A Multiparametric Reliable AODV Protocol using Alternate Routing in MANET’s using NS-2

International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 2– Issue 3, 289 - 292, 2013
www.ijcat.com 289
A Multiparametric Reliable AODV Protocol using
Alternate Routing in MANET’s using NS-2
Sonal Beniwal
Department of Computer
Science and Engineering.
BPSMV, Khanpur Kalan
Sonepat,India
Pinki
Science and Engineering.
BPSMV, Khanpur Kalan,
Sonepat,India
Rashmi Jatain
Science and Engineering
UIET,MDU
Rohtak,India
Abstract: In this paper, we design and formulate a trust-based routing protocol for secure transactions, such as military and disaster
relief operations, banking in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The proposed approach is showing the idea of a trust model in the
network layer of MANET.AODV is ad hoc on demand distance vector, this protocol starts the route specially when some node claims
to send data. In AODV whenever a link breaks an error message is sent indicating the link and packet sending is dropped. In our
proposed scheme a packet is sent through alternative path. In this approach a trust node is made with neighbors. Simulation results
shows that proposed scheme has less packet loss and packet ratio delivered is more.
Keywords:MANET,Ad hoc, AODV, Routing Algorithm, Reverse Route
1. INTRODUCTION
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET)is a kind of wireless
network without centralized administration or fixed network
infrastructure in which nodes communicate over relatively
bandwidth constrained wireless links and perform routing
discovery and routing maintenance in a self-organized way.
The topology of the MANET may change uncertainly and
rapidly due to the high mobility of the independent mobile
nodes, and because of the network decentralization, each node
in the MANET will act as a router to discover the topology.
Nowadays the MANET enables many promising applications
in the areas of emergency operations, disaster relief efforts.
The Mobile Ad hoc network is one of most commonly used
wireless network. As the number of user in this network
increases it also suffer from most of the network problems
like congestion, packet loss, intrusion etc. In case of multicast
such kind of problem is quite common. AODV is the most
efficient on demand protocol used in Mobile Adhoc network.
This protocol support efficient transmission in Multicast and
broadcast communication. It create a loop free efficient
routing. But because of some attack or the congestion it
provide higher loss. There is the requirement of some
improvement over the existing AODV protocol to provide the
secure and efficient communication over the network.
The Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing
protocol is designed for use in ad-hoc mobile networks.
AODV is a reactive protocol: the routes are created only when
they are needed. It uses traditional routing tables, one entry
per destination, and sequence numbers to determine whether
routing information is up-to-date and to prevent routing loops.
An important feature of AODV is the maintenance of time-
based states in each node: a routing entry not recently used is
expired. In case of a route is broken the neighbours can be
notified. Route discovery is based on query and reply cycles,
and route information is stored in all intermediate nodes along
the route in the form of route table entries. The following
control packets are used: routing request message (RREQ) is
broadcasted by a node requiring a route to another node,
routing reply message (RREP) is unicaste back to the source
of RREQ, and route error message (RERR) is sent to notify
other nodes of the loss of the link. HELLO messages are used
for detecting and monitoring links to neighbors.
AODV is a relative of the Bellmann-Ford distant vector
algorithm, but is adapted to work in a mobile environment.
AODV determines a route to a destination only when a node
wants to send a packet to that destination. Routes are
maintained as long as they are needed by the source.
Sequence numbers ensure the freshness of routes and
guarantee the loop-free routing.
The objective of this paper is route maintenance using
alternative path at each node. Study and analysis of different
Routing Protocol in Mobile Network. Implement the
TAODV protocol to identify reliable route based on trust level
analysis. Implementation of proposed Protocol in NS2
environment Analysis of proposed system using XGraph in
terms of throughput and packet loss.[2,6 ]
The remaining paper is described as section2 describes the
work related to AODV .The proposed scheme is described in
section3.Section4 represents the experimental results.Section5
represents the conclusion and then references.
