctuation at the end of a title
6. Do not underline the title of research or
enclose it in quotation marks, instead, use a
word processing program or printer that
permits italics. Use them in place of
underlining.

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SOME TITLE OF RESEARCHES
APPROVED IN VARIOUS
DISCIPLINES/PROGRAMS
 Higher Order Thinking Skills in Reading of
Freshmen in University of Northern Philippines,
Academic Year 2015-2016
 Pinay Single Mom: Paghanga o Pagkutya? A Multi-
Case Study on the Lives and Experiences of the
Solo Parents in Zamboanga City
 Awareness on Traffic Rules and Regulations of
Tricycle Operators and Drivers Association in Brgy.
Culiat, Quezon City, Calendar Year 2015

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SOME TITLE OF RESEARCHES
APPROVED IN VARIOUS
DISCIPLINES/PROGRAMS
 Health Practices of Bachelor of Secondary
Education Major in Music, Arts, Physical Education
and Health (MAPEH) at University of Rizal System
Pililla and Angono Academic Year 2015-2016
 Abakada O Aba! Kita…: A Multi-Case Study on
Child Labor in the Selected Towns of the Province
of Laguna

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A
RESEARCH TOPIC
Specific – why, who, what where when
Measurable – help the researchers stay on
track, reach its target date, and the objective of
the study
Attainable – realistic and attainable
Relevant – within the scope of specialization and
under the relevant priority areas of the field
Time-bound – grounding goals within the time
frame, giving them a target date

z SAMPLE COMBINATION
AND SAMPLE TITLES
 Catch Phrase: Topic + Subject
(what) (who)
Age Does Matter: A Phenomenological Study of Longevity among
Geriatrics in Lucena City
 Variable + Variable + Who
(independent) (dependent)
School Culture and Morale Development of College Students

AND SAMPLE TITLES
 Theory + Application/Test
(what) (how)
Testing the Limits of Structuration Theory in Accounting
Research
 Topic + Subtitle / Focus Title
(what) (specific)
Clay Therapy: An Alternative Approach to Emotional Reduction
Therapy

AND SAMPLE TITLES
 Broad and Specific Topic
Broad: Low Self-esteem
Specific: Low Self-Esteem in Adolescents: Root
Causes, Manifestations, and Intervention
Broad: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Specific: HIV: Causes, Prevention, Treatment and Care

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CHAPTER I:
THE PROBLEM
AND ITS
BACKGROUND

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Chapter I should contain a
discussion of each of the
following topics:
1. Background of the Study
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Hypothesis (ses)
4. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
5. Significance of the Study
6. Definition of Terms

z BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY
 This part of research includes information which
would focus attention on the importance and
validity of the problem.
 It is the general orientation to the problem area.
 This is the present state of knowledge regarding
the problem.

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BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
According to Bordo, et al.
1) Presentation of the Problem – describe the
existence of an unsatisfactory condition or a
problem that needs a solution.
2) Historical background of the problem – give
the historical background of the problem, if
applicable

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BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
According to Bordo, et al.
3) Geographical conditions of the study locale –
if applicable, describe the geographical
location of the study.
4) Rationale of the study – give the reason/s why
the study should be conducted

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 It includes information which would focus
attention on the importance and validity of the
problem.
 It is the general orientation to the problem area.
 A brief rationale to justify the problem must be
provided
 This is the present state of knowledge regarding
the problem.

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 Answer these questions:
What facets of the problems are known
and what needs further investigation?
What approaches have been used
previously in research of the problem?

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The Background includes:
1. Discussion of the problem in general and the
specific situations as observed and
experienced by the researcher
2. Concepts and ideas related to the problem
3. Discussion of the existing or present conditions
and what is aimed to be in the future or the gap
to be filled in by the researcher.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 Also called “purpose statement and research
questions” is a statement of the purpose of the
study and a series of questions that will help in
reaching the topic.

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 This is the basic difficulty, the issue, the area of
concern, the circumstances which exist, then how
they ought to be.
 The researcher should give the background which led
to this circumstances that exist.
 Briefly describe the condition or situation that exists in
which is perceived as something less than the ideal;
or what it should have be, and how you see it to be.

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 Answer the following questions:
What are the reasons for this circumstance?
Is it answerable or possible to be solved or
changed?
What are the specific problems that the study
aims to answer?

