Ijmsr 2016-09

International Journal of MC Square Scientific Research Vol.8, No.1 Nov 2016
81
Development of Communication Technologies and Networks for
Smart Grid
Nagaraj.V
Assistant Professor/ECE
Mahendra Institute of Technology
e-mail:nagarajlec@gmail.com
Dr.T.R.Sumithira
Professor
K.S.R College of Engineering
e-mail:sumithra.trs@gmail.com
Dr. S.Prabu
Professor/ECE
Mahendra Institute of Technology
e-mail:vsprabu4u@gmail.com
Abstract - The present electrical grid is perchance the most engineering achievement of the
20th century. However, it is ever more outdated and overburdened, leading to costly blackouts
and burnouts. For this and various other reasons, conversion hard work are ongoing to make the
current electrical grid smarter. A consistent, universal and secure communication infrastructure
is binding for the accomplishment and deployment of the future smart grid. Technologies are
emerging in addition to the previously applied to help upgrade the current power grid. In this
paper we will give an general idea of smart grid reference model, and a complete survey of the
available networks for the smart grid and a serious review of the progress of wired and wireless
communication technologies for grid infrastructure. Communication architecture for Home
Area Networks (HANs), Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs) and Wide Area Networks
(WANs) for smart grid applications. We think that this work will provide valued insights for the
novices who would like to follow linked research in the SG domain.
Keywords - Smart grid Communication Networks, HAN, WAN, NAN, FAN, PLC, WIFI,
WIMAX, Dash 7, 3G/4G, LTE-A, ZigBee.
1. Introduction
The researches in smart grid domain are enhanced by dramatic economic losses and
repetitive electrical systems blackouts and failures. Advanced communication and networking
technologies will be incorporated in the future electrical power system in order to make the grid
more reliable, secure and sustainable. In smart grid communication the network is essential to
connect intelligent electronic devices in distributed locations in order to establish stable
bidirectional exchange of data flow, control and monitoring instructions between them and
utilities control centers. In addition a strong, reliable, secure and robust communication
infrastructure is required to gather, collect, and combine data provided by smart meters,

82
computers, sensors and electrical vehicles or any electrical smart devices connected to the grid
to help providing better power quality and efficient delivery.
This paper is organized as follows, In Section II we pointed some related work that have
been done in communication and networking for smart grid, a brief overview of smart grid
conceptual architecture and reference model is presented in section III. In Section VI we propose
whole study of present communication networks for smart grid applications. In section V and VI
we perform a review of most important wired and wireless communication technologies for the
development of smart grid and we perform a comparative study by describing advantages and
disadvantages and proposing a bench of SG applications for each technology .In Section VII we
advocate an end to end communication architecture, in section VIII we list some of
communication challenges for smart grid and finally in section IX we conclude and give some of
our future directions.
2. Related Work
In this section, we emphasize some of the work done in the communication and
networking for smart grid. In the authors accessible a smart grid communication networking
architecture and communication technologies, they methodically discussed power line
communication and wireless technologies. In another research work,the authors identified
communication architecture and functional requirement and introduced HANs, FANs and WANs
networks. In addition the authors paying attention on communication functionalities and
necessities. Moreover, in the authors depicted the conceptual architecture for smart power grid;
they presented also different communication technologies for smart grids. To the best of our
knowledge, this work will provide a new complete study of the most important evolution of
communication and networking technologies for smart grids and deliver detailed end to end
communication network architecture.
3. Smart Grid Reference Model
We are actually facing several challenges in order to build smart grid communication
infrastructure such as scalability, interoperability, security, customer‘s privacy, and smart meter
infrastructure incorporation with different utility companies and consumers facilities.
According to Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap proposed by NIST the
American National All these functional domains have different inter and intra domain
communications, the ―consumer‖ domain is the user of electricity domain such as domestic,
industrial, commercial or utilities. In smart grid approach the consumers can produce, store and
use the electrical power. The ―market‖ domain refers to power market operators. The
―operation‖ domain deal with power supply management. ―Service provider‖ points service
utilities companies providing customers with electrical power. ‗‗Bulk Generation‘‘,
‗‗Transmission‘‘ and ‗‗Distribution‘‘ refers to generation, storage, transmission and distribution
of power to customers. One of the key elements of smart grid successful operation is the
interconnection of these seven domains. For this purpose new communication technologies are
required to integrate these domains with interoperability standards, some of these priority
technologies will be considered in following section in this work.

