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IGCSE PHYSICS: Electromagnetic Effects
The document discusses various topics relating to electromagnetic induction and effects. It explains that moving a wire through a magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the wire, and that increasing the wire's speed, magnetic field strength, or length increases the induced EMF. It also describes Fleming's left-hand rule for induced currents, and how reversing the wire or magnet's direction reverses the current and EMF. Coils and generators are discussed as ways of inducing currents. Transformers, electromagnets, magnetic relays, circuit breakers, and electric motors are also summarized.
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Introduction to electromagnetic effects in IGCSE physics.
Describes electromagnetic induction principles, factors affecting EMF and current in a wire.
Explains generators’ operation, factors increasing EMF and current generation.
Details on transformers including concepts of mutual induction, step-up and step-down transformers.
Describes the relationship between input/output voltage and current in transformers.
Discusses magnetic effects of current in wires, electromagnets, and methods to increase magnetic field strength.
Explains how magnetic relays work, and the function of circuit breakers in electrical circuits.
Describes the force on current through wires in a magnetic field and how motors operate using this principle.
Methods to increase turning effect in motors, including current, magnet strength, and coil properties.
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IGCSE PHYSICS: Electromagnetic Effects
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- 2. Electromagnetic Induction Amagnetic field can be used to produce current. When the wire is moved across the magnetic field a small EMF(voltage) is created. This is called electromagnetic induction. “EMF is induced” Induced EMF increased by: -Moving wire faster -Using stronger magnet -Increasing length of wire.
- 3. Induced Currents Fleming’s righthand rule: Difference between the left hand and the right hand rule: -When current causes motion the left hand rule applies The current and EMF direction can be reversed by: • moving the wire in the opposite direction • turning the magnet round so that the field direction reversed.
- 4. How is CurrentInduced in a Coil of Wire? When a magnet is moved towards (or inside) a coil of wire, a current is induced inside the wire. This can be shown by connecting the coil to a very sensitive ammeter called a galvanometer.
- 5. The size ofthe induced current can be made bigger by: 1. Using a stronger magnet. 2. Moving the magnet at a faster speed. 3. Using more turns of wire on the coil. These all result in the pointer on the galvanometer moving further to the right. The direction of the current can be reversed by: 1. Moving the magnet in the opposite direction. 2. Using a magnet facing the opposite way round (with North becoming South). These both result in the pointer on the galvanometer moving to the left. If the magnet stops moving, even though it may still be inside the coil of wire, no current is induced in the wire.
- 7. Generators The coilrotates Magnetic fields are cut EMF is generated Causes current to flow Coil rotates– upwards, downwards, upwards causing the current to flow backwards, forwards, backwards. Increasing EMF: - Increasing the number of turns on coil - Increasing area of coil - Use stronger magnet - Rotate coil faster
- 8. Coils and Transformers Moving magnet induces EMF Magnetic field SAME effect. Mutual induction: when coils are magnetically linked so that changing current in one coil causes an induced EMF in the other.
- 9. Simple Transformer - Alternatingcurrent flows through primary coil - This sets up an altering magnetic field in the core. - Coils of the secondary coil ‘cut’ the altering magnetic field thus inducing an alternating voltage in the output coil. Turns in output coil = Input voltage output voltage Turns on input coil
- 10. Step-up and Step-down transformers Step-up:this is when the number of output coils is greater than the number of input coils which means that there will be a greater output voltage as opposed to input voltage. Step-down: this is when the number of output coils is less than the number of input coils which means that there will be less output voltage as opposed to input voltage.
- 11. Power Through aTransformer = x Output current Output voltage Input voltage x Input current
- 12. Magnetic Effects ofCurrent When an electric current is passed through a wire an magnetic field is produced. The features of this magnetic field are: They are circles Field is strongest close to the wire Increasing current increases strength of field.
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- 14. Electromagnets These aretypes of magnets that can be switched on and off. Iron core Coils The strength of the magnetic field can be increased by: - Increasing the current. - Increasing the number of turns in the coil
- 15. Magnetic Relay Whenelectricity is passed through the coil end wires, it induced a magnetic field in the iron ROD. This attracts the iron STRIP causing both metal contacts to touch. Metal contacts.
- 16. Circuit Breaker Circuit breaker-it is an automatic switch cutting off the current within a circuit if it rises above a specified value. - In the case on the left, the pull of the electromagnet has become so strong that it has attracted the soft iron armature. This causes the contacts to open and stop the current. - If u press the reset button, the contacts close once again.
- 17. Magnetic force onthe current Copper is a non-magnet feels no force of the magnet But.. If it has a current passing through it, there will obviously be a force on the wire. The wire moves ACROSS the field. It is not attracted to it. Force is increased if: -Current is increased -Stronger magnet is used -Length of wire in field is increased.
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- 19. A motoris made up from a coil of wire which is positioned between the two poles of the magnet. When the current flows through the coil, it creates a magnetic field. This magnetic field that is produced interacts with the magnetic field produced by the 2 permanent magnets. The combination of these two magnetic fields exert a force, pushing the wire at right angles An electric motor transfers electrical energy to kinetic energy. Improve turning
- 20. Increasing Turning Effect Increase the current Use a stronger magnet Increase the number of turns on the coil Increase the area of the coil. Reversing the rotation can be done by: • reversing the battery • reversing poles