2. RELATED WORK
Debdutta Barman Roy propose a new Intrusion Detection
System (IDS) based on Mobile Agents. The approach uses a
set of Mobile Agent (MA) that can move from one node to
another node within a network. This as a whole reduces
network bandwidth consumption by moving the computation
for data analysis to the location of the intrusion. Besides, it
has been established that the proposed method also decreases
the computation overhead in each node in the network. [1]

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Shailender Gupta defined a work on selfish node detection. A
selfish node is one that tries to utilize the network resources
for its own profit but is reluctant to spend its own for others. If
such behaviour prevails among large number of the nodes in
the network, it may eventually lead to disruption of network.
This paper studies the impact of selfish nodes concentration
on the quality of service in MANETs. [2]
Md. Amir Khusru Akhtar presented a mathematical model to
detect the selfish node. In this paper Author are presenting the
mathematical model to detect selfish nodes using the
probability density function. The proposed model works with
existing routing protocol and the nodes that are suspected of
having the selfishness are given a Selfishness test. This model
formulates this problem with the help of prior probability and
continuous Bayes’ theorem.[3]
. Li Zhao performed a work to detect misbehaviour on data
and mitigate adverse effects, Author propose and evaluate a
Multipath Routing Single path transmission (MARS) scheme.
The MARS combines multipath routing, single path data
transmission, and end-to-end feedback mechanism together to
provide more comprehensive protection against misbehaviour
from individual or cooperating misbehaving nodes. [5]
Zougagh Hicham performed a comparative study of intrusion
detection in adhoc nework. In recent years, the use of mobile
ad hoc network (MANETs) has been widespread in many
applications. Due to its deployment nature, MANETs are
more vulnerable to malicious attack. The absolute security in
the mobile ad hoc network is very hard to achieve because of
its fundamental characteristics, such as dynamic topology,
open medium, absence of infrastructure, limited power and
limited bandwidth. In this article Author classify the
architecture for IDS that have so far been introduced for
MANETs, and then existing intrusion detection techniques in
MANETs presented and compared. Author then provide some
directions for future researches. [6,7,8]
Michael Wayne Probus performed a work on selfish node
isolation. This thesis will focus on the topic of Selfish Nodes
within a Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET), specifically
sensor networks due to their lower power and bandwidth. The
approach used is a reputation based algorithm to isolate the
selfish nodes from communication by using past history to
determine how reliable the node is. The reputation of each
node is determined by their behavior within the network. As a
node continuously acts selfishly, their reputation is decreased,
until finally meeting the minimum threshold; therefore they
are determined to be malicious. [11,12]
3. PROPOSED WORK
In this chapter basic AODV protocol is defined along with its
properties and the problem. The AODV protocol itself gives
the concept of network reconfiguration to provide the network
stability. The AODV protocol is capable to identify the
broken link over the network. As the broken link is identified,
it find the compromising path to perform the rerouting for
network communication .In this chapter the proposed model
is also defined with TAODV procol.In our proposed work we
are providing an early decision about the node stability:
1.Here each node will inform the node regarding the broken
link earlier because of this the route can be changed earlier.
2.A timeout based flooding will be performed by each node
periodically. If some node is not responding for n number of
trails then the decision will be taken that node is a bad node.
3.The bad node will be marked as the inactive node in routing
table and while communicating the earlier decision will be
taken regarding this.
4.As the bad node is identified an agent will be set as
neighbour to the bad node. The agent will keep watch on this
bad link or the node.
5.As the bad link get repaired the agent will inform the node
to perform communication from the initial path. [9,10]
In this present work we have improved the communication by
representing the node as an intelligent node. In this present
work the first time communication performed by the network
is same as of existing AODV.It means it will detect the attack
or the broken link in same way as of actual AODV. But once
the attack is detected it will enable the immediate previous
node to attack as the manager node that will track the attack
position or the attack node periodically. Till there is attack in
the network it will not allow the communication on that route.
