Ijetcas14 393

International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research)
International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational
and Applied Sciences (IJETCAS)
www.iasir.net
IJETCAS 14-393; © 2014, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 295
ISSN (Print): 2279-0047
ISSN (Online): 2279-0055
EMBEDDING BRAIN WITH SMART DEVICES USING
DEPRECIATED TECHNOLOGY
1
Tratiya Shweta A. 2
Kantipudi MVV Prasad
1
R. K. Scholar, 2
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE, RK University, Rajkot, India
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract— Embedding a brain with computer is a system that evolves and examines neural signals and that creates the
direct nerve pathway between human brain and computer. This paper describes the processing activities with brain &
peripheral devices. The proposed method controls the desktop application using FFT & thresholding schemes in MATLAB
with 1 channel EEG amplifier and non-invasive tool. In this paper we highlight the capabilities of BCI system using
depreciated technology.
Keywords— BCI; EEG; EOG; Artificial Neural Network; Smartphones
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
Ability to control certain objects by simple thought is an attribute that is often depicted in science fiction
movies that we are watching from many years. The issue of moving around this idea into science fact has
become more and more popular over the last couple of years. In 1924, Hans Berger discovered electrical
activity of human brain. He also established and developed EEG for the first time. Berger recorded EEG
signal from human brain and analyzed that signal, from that he found the oscillatory activity in the brain.
These waves are called alpha or Berger’s wave, the frequency range for this wave is 8-12 Hz. This technology
is very useful for paralyzed person. BCI is a technology is to augment human capabilities by enabling
people to interact with a computer through their brainwaves after a short training period. BCI translates
brain’s electrical activity into messages or commands. It performs like a closed loop system where
information is visually fed back to the user. EEG is the electrical signal that can be recorded from the brain,
either directly or through the scalp by or from the electrodes. A useful way of observing human brain
activity and a new communication channel is BCI [2] [3].
II. OPERATING PRECEPT
BCI operates as similar way like our brain works. As we know that human brain is filled with thousands of
neurons and neurons are signal carriers in the brain that transfer information from sensory inputs of
the body (eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin) to the processing unit of the brain (hippocampus). There are
normally four major blocks available in BCI system and these are as discussed below:
1. Signal acquisition, 2. Preprocessing, 3. Signal classification and 4. Computer/Application interface.
A. Signal Acquisition
The electric signals generated by the nerve cells are evolved and processed by the signal acquisition and
processing techniques and devices. In general, there are two types of brain signal acquisition techniques:
1. Invasive method and
2. Non-invasive method
1. Invasive method- In this method of acquisition, the device is directly implanted or inserted into
the brain scalp. The signals are generated and given to any computer or application interface. This technology
has highest quality signals because when signals are generated they are immediately captured by chip which is
implanted in the brain hence skull does not distort the signal. This technology provides one type of permanent
solution for paralyzed patient who had lost the limb. But this method has high risk due to surgery and it is
dangerous method [2].
2. Non-invasive method- This method does not need the surgery for implanting the chip but,
electrodes are placed or mounted on cap or headbands. It is very preferable and portable method. Signals are
generated by this method have poor quality due to the distortion generated by skull, but it is safer method
compared to others. There are several technologies under non-invasive method which are EEG, functional
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Magneto- Encephalogram (MEG), the Electro Cortico Graphic

Tratiya Shweta et al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 8(4), March-May 2014, pp.
295-299
(ECoG), P-300 based BCI etc. Among non-invasive BCIs, EEG are the electrical signals that can be recorded
from the brain, either directly or through the scalp by hooking up the electrodes. On the scalp the amplitudes
commonly lie within 10–100μV. EEG is the most popular method used from couple of years. EEG is simple
and also easy to use hence it is advantageous for practical usage and also improves portability. [9][10].
B. Preprocessing
This block stands for first passes through a unity gain amplifier to boost the level of processing then
analog to digital conversion, Digital signal processing part which analyzes the acquired and amplified digital
signals. These signals are fed to Feature Extraction block where feature might be related to different parameters
like time and frequency analysis, power density spectrum, Short time Fourier transform and etc.
C. Computer-Application Interface
Once the signals are classified, they will be used by an appropriate algorithm for the development of different
applications. In this work, we are going to control AAKASH Tablet by using BCI. As we are thinking about
media player, the tablet will operate the media player. Like this, we may be able to operate many other
applications in Tablet. The schematic block diagram is shown here in figure 1 below.
Figure 1. Schematic of BCI
III. APPLICATIONS OF BCI
One of the major applications of BCI is well suited on paralyzed person or for patient of comma. Intelligent
prosthetics in which the person can live normal life using BCI who have lost their limb can be controlled by
brain. When patient is locked-in state so used in virtual keyboard and can say control computer cursor by
thoughts. BCI makes us able to control a video game by thought also. Disabled or handicapped person can
work effectively and independently [4] [6]. Using this application to come out of depression [12]. Keim and
Aunon developed a BCI system for patients with life-threatening physical impairment that enabled them to
enhance specific code words. They placed electrodes on the whole surface of the scalp and by enabling
the system to detect the difference in lateralized spectral power levels [13]. The most important application is
to be expected in relation with cloud computing. What if, through BCI, we are continuously connected
with internet via cloud? Also imagine that we can swap the Television channel via thoughts. Mind reading, in
this non-invasive BCI has much higher potential. Imagine the power of being capable to read the person’s
mind. This would find tremendous application in future, all of which are imagine to hard now. As the
intellectual ability of the person will be threatened, access to such mind-reading devices has to be very limited.
IV. IMPLEMENTATION
EEG Electrode Positioning
The International Federation of Societies for Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology has
recommended the conventional electrode setting (also called 10–20) for 21 electrodes (excluding the earlobe
electrodes), as depicted in Figure 2.

