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IIOT BASIC CONCEPTS FOR DIPLOMA FINAL YEAR STUDENTS.pptx
- 1. Bluetooth is a wireless communication standard that is designed for short-range communication (up to around 30 meters) and low power consumption. It is widely supported by many types of devices, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, and IoT devices.
- 2. In terms of its operation, Bluetooth uses a star topology, in which a central device (such as a smartphone or a gateway) communicates with multiple peripheral devices (such as sensors or actuators). The central device establishes a connection with each peripheral device and exchanges data with them.
- 3. Bluetooth also supports connectionless communication, in which devices can send and receive data without establishing a direct connection. Bluetooth 5.0 is the latest version of the Bluetooth standard, and it is designed for high-speed, low-power, and low-latency communication. It supports data rates up to 2 Mbps, making it well-suited for transferring data at a rate of around 10 Mbps.
- 4. Bluetooth 5.0 is a reliable and efficient connective technology that is well-suited for short-range communication with a data rate of around 10 Mbps and good quality of service.
- 5. Zigbee is a wireless communication protocol used for building automation and smart home systems. Zigbee operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band and is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs). Zigbee supports several different network topologies, including star, tree, and mesh.
- 6. Star topology is typically used for simple networks with a single coordinator, while tree topology is used for larger networks with multiple coordinators. Mesh topology is used for networks with many devices and allows for self-healing and self-organizing capabilities.
- 7. Zigbee is commonly used in building automation and smart home systems for the control of lights, bulbs, and sockets, as well as other devices such as thermostats, security systems, and home entertainment systems. In energy management, Zigbee- enabled devices can monitor energy consumption, turn appliances on and off to reduce consumption, and communicate with utilities to respond to demand response signals.
- 8. In industrial automation, Zigbee can be used for machine-to- machine (M2M) communication and monitoring of industrial equipment. In healthcare, Zigbee can be used for wireless medical devices such as glucose monitors and patient monitoring systems. In retail, Zigbee can be used for in-store tracking and inventory management. In agriculture, Zigbee can be used for monitoring soil moisture, temperature, and other environmental factors.
- 9. Range Bluetooth has a shorter range than ZigBee, typically up to 30 meters (100 feet) in open space. ZigBee, on the other hand, has a longer range, up to 100 meters (300 feet) in open space.
- 10. Device support Bluetooth allows up to eight devices to be connected to a single master device, ZigBee supports up to 65,000 nodes (devices) in a single network.
- 11. Data rate Bluetooth has a higher data rate than ZigBee, typically up to 2.1 Mbps. ZigBee has a lower data rate, typically up to 250 Kbps.
- 12. Power consumption Bluetooth requires more power than ZigBee ZigBee, on the other hand, is designed for low-power consumption, making it suitable for use in devices that require long battery life..
- 13. Cost Bluetooth is typically free to use, as it is an open standard. ZigBee, on the other hand, charges a fee for every connected device, as it is a proprietary standard.
- 15. BLE is a wireless communication standard that is designed for low power consumption and short-range communication (up to around 30 meters). It is often used for IoT applications that require long battery life and a low-power, low-bandwidth connection. BLE operates on the same frequency as classic Bluetooth (2.4 GHz), but it uses a different protocol that is optimized for low power consumption.
- 16. BLE devices can operate for months or even years on a single coin cell battery, making it an ideal choice for applications where frequent charging is not possible. In terms of operation, BLE uses a star topology, in which a central device (such as a smartphone or a gateway) communicates with multiple peripheral devices (such as sensors or actuators). The central device establishes a connection with each peripheral device and exchanges data with them.
- 17. BLE also supports connectionless communication, in which devices can send and receive data without establishing a direct connection. BLE is widely supported by many types of devices, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, and dedicated IoT devices. It is a relatively simple and inexpensive technology to implement, making it a good choice for many IoT applications.
- 18. RFID is a wireless technology that uses radio waves to transmit data between a reader and a tag. The tag contains a microchip and an antenna, which are used to store and transmit data. The reader, also known as an RFID interrogator, uses an antenna to transmit a radio frequency (RF) signal that activates the tag. The tag then responds by transmitting its data back to the reader, which can then be used to identify and track the tag.