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Figure 1 Smart Grid tired high level Architecture
The authors in describes all the power production, generation, broadcast and division to
customers using different production mechanisms and various generation plants types as fixed or
mobiles depending on precise and particular as illustrated by the figure 2. The production
domain is composed of a mixture of nuclear, solar, coal, wind or hydro power plant .The
transmission domains is managed by huge number of network operating centers and
substations, a large number of power lines deliver the electricity to sharing domain. Finally in the
sharing domain a sum of complex networks topologies delivers electrical power to housing
areas, rural farms, urban areas, and business areas for consumption. In our study we focus in the
distribution domain of the smart grid. particularly, our interest is given to the communication
networks in the distribution domains of the smart grid; the home area networks (HAN), the
neighbor area networks (NAN) and the wide area networks (WAN). These networks are very
important for data flows transportation between end consumers and utilities.
4. Smart grid communication networks
There has been several survey and research papers done for SG communication lately ,
that evaluate the works and the features of communication and networking infrastructure for
smart grid systems and applications.
The communication networks for smart grid systems use a big range of communication
technologies from wired, wireless and hybrid networks technologies. The actual electrical grid
has already a communications networks behind its operations between substations and control
centers but this network is expensive, inflexible and inadequate because it covers only generation
and transmission segments. In the prospect smart grid approach we are aiming to cover all
networks segments and especially the distribution segment. Therefore a whole new sufficient and
extended communication network is needed to support and back up new SG applications and
systems and to meet the upcoming demands . We believe that communication infrastructure for
smart grid will be a hybrid mesh composed of various networking topologies and technologies as
illustrated in figure 3.

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Figure 2 Multi-tier communication networks for Smart Grid
However in order to monitor, control and have bidirectional data flows between end
devices and smart grid utilities a highly dependable , integrated communication network should
cover all the SG domains. In the following section we will focus in the three most
important SG communication networks to permit a better understanding of smart grid
communication networks.Home Area Network (HAN)Located in customer domain, Home area
network offers access to in-home smart devices and appliances. IED send data readings over
HAN to AMI applications threw the home smart meter or throw the housing gateway. The HAN
give also to home automation networks different services like home motoring and control,
demand response applications allowing efficient power management and user comfort. We can
find various sensors categories in home mechanization networks, such as light control sensors,
temperature and moisture sensors, remote care and control sensors, motions sensors, security and
safety sensors etc.BAN and IAN networks refer to HAN parallel networks when implemented
respectively in business/buildings or industrial areas. The most suitable communication
technology in HAN/BAN/IAN networks is wireless technology since its ease of implementation
for a big number of nodes, simple configuration, and cost effectiveness. Every single in-home
appliance generate particular data flow and may have specific communication requirement, but
in general in-home wireless solution should be realized with multipath environment due to
surface reflection and interference with other intelligent devices at home.In near future it is
expected that smart meter installed in the home connected to home appliances and to the utility
control centers to control some appliances in order to reduce energy use and aggregate loads
threw the AMI networks, this approach will allow customers to take advantages of lower tariff
and optimized energy cost at off-peak time and reduce human intervention in energy cost
optimization .
Neighborhood Area Network (NAN)
A NAN network is a distribution domain network, it can be considered as a mesh of
smart meters. NAN connects the AMI applications access point to smart meters in customer
domain and various gateways in the distribution domain. The main purpose of this network is
data collection from smart meter for monitoring and control. It covers long distances up to 1–10
square miles and the data rate is around 10–1000 Kbps. Both wired and wireless communication
technologies could be appropriate for NAN networks, according to the authors in for NAN
networks WiMAX, LTE, 3G and 4G could be good candidates as a wireless communications
technologies. While wired technologies such as PLC and Ethernet could be right solutions for
NAN networks too. In NAN networks we can use either multi-hop or single hop approach liable