295-299
Figure 2. EEG10-20 Electrode Placement with 21 electrodes [27] Figure 3. EEG10-20 Electrode Placements [27]
Often the earlobe electrodes called A1 and A2, connected respectively to the left and right earlobes, are used as
the reference electrodes. The 10–20 system avoids both eyeball placement and considers some constant
distances by using specific anatomic landmarks from which the measurement would be made and then uses 10
or 20% of that specified distance as the electrode interval [8]. The International Federation of Societies for
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology has recommended the conventional electrode setting
(also called 10–20) for 21 electrodes (excluding the earlobe electrodes), as depicted in Figure 3. To make
replicable setups, there are standardized sets of locations for electrodes on the skull. One of these sets of
electrode positions or montages is the 10/20 system. To make the results of this experiment reproducible, this
system is taken as a vantage point for determining a suitable electrode placement. The name of the system is
derived from its method for finding the exact electrode positions. Head size is a variable measure [8]. RMS is
simple software for the Portable EEG that implements an experimental Brain Computer Interface (BCI).
Nowadays, BCI research is a highly active field, but the existing technology is still immature for its use outside
of a lab's settings.
Figure 4. Electrode placement Figure 5. Electrode placement and computer interface
By doing interfacing, brain with computer using 10-20 international electrode placement system, we can get
below different combinational signals using RMS brain mapping software. Figure 4 shows the pattern of RMS
Super Spec software which follows the 10-20 electrode placement system. Even numbers of electrodes are
placed on the left part of the brain and odd numbers of electrodes are placed on the right part. Also in central
part center electrodes are placed. Figure 5 shows the placed electrodes are interfaced with computer by portable
EEG module and hence we can simulate and compare results.
V. RESULTS
After doing the interfacing of brain with computer using 10-20 international electrode placement system, we
can get below different combinational signals using RMS brain mapping software. Here in Figure 5, the placed
electrodes are interfaced with computer by portable EEG module and hence we can simulate and compare the
results. When the person thinks about right arm of body and also the eye movement, the Occipital (O) and
Frontoperital (FP) lobes spikes are generated by motor cortex movement.
The O lobe is responsible for eye movements and the FP lobe is responsible for combine movements like
thinking and motor movements. As respectively in Fig.6 and 7 there is shown results while thinking about left,
upwards and downwards movement with accordingly eye movements. Here, FP1-FP3, FP2-FP4, FP2-F8 and
FP1-F7 these all combinational Frontal and FP lobes have fluctuation while doing thinking. As we can see there
is change or activity occurs in these lobes. Combination of T6-O2 lobes get fluctuated when there is eye
movement occurs. Also when there is thinking with the eye open and eye movements, then P3-O1 and T5-O1
lobes are affected. And finally, when any one does thinking about left body movements and left side eye
movements then we find activity in C4-P4, T4-T0, P3-O1 and T5-O1 lobes.