- 19. The working principle of RFID is based on the interaction between the reader and the tag. When the reader transmits an RF signal, it activates the tag, which then responds by transmitting its data back to the reader. This data can be used to identify and track the tag, as well as to store and retrieve other information, such as the location or condition of the object to which the tag is attached.
- 20. Near-field communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless connectivity technology. Near-field communication transmits data through electromagnetic radio fields to enable two devices to communicate with each other. Such devices include mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and wearables. Range coverage is max 20 cm. Frequency of operation is 13.56 MHz.
- 21. NFC technology works by combining four key elements: ◦ an NFC microchip within a device, which acts as an antenna and receiver; ◦ a reader/writer that scans and allows NFC devices to access data; ◦ an NFC software application on the device that can use data received by the NFC chip; ◦ an information or communications service provider (ISP) that manages all device communications that occur through the ISP. NFC began in the payment-card industry and is evolving to include applications in numerous industries worldwide.
- 22. NFC device can work in three modes: ◦ NFC card emulation Enables NFC-enabled devices such as smartphones to act like smart cards, allowing users to perform transactions such as payment or ticketing. ◦ NFC reader/writer Enables NFC-enabled devices to read information stored on inexpensive NFC tags embedded in labels or smart posters. ◦ NFC peer-to-peer Enables two NFC-enabled devices to communicate with each other to exchange information
- 23. Data rate Wi-fi offers data transfer rates from a few Mbps to Gbps depending on the type of Wi-fi standard used. Security ◦ Wi-Fi includes a number of security features, such as encryption and authentication, that can help to protect against unauthorized access and data breaches Coverage area ◦ Wi-Fi has a longer range than Bluetooth, which makes it well-suited for covering a large area, such as a campus.
- 24. Scalability ◦ Wi-fi supports a large number of devices and users making it suitable for applications with a high degree of scalability. Cost ◦ Wi-fi is generally less expensive to implement than other wireless technologies, such as cellular and etc.
- 25. Different types of wi-fi IEEE standard Frequency Max data rate Range 802.11a 5 GHz 54 Mbps 400 ft 802.11b 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps 450 ft 802.11g 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps 450 ft 802.11n 2.4 / 5 GHz 600 Mbps 825 ft 802.11ac 5 GHz 1 Gbps 1000 ft
- 26. Internet protocol (IP) is a set of rules that dictates how data is sent to the internet. IoT protocols ensure that information from one device (sensor) is read and understood by another device, (a gateway, a service). The IoT devices are connected to the Internet via an IP (Internet Protocol) network.
- 27. HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol MQTT – Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol. AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol. CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol
- 28. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. This is the foundation for data communication for the World Wide Web (i.e. internet) since 1990. HTTP is a TCP/IP based communication protocol, that is used to deliver data on the World Wide Web.
- 29. HTTP is stateless: ◦ HTTP is a stateless protocol, which means that it does not maintain any information about previous requests. Connectionless protocol: ◦ HTTP is a protocol that does not require a connection. Media independence: ◦ The HTTP protocol is media independent in the sense that data can be transferred as long as both the client and the server understand how to handle the data content.
- 30. Unidirectional ◦ The HTTP is unidirectional, made for one system (client) to be sending one message to another one (server). Limited security feature: ◦ HTTP has limited security features, making it vulnerable to man-in-the- middle attacks and other types of cyber threats. It is not recommended for use cases that require high-security, sensitive information exchange. Not meant for Streaming ◦ HTTP is not meant for streaming data, it is built for small chunks of data exchange and not for continuous streaming.
- 31. Power consumption: ◦ HTTP relies on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which requires a lot of computing resources, so it is not suitable for battery-powered applications. Latency: ◦ HTTP can be latency-prone due to the nature of its request-response model, where a request must be sent before a response can be received. This can make it less suitable for use cases that require low latency and real-time communication. Not meant for IoT: ◦ As HTTP is not designed for low-power devices and networks, it is not a suitable protocol for IoT applications.
- 32. MQTT is used in Machine to machine communication(M2M). It was first developed by IBM.(Now Oasis is Developing MQTT) MQTT protocol is a messaging protocol. MQTT protocol collects the data from the devices and forwards to the network. So the connection between the devices and network can be established by this protocol. MQTT is a lightweight, publish-subscribe messaging protocol that is designed to be used in Internet of Things (IoT) applications where bandwidth and resources are limited.