It means it will identify the preventive path to communicate
from the alternate path or the node. As that manager node
identify that the broken link or attack is repaired dynamically,
it will start the communication from this previous path.
The proposed system will give the following benefits.
1.It not only dynamically reconfigure the network as the
attack found, it will also identify the dynamic repairing of the
network. If the network is repaired dynamically it will move
back to the previous effective path.
2.The nodes are taken as intelligent node and converted to
manager node as the attack found on their immediate
communication path or the node.
4.SIMULATION AND RESULTS
Hardware Used :
Processor : Pentium 5
Processor Speed : 1.5 GHZ
Memory(RAM) : 256 MB
Hard disk : 40 GB
Software Used :
Operating system : Linux 8.0
Language : OTcl
Software : NS 2.35
4.1.1 NS2 Overview
NS is a discrete event network simulator where the
timing of events is maintained by a scheduler and able to
simulate various types of network such as LAN and WPAN
according to the programming scripts written by the user. It
provides substantial support for simulation of TCP, routing
and multicast protocols over wired and wireless networks. It
consists of two simulation tools. The network simulator (ns)
contains all commonly used IP protocols. The network
animator (NAM) is graphical software which is used to
visualize the simulations. NS2 fully simulates a layered

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network from the physical radio transmission channel to high-
level applications.
NS2 is an object-oriented simulator written in C++ and
OTcl (an object oriented extension of Tcl). The simulator
supports a class hierarchy in C++ and a similar class hierarchy
within the OTcl interpreter. There is a one-to-one
correspondence between a class in the interpreted hierarchy
and one in the compile hierarchy. The reason to use two
different programming languages is that OTcl is suitable for
the programs and configurations that demand frequent and
fast change while C++ is suitable for the programs that have
high demand in speed. NS2 is highly extensible. It not only
supports most commonly used IP protocols but also allows the
users to extend or implement their own protocols. The latest
NS2 version supports the four ad hoc routing protocols,
including DSR. It also provides powerful trace functionalities,
which are very important in our project since information
need to be logged for analysis. The full source code of NS2
can be downloaded and compiled for multiple platforms such
as UNIX, Windows etc.
4.1.2. Performance Metrics
a) Packet Lost : The total no. of packets dropped by the node
when there exist no route to destination.[13 ,14, 15]
b) Packet Delay : It is the average time a Packet takes to
reach from source to destination.
c) Bytes Transmitted : The rate of successfully transmitted
Bytes in the netwok during simulation.
4.1.3. Network Parameters
[1] Area [2] 784x569
[3] Routing Protocol [4] AODV
[5] MAC protocol [6] 802.11
[7] Number of Nodes [8] 26
[9] Queue Length [10] 50
[11] Antenna [12] OmniAntenna
4.2. Analysis Results:
Figure 4.1:Packet Lost (Existing Vs Proposed Approach)
Here figure 4.1 is showing the comparative analysis of packet
lost over the network. Here x axis represents the time and y
axis represents the packet transmitted. As we can see after
implementing the proposed approach the packet loss over the
network is decreased.
Figure 4.2 : Packet Delay (Existing Vs Proposed Approach)
Here figure 4.2 is showing the comparative analysis of Packet
Delay over the network.Here x axis represents the time and y
axis represents the Packet Delay of communication. As we
can see after implementing the proposed approach the Packet
Delay over the network is decreased.

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Figure 4.3 :Bytes transmitted (Existing Vs Proposed
Approach)
Here figure 4.3 is showing the comparative analysis of bytes
transmitted over the network. Here x axis represents the time
and y axis represents the btes transmitted. As we can see after
implementing the proposed approach the bytes transmitted
over the network is increased.
