Identifying solutions for a water-stressed world
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The document discusses solutions for addressing global water scarcity. It identifies four key solutions: 1) 'smart' irrigation technologies like drip irrigation and precision surface irrigation, 2) wastewater reuse, 3) improved groundwater governance, and 4) helping agriculture mitigate and adapt to climate change through practices like Alternate Wetting and Drying. It notes that while drip irrigation can increase yields, other low-cost solutions may be more suitable depending on local context. Overall, it argues that a variety of decentralized, adaptable, and inexpensive 'smart water solutions' will be needed to manage increasing water variability under climate change.
Identifying solutions for a water-stressed world
- 1. Identifying solutions for a water-stressed world Alain Vidal ICID2015, Montpellier, October 2015
- 2. Challenges for today and tomorrow Source: OECD
- 4. Climate variability will impact on food production Source: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) • Crop yields drop by 2050 under BAU Maize 16% Rice 21% Wheat 42%
- 5. The water crisis : a global risk to business Source: Global Risks Perception Survey 2014. World Economic Forum, Global Risks 2015 - Insight Report
- 6. Identifying solutions for a water-stressed world 1. ‘Smart’ irrigation 2. Waste water reuse 3. Groundwater governance 4. Help agriculture become part of climate solutions Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI
- 7. Incentives to rapid expansion of drip irrigation… Yet suitability depends on context Photo: Hamish John Appelby / IWMI
- 8. Bring smart and affordable ICT to everyday farm management for smallholders • Mobile-phone and web- based agro-advisory system developed and tested in Sudan, Ethiopia and Egypt • Spatial data translated into simple SMSs - both qualitative and quantitative, and both on-demand and weekly “push”
- 9. Precision surface irrigation A viable alternative to drip irrigation Pakistan: Land and Water productivity increases, reduced diesel costs Photos: Arif Anwar / IWMI
- 10. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Diluted wastewater or polluted water Untreated wastewater Groundwater Treated wastewater River Other surface water bodies Rainfed Irrigation canal Open drainage Numberofcities In and around three of four cities in the developing world, farmers use polluted irrigation water for the production of high-value crops Global survey - irrigation source in urban & peri-urban areas
- 11. Photo: Pay Drechsel/IWMI Wastewater: a valuable asset
- 12. Growth of irrigation in India driven by groundwater 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 Irrigatedareain1000ha Canal irrigated area Tank irrigated area Groundwater irrigated area Canal Tanks Source: Mukherji et al. 2013.
- 13. India: Twin cases of ‘over-abstraction’ and ‘under-utilization’ Source: IWMI
- 14. Solar pumps – renewable, but sustainable? Getting the incentives right Infographic: Rachel Cramer / IWMI
- 15. Help agriculture become part of the climate solutions “Business as usual” (BAU) agriculture emissions would comprise ~50% of allowable emissions to achieve a 2°C world Gt CO2e per year 9 11 40 74 2010 2050 (Business as usual) 2050 (2°C target) Non-agricultural emissions Agricultural and agriculture-driven land-use change emissions ~50% 49 85 22
- 16. Alternate-Wetting-and-Drying (AWD) 30% water 20-50% GHG Without compromising yield • Keep flooded for 1st 15 days and at flowering • Irrigate when water drops to 15 cm below the surface 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 15.0 8.7 -42% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 tCO2-eq/ha*season 4.9 3.9 -20% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 -22%-28% 6.0 4.7 6.4 4.6 Hilly mid-slopes Delta low-lying Summer- Autumn Winter- Spring Sander et al. in press IRRI AWDConventional
- 17. EAST AFRICA Irrigation – unexplored opportunity Increase, stabilize, diversify production Climate resilience 60% increase in soil carbon* *temperate system Entry et al. 2002 Major policy initiative in African Nations Led by:
- 18. Smart water solutions Because of increased variability, a continuum of water management technical and institutional innovations are needed decentralized, adaptable, inexpensive applicable under scenarios of increasing or decreasing rainfall