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 Has two elements:
1. The objective; and
2. Research questions

z OBJECTIVE OR PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
 The objective or purpose of the study is the first part
of the problem where the researcher states the
objective. This is a statement of a long term objective
expected to be achieved by the study.
 This is derived by the identification and crystallization
of the research problem and as reflected in the title.
 Example: “This research aimed to determine…. “
 “The main objective of this study is to…”

z RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR
INVESTIGATIVE PROBLEMS
 These are the specific questions which are to be answered
in the study. The answers to the research questions should
lead to the solution of the research problem.
 Is the objective or purpose of the study observable,
measurable or verifiable?
 Focus on a clear goal objective. State the precise goal.
The problem is limited enough in making a definite
conclusion possible.

1. The major statement or question may be followed by
minor statements or questions. The introductory
statement must be the purpose/aim or the objective of
the study.
 Example:
Specifically, the study aims to determine the causes
of low performance of selected programs in the board
examinations. Further, it seek to answer the following
problems:

2. If the goal is specifically to test a given hypothesis then
state so. In many cases, the objective will be a more
general statement than that of a hypothesis.
 Example:
The primary objective of this study is to test the
hypothesis that there is a relationship between workplace
condition and teaching performance of faculty members.

3. Investigative questions are the specific topical
questions that one must resolve to achieve research
objective or test the research hypothesis.

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Guidelines in Writing the
Statement of the Problem
(According to Calderon & Gonzales)
 The general statement of the problem (purpose
statement) and the specific research questions
should be formulated first before conducting the
research
 It is customary to state the specific research
questions in the interrogative form; hence,
specific questions are also called “sub-problems”.

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This research aims to develop an evaluation model of a web-
based tool used in test administration for Grade 11 and 12
students. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:
1. What are the commonly used web-based tools used in test
administration?
2. How are these web-based test tool evaluated?
3. How could evaluation model be assigned for web-based test
administration?
(Leanillo, 2016)

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This research aims to determine the level of wellness of
college students in a CICM school as a basis for a
validated wellness program for college students.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the participants in
terms of:
a. Sex;
b. Year level;
c. People who reared the participants; and
d. Number of people the participants is living with?
2. What wellness activities do the participants engage
in?
3. What are the level of wellness of SLC college
students along the following dimension:
a. Physical;
b. Emotional;
c. Social;
d. Intellectual;
e. Spiritual; and
f. Psychological?

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HYPOTHESIS
A research hypothesis is a statement of
expectation or prediction that will be
tested by research
EXAMPLE:
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE LEVEL OF
WELLNESS OF THE PARTICIPANTS ALONG THE DIFFERENT
DIMENSIONS OF WELLNESS.

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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
 This section is a description of what is included in the study
and what is not included. The population under study and the
locale of the study should be described.
 The locale of a study can be written by providing information
about the specific region or area where the research was
conducted. This includes details such as the country, city, or
specific location where the data collection or analysis took
place.

z SCOPE AND LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
 The scope describes the coverage of the study. It
specifies what is covered in terms of concept, number of
subjects or the population included in the study, as well as
the timeline when the study was conducted.
 Delimit by citing factors or variables that are not to be
included and the boundary in terms of time frame, number
of subjects, participants or respondents who are excluded.
Specify that which you will not deal within the study.

z SCOPE AND LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
 Example:
The main purpose of the study is to provide
information regarding —metro-sexuality and how being a
metrosexual affects the lifestyle of the student The study
considers the student's personal information such as their
name (optional) gender, age, and section. The researchers
limited the study to 80 male and female secondary
education students enrolled in the second semester of
school year 2015-2016 of Technological Institute of the
Philippines. Each of the respondents was given a
questionnaire to answer. The students selected came from

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SCOPE AND LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
 PARAMETERS OF THE RESEARCH:
1. WHAT – the topic of the investigation and the variables
included
2. WHERE – the venue or the setting of the research
3. WHEN – the time frame by which the study was
conducted
4. WHY – the general objectives of the research
5. WHO – the subject of the study, the population and
sampling
6. HOW – the methodology of the research which may