5. CONCLUSION
In this present work we have shown the improvement over
AODV protocol to ensure the stability with less delay. In this
work we have provided the stability in case of broken link
reconfiguration. It means as the broken link is detected the
routing path is modified by the AODV protocol. But it does
not define to on the previous path back when the link is been
repaired. In this present work we have included the concept of
manager node. The manager node is maintained just previous
to the broken link node. The broken link node will keep a
watch on the link and check for its reconfiguration after a
short delay. As the link is repaired it will again change the
communication path to the previous routing path. The
presented work has provided the better stability within
efficient time and without using any extra rersources.
6. FUTURE SCOPE
In this present work we deal with the AODV protocol, but in
future we can use some other protocol to improve it respective
to the network stability. In this work we deal basically with
unicasting and the improvement can be done to check it for
multicasting. We can also try the same approach on different
scenarios also.
7.REFERENCES
[1] Michael Gerharz,” A Practical View on Quality-of-
Service Support in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks”,proceedings
of the 3rd IEEE Workshop onApplications 2003.
[2] Youngki Hwang,” An Adaptive QoS Routing Protocolwith
Dispersity for Ad-hoc Networks”, Proceedings of the 36th
Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences – 2003.
[3] Robert Akl,” NonuniformGrid-Based Coordinated Routing
in Wireless Sensor Networks”, Hindawi Publishing
Corporation Journal of Sensors, Hindawi Publishing
Corporation Journal of Sensors Volume 2009, Article ID
491349, 11 pages.
[4] Rajendiran M.,” An Improved Routing Algorithm to
Enhance Energy Efficiency in Multicast Ad Hoc Networks”,
European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-21, 2012.
[5] Sridhar K N,” Stability and Hop-Count based Approach
for Route Computation in MANET”, Computer
Communications and Networks, 2005. ICCCN, 17-19 Oct.
2005.
[6] Sima,” SIMULATION STUDY OF AODV&DSR”,
International Journal of Computing and Business Research
ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 3 September
2011.
[7] Jyoti Jain,” OVERVIEW AND CHALLENGES OF
ROUTING PROTOCOL AND MAC LAYER IN MOBILE
AD-HOC NETWORK”, journal of Theoretical and Applied
Information Technology. © 2005 - 2009 JATIT.
[8] Aditya Kumar Mishra,’ Power-Aware Routing in Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks”,Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE
international conference on MobileComputing and
Networking, October 1998.
[9] Anuradha Banerjee,” Fuzzy-Controlled Adaptive and
Intelligent Route (FAIR) Selection in Ad Hoc Networks”,
European Journal of Scientific Research. ISSN 1450-216X
Vol.45 No.3 (2010), pp.367-382.
[10] Hasnaa Moustafa,” Source Routing-based Multicast
Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks”, 10th
International
Conference on Telecommunication Systems Modeling and
Analysis (ICTSM-10), October 2002.
[11] Michael Gerharz,” Link Stability in Mobile Wireless Ad
Hoc Networks”, Proc. of the 27th IEEE Conference on Local
Computer Networks (LCN), pp. 30-39, 2002
[12] Arash Dana,” A Reliable routing algorithm for Mobile
Adhoc Networks based on fuzzy logic”, International Journal
of Computer Science Issues Year: 2011 Vol: 8 Issue: 3 , 128-
133
[13] C. Venkatesh,” DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING
PROTOCOL USING FUZZY LOGIC CONCEPTS FOR AD
HOC NETWORKS”, In. Transactions of Academic Open
Internet Journal, Vol.15,pp 1-14. 2008[14] V. Bharathi,” A
Performance Enhancement of an Optimized Power Reactive
Routing based on AODV Protocol for Mobile AD-HOC
Network”, ©gopalax -International Journal of Technology
And Engineering System(IJTES) Jan – March 2011- Vol2
.No1.
[15] Panagiotis,” Path Set Selection in Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks”, ACM Mobihoc 2002, Lausanne, Switzerland,
June 2002.

A Multiparametric Reliable AODV Protocol using Alternate Routing in MANET’s using NS-2

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