295-299
Figure 6. Waveforms while thinking Figure7. Waveforms while thinking about
upside& up side eye movement
When anyone thinks about right body movements and right side eye movements, then there is fluctuation occurs
in the P3- O1 and FP1-F7 lobes. Here we have used their customized software and electrodes. In this system we
cannot communicate our hardware because of system limitation, we only get print out of that. Hence we will
not able to do real time device control by brain waves. In Figure 8, there is shown an isolated 1 channel
EEG amplifier circuit which will be interfaced with Gold plated electrodes. We were facing one problem with 1
channel EEG circuit, which was isolation problem of Arduino and EEG amplifier circuit. It was because of
Arduino is operated at 5V and amplifier circuit is at 2.5V. Hence by doing isolation, we have solved this
problem. The isolation circuit is also shown in Figure 13. Now after getting acquired brain signal, we have
done some analysis on it and found some definite waveforms for some specific events. In Figure 9 there is
shown different output for specific events. The important point is that the waveforms change with person to
person; hence it is too complicated to differentiate between two p e r s o n ’ s speci fic a c t i vi t i e s . This i s
b e c a u s e o f o n e person’s background thinking process is different from other person.
Figure 8. EEG circuit with Isolation Figure 9. Acquired signal when relaxed
We have did some specific coding for different outputs, like below 12Hz it is relaxed and above that there is
thinking or tension increases. As we know about 0-4Hz delta, 4-8Hz theta,
8-12Hz alpha and above 14Hz beta is present. So we will divide processes according to their frequency bands
and after that we will do control commands to desktop application.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The proposed system was implemented in such a way that, we can operate the most depreciated or debased
technology which is not available in the market. By using the peripheral devices, we controlled the activities of
the brain and we acquired brain waves by 1 channel EEG amplifier.
Right now work is progressing in the direction of depreciated technology using various channels.
VI. References
[1] Ms. Vaidehi Baporikar, Mrs. Swapnili Karmore, ‘Wireless Sensor Network For Brain Computer Interface’, Ms. Vaidehi
Baporikar* et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND
TECHNOLOGIES Vol No. 8, Issue No. 1, 075 – 079.
[2] Anupama.H.S, N.K.Cauvery, Lingaraju.G.M, ‘BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE AND ITS TYPES - A STUDy’, International
Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012, ©IJAET ISSN:2231-1963
[3] Devansh Sood, Arpit Gupta, Devansh Hans and Vishul Gupta, ‘Brain Computer Interface & Artificial Intelligence’,
IJAKECS, Vol.1 No.1 January- June 2013, pp.12-15@ Academic Research Journals, (India)
[4] Jose del R. Millan, Frederic Renkens, Josep Mourino, and Wulfram Gerstner, ‘Non-Invasive Brain-Actuated Controlof a
Mobile Robot by Human EEG’, IDIAP Research Institute, 1920 Martigny, Switzerland, Laboratory of Computational
Neuroscience, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1015 Lausanne EPFL, Switzerland and Centre de Recerca en Enginyeria

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Biomèdica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
[5] Prashanth Shyamkumar, Sechang Oh , Nilanjan Banerjee, Vijay K.Varadan, ‘A Wearable Remote Brain Machine Interface
using Smartphones and the Mobile Network’, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR-
72701, USA, Dept. of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR – 72701,USA
[6] AkhileshBhagwan, ChitranshSengar,JyotsnaTalwani, Shaa Sharma, ‘HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION’, International
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[7] Sumit Ghulyani , Yashasvi Pratap, Sumit Bisht, Ravideep Singh, ‘Brain Computer Interface Boulevard of Smarter Thoughts’,
(IJARAI) International Journal of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 7, 2012
[8] T. Kameswara Rao, M. Rajyalakshmi , Dr. T. V. Prasad, ‘An Exploration on Brain Computer Interface and Its Recent
Trends’, (IJARAI) International Journal of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 8, 2012
[9] B. Graimann, B. Allison, and G. Pfurtscheller, “Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Gentle Introduction”.
[10] Preksha R. Agarwal, Parth R. Agarwal, Abhi U. Shah, Daivik H. Bhatt, ‘BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACING’,
International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering, ISSN- 2277-1956
[11] Haider Hussein Alwasiti, Ishak Aris and 3Adznan Jantan, ‘Brain Computer Interface Design and Applications: Challenges and
Future’, International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering, ISSN- 2277-1956.
[12] Keirn, Z. and J. Aunon, 1990. A new mode of communication between man and his surroundings. IEEE Transactions on
Biomedical Engineer.,37: 1209.
[13] Senthilmurugan.M, Latha.M and Dr.Malmurugan.N, ‘Brain Computer Interface Based Real Time Control of Wheelchair
UsingElectroencephalogram', International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE), SSN: 2231-2307, Volume-1,
Issue-5, November 2011
[14] Imteyaz Ahmad, F Ansari, U.K. Dey, ‘A review of EEG recording techniques’, International Journal Of Electronics And
Communication Engineering And TECHNOLOGY (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online),
Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank the department of Electronics and Communication at R.K. University, Rajkot for
their support in the research work.Iwould like to thank Mr. MVV Kantipudi Prasad for his support in the
writing of this paper. Authors also thank Dr. Khevana Thakar from Raj Neuro Surgical & Trauma Center,
Rajkot for using their equipment’s and giving support and knowledge about brain waves and also for giving
permission for analysis of Brain Waves.

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