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This research specifically focuses on Developmental Psychology. The participants
in this study is limited to the students of Saint Louis College, specifically the first year,
fourth year and fifth year college students. The study is limited in terms of the
demographic profile of the participants such as sex, year level, people who reared the
participants, and number of people the participants is living with.
This study is limited to the physical, emotional, psychological, social, spiritual and
intellectual wellness of the participants. Wellness in terms of financial and environmental
aspects are also relevant in this study but were not included because they do not fit to the
profile of the participants and they are not included in the questionnaire that was used.
Moreover, the study depended on what the researchers have read about wellness.
The concepts and literatures used in this study were the only base for the results of this
research. Generalizability of the study is another limitation since this study focused on
some groups of people who were reared by a single parent, both parents, and both
parents but have experienced separation before the participant have reached 15 years of
age. Furthermore, the study focused on the wellness aspect of the participants. The other
factors that may have affected the participants while growing up were not considered in
this study.
EXAMPLE

z SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
 This is the list of the people or institutions
who will benefit from the study and how they
will benefit from the study.
 Example:
This section presents the reasons and
importance of the conduct of the study.
Likewise, the significance of this study to
groups of people and fields of science will also

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Tips in writing
Significance of the Study
 Refer to the statement of the
problem
 Write from generic to specific

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This section presents the reasons and importance of the conduct of the study.
Likewise, the significance of this study to groups of people and fields of science will also be
discussed.
This study will be beneficial to the field of Psychology because this study provides new
learnings and concepts through the use of data and information about wellness. Under the
field of Developmental Psychology, this is concerned with the development of people in
connection to their 140 wellness. This study can help to further understand the different
factors in the living conditions of every individual that may possibly affect their wellness. The
study is beneficial in order to assess one’s life and the contributing factors in order to identify
and solve present and potential problems, and to make necessary improvements for oneself.
This study will also be beneficial to the Saint Louis College administrators because
they can use the output of this study to help their students maintain a good level of wellness
and improve one’s wellness. They can use this study to know the different factors that might
affect the wellness of an individual and work productively to help the students and create a
good environment for them especially in school. This study can be used as a form of student
service which will benefit the students and this can help them improve their self in the
different dimension of wellness.
EXAMPLE

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Definition of terms in a research paper
refers to the clarification and explanation
of key concepts, terms, and terminology
used in the study. It helps readers
understand the specific meanings and
context of these terms within the research.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Definition of terms works just like a
glossary but have a different twist. It
is placed on the last part of Chapter 1
to tell the meaning of the terms used
throughout the said chapter.

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KINDS OF DEFINITION OF TERMS
CONCEPTUAL
DEFINITION
- Refers to a constitutive definition
- it is called as the academic or
universal meeting attributed to a
word.
OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION
- Refers to a functional definition
- It is done by stating the way on how
the concept or terms is used or
measured in the investigation.

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IN WRITING DEFINITION OF
TERMS IN YOUR STUDY:
Identify the words or terms that are important in
your research paper
Give the conceptual definition of the terms first,
followed by the operational definition
The terms should be arranged alphabetically

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ACTIVITY 1
1. This term refers to the outcome of education. The extent to which a
student or institution has achieved their educational goals. (Annie,
1996).
2. In this study, Facebook usage refers to the daily number of hours that
the Grade12 students spent in using Facebook.
3. This term encompasses both the simple use of the platform and the
extent of cognitive immersion into the site. Its use implies the presence
of individual users on the social website, time spent on this platform,
frequent visits, and the nature of the activities
performed (Limayem,2011).
4. In this study, academic performance refers to the Final average grade of
the Grade 12 students for school year 2018-2019.
5. Weight is the gravitational pull on an object’s mass (Bielmor, 2011)

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EXAMPLE
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined in terms of their operational
and conceptual definition to establish a frame of references for
both the researchers and the readers:
Academic Performance. This term refers to the outcome of
education. The extent to which a student or institution has achieved
their educational goals (Annie, 1996).
In this study, academic performance refers to the Final
average grade of the Grade12 students for school year 2018-2019.
Facebook Usage. This term encompasses both the
simple use of the platform and the extent of cognitive immersion
into the site. Its use implies the presence of individual users on the
social website, time spent on this platform, frequent visits, and the
nature of the activities performed (Limayem, 2011).
In this study, Facebook usage refers to the daily number of
hours that the Grade 12students spent in using Facebook.

IDENTIFYING AND STATING THE PROBLEM 2.pptx

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IDENTIFYING AND STATING THE PROBLEM 2.pptx