- 33. It does not require that both the client and the server establish a connection at the same time. It provides faster data transmission, like how WhatsApp/messenger provides a faster delivery. It's a real-time messaging protocol. MQTT supports queuing, which means that it can store data in a queue if the network is unavailable or the broker is not reachable. This ensures that data is not lost and can be transmitted as soon as the network becomes available again. It is commonly used in applications where devices need to send and receive data over a network, such as in remote monitoring systems.
- 34. The working principle of the MQTT protocol is based on the publish- subscribe model.
- 35. In this model, devices that want to send data (publishers) sends it to a central server (broker), which then forwards the data to any devices that are subscribed to receive it (subscribers). This allows devices to communicate with each other without the need for a direct connection. APPLICATIONS ◦ Fire detection from remote monitoring. ◦ car sensors. ◦ Smart street lighting in a smart city ◦ 3D printing process in an industry.
- 36. Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open source published standard for asynchronous messaging by wire. Advanced message queuing is a suitable protocol for the message-oriented middleware environments. It was developed by John Hara from JP Morgan Chase, London in 2003.(Initially for banking environments) The protocol is used in client/server messaging and in IoT device management.
- 37. Guaranteed delivery AMQP ensures that messages are delivered reliably, even if the recipient is offline or unavailable. If a recipient is unable to receive a message, the message is stored in a queue until it can be delivered. Acknowledgment ◦ AMQP allows recipients to acknowledge the receipt of a message, which helps to ensure that the sender knows that the message has been received.
- 38. Routing ◦ AMQP allows messages to be routed to specific recipients based on predefined rules, which can help to improve the efficiency of message delivery. Security ◦ AMQP supports the use of encryption and authentication to secure messages and ensure that they are only delivered to the intended recipients. Interoperability ◦ AMQP is designed to be interoperable with other messaging protocols, allowing it to be used in a variety of different systems and environments.
- 39. The publisher can communicate with subscriber through AMQP carrier. The messages from the publisher can be store in the carrier of AMQP and as per the message queue and order; they will be forwarded to the relevant subscriber with proper security system.
- 40. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained nodes and constrained networks in the Internet of Things. It is generally used for machine-to-machine (M2M) applications such as smart energy and building automation. The protocol was designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). CoAP is the alternate protocol for the HTTP. CoAP is basically a client-server IoT protocol where the client makes a request and the server sends back a response as it happens in HTTP.
- 41. Lightweight ◦ CoAP is designed to be lightweight and efficient, making it suitable for use with constrained devices that have limited processing and memory resources. Request/response model ◦ CoAP uses a request/response model similar to HTTP, which allows devices to communicate with each other by sending and receiving messages. Asynchronous communication ◦ CoAP supports asynchronous communication, which means that devices can send and receive messages at any time, rather than having to wait for a response before sending the next message.
- 42. Secure communication ◦ CoAP supports secure communication through the use of encryption and authentication mechanisms. Interoperability ◦ CoAP is designed to be interoperable with other protocols, such as HTTP, which allows it to be easily integrated with other systems and devices.
- 43. Low-power WAN (LPWAN) is a wireless wide area network technology that interconnects low-bandwidth, battery-powered devices with low bit rates over long ranges. It suits all IoT applications where small amounts of data are transmitted frequently. Using LPWAN technologies, the IoT devices can also get connected to the Internet directly which eliminates the need for IoT gateways. It is a perfect IoT connectivity solution for mobile IoT devices.
- 44. Long range: The operating range of LPWAN technology varies from 1-5 kilometers in urban areas to over 10-40 km in rural settings. It can also enable effective data communication in indoor and underground locations. Low power: Optimized for power consumption, LPWAN transceivers can run on small, inexpensive batteries for up to 20 years. Low cost: LPWAN's simplified, lightweight protocols reduce complexity in hardware design and lower device costs.
- 45. Frequency bands: LPWAN operates in both unlicensed frequency bands and licensed frequency bands. Security: LPWAN uses advanced encryption and authentication techniques to secure communications and prevent unauthorized access to the network. Scalability: LPWAN supports a massive number of simultaneously connected devices(1,00,000) with the low data rate.
- 47. LoRaWAN is a low-power, long-range wireless networking technology that is designed for use in the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to- machine (M2M) applications. It can be used to transmit data over long distances, even in areas where there is no internet connectivity.
- 48. Long range: LoraWAN can transmit data over distances of up to several kilometres, depending on the environment and antenna used.(typically up to 15 km (9.3 miles) in urban environments and up to 40 km (25 miles) in rural environments) Low power: LoRaWAN is designed to be energy-efficient, allowing devices to operate for long periods of time on a single battery.
- 49. Low cost: LoRaWAN uses an unlicensed spectrum, which makes it relatively inexpensive to implement. Robustness: LoRaWAN is designed to be resistant to interference and can operate in challenging environments. Security: LoRaWAN uses advanced encryption and authentication techniques to secure communications and prevent unauthorized access to the network.
- 50. Frequency bands: LoRaWAN operates in unlicensed frequency bands, which means that it can be used without the need for a license. Network architecture: LoRaWAN uses a star-of-stars network architecture, in which devices communicate with "gateways" that are connected to the network infrastructure. This allows LoRaWAN to support a large number of devices while minimizing the infrastructure required.
- 52. One example of an application where LoRaWAN can be used to transmit data without the internet is in remote monitoring systems. For example, sensors could be installed in remote locations to monitor environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and air quality. These sensors could transmit data to a central station using LoRaWAN, allowing the data to be monitored and analyzed in real time, even in areas where there is no internet connectivity.
- 53. Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture. The OPC Foundation developed the OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) as a machine-to-machine communication protocol that can be used to connect different types of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to a human-machine interface (HMI). OPC UA is a common architecture that can be used with Allen Bradley, Delta, Siemens, and other types of PLCs, eliminating the need for individual drivers for each type of PLC.
- 54. OPC UA uses a standard data model and communication protocol to enable interoperability between different devices and systems. It can be used to exchange data and control commands between PLCs, HMIs, and other devices, regardless of the manufacturer or protocol used by the devices.
- 55. This allows different types of PLCs to be connected to a single HMI without the need for individual drivers. OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) is a machine-to- machine communication protocol that is used to exchange data and control commands between devices and systems in industrial and other applications.
- 56. Interoperability OPC UA is designed to be a common architecture that can be used with a wide range of devices and systems, regardless of the manufacturer or protocol used. This enables interoperability between different devices and systems, allowing them to communicate and exchange data more seamlessly. Scalability OPC UA is designed to handle large numbers of connected devices and can scale to meet the needs of different applications.
- 57. Security OPC UA includes built-in security features, such as encryption and authentication, to protect against unauthorized access and data tampering. Robustness OPC UA is designed to be reliable and resilient, with features such as error handling and retry mechanisms to ensure that data is delivered reliably.
- 58. Extensibility OPC UA includes a flexible data model that can be extended to support new types of data and devices. Question 6: In order to connect Allen broadly PLC, delta PLC, and siemens PLC to HMI, each should have its own drivers. Instead of using individual drivers, which machine- to-machine communication protocol developed by the OPC foundation is a common architecture for all the PLCs, and can be used to resolve this problem.
- 59. Question 11: The industry wants to set up WLAN for connecting devices and computers to transfer a large amount of data. Which protocol is suitable and explain the protocol model. One protocol that would be suitable for setting up a WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) to transfer large amounts of data is IEEE 802.11ac.
- 60. 802.11ac is a wireless networking standard that is designed for high- speed, high-bandwidth applications. It supports data rates up to several Gbps, making it well- suited for transferring large amounts of data. In terms of its protocol model, 802.1lac uses a client-server architecture, in which a central access point (AP) communicates with multiple client devices. The AP acts as a "hub" that connects the client devices to the network and enables them to communicate with each other.
- 61. The client devices can be laptops, smartphones, tablets, or other types of devices that are equipped with an 802.1lac wireless adapter. 802.11ac uses a variety of techniques to improve the performance and efficiency of the wireless connection, including multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) antenna technology, beamforming, and channel bonding. It also includes a number of security features, such as encryption and authentication, to protect against unauthorized access and data breaches.