85
on the technology deployed. We can give the example of WiMAX technology, the data from
smart meters with WiMAX radio can be transmitted directly to the backhaul network and
operation centers, a second approach is by transmitting the data from smart meters over multiple
gateways before reaching the backhaul network.
Field area Networks (FAN)
Field Area Network is the communication network for distribution domain in the smart
grid, the electrical power control centers and application use FAN networks to collect data,
monitor and control different applications in distribution domain such as IED devices, PHEV
charging stations, AMI applications in NAN networks and WSNs networks in feeders and
transformers.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN affords communications systems between smart grid and core utility system. It is
composed by two types of networks backhaul and core network. The core network offers the
connectivity between substations and utility systems, while backhaul network connect the NAN
network to the core network, this network is extended over thousands of square miles and data
rates reaches 10 to 100 Mbps . A variety of technologies such as WiMAX, 4G, and PLC could
be used in WAN networks. Also virtual technologies like IP/MPLS could be used for the core
network.
5. Wired Communication technologies for smart grid
5.1.Power Line Communication(PLC)
The power line communication technology consists of introducing of the modulated
carrier over the power line cable in order to establish two way communications, it is composed
of two major categories Narrowband PLC and Broadband PLC, this technique permit utilities to
utilize the power infrastructure to exchange data flows and monitoring control messages, and so
far it is considered as a cost-effective smart grid communication means, and it is widely used in
AMR applications deployment. However PLC technology is deployed in several smart grid
domains from bulk generation to distribution and end consumers. Therefore PLC can be
considered as a practical solution for smart grid communication infrastructure. In HAN
environment PLC is not -until now- a suitable solution, because of the lack of interoperability
and standards, the multi-protocol and the multi-vendor environment in HAN networks. PLC
technologies are preferred by utility operators because their reliability advantage compared with
other communication techniques.
5.2.Fiber communication
Optical communication has been widely used to connect substations to operation and
control centers in the backbone network thanks to its multiple advantages such as robustness
against radio and electromagnetic interferences making it a suitable choice for high voltage
environs, and its capacity to transmit over large distances with very high bandwidth. We believe
that Fiber optic communication will performance a crucial role in smart grid infrastructure,

86
according to the authors in the use of Optical Power Ground Wire (OPGW) technology in the
distribution and transmission lines will be suitable in smart grid context since the combination of
grounding and optical communications allow long distance transmissions with high data rates.
Another application of fiber-optic technology would be to provide services to customer domain
with the use of passive optical networks (PON) since they use only splitters to collect optical
signals and do not require switching equipment. EPON for Ethernet PON is also interesting grid
operators and seems to be suitable technology for smart grid access segment meanwhile its
enable using interoperable IP- based Ethernet protocols over optical networks technology.
5.3.DSL
DSL for Digital subscriber lines, it is a suit of communication technologies permitting
data transfer over telephone lines. Its main advantages consist of its simple utilization in the
smart grid context since electric utilities can make immediate advantage of them without any
extra cost for additional deployment. There are number of DSL alternatives like ADSL for
Asymmetric DSL that supports up to 8 Mbps for downstream and 640 Kbps for upstream, the
ADSL 2+ with up to 24 Mbps and 1 Mbps for downstream and upstream respectively. And
VDSL (for Very high bit DSL) providing up to 52 Mbps for downstream and 16 Mbps for
upstream but only for short distances.
6. Wireless Communication technologies for smart grid
6.1 IEEE 802.11 (WIFI)
IEEE 802.11 standard refers to the collection of wireless communication technology
known as WIFI used for WLANs networks. This technology has proved its success due to its
simple access structure based on CASMA/CA and its operation in unlicensed frequency bands
(2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) . IEEE 802.11 is a standards family; the latest release is the IEEE 802.11n
which supports the highest data rates up to 150 Mbps while IEEE 802.11a/g supports maximum
54 Mbps. Other standard like 802.11e appears to be important for SG applications because its
QOS features, and the 802.11s standard allowing multi-hop and mesh networks over physical
layer and finally 802.11p standard for wireless networks for V2G systems.
6.2 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)
The IEEE 802.16 standard known as WiMAX supports long distance up to 10 Km
broadband with up to 100Mbps of data rate ; WiMAX was designed to handle thousands of
synchronized users over large distances. The 802.16j standard is the recent version of WiMAX
supporting multicast and broadcast multi hop technique with seamless handover for mobile users
it empowers flexible distribution and higher coverage which make it suitable choice for NAN
and AMI applications. The WiMAX under development version named 802.16m will provide
a greater mobility up to 350 km/h with 100 Mbps data rate , supporting handover with LTE and
WIFI. The authors in demonstrate with a simulation based on metering capacities and QOS that
WiMAX technology is the most suitable than cellular and wired solutions in the distribution
domain for the SG.

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6.3.GSM, GPRS and EDGE
The cellular technology main advantages over wireless technologies is the larger
coverage area, that why utilities have used them especially in AMR systems and SCADA but the
high cost of this technology with problems such latency if a large number of users are served by
the same base station has to be solved. Cellular technologies are endorsing great evolution in the
few recent years with the development of 3G standards such high packet access standard
(HSPA+) providing data rates up to 168 Mbps in the downlink and 22Mbps in the uplink.
6.4. Long Term Evolution (LTE)
The 4G standard or LTE for long term Evolution advanced is a wireless communication
standard providing an enhancement of the LTE standard deployed today introducing capabilities
like bandwidth, easing handover between different networks and advanced networking
proficiencies. LTE has multiple advantages that make it a good choice for NAN networks such
as end to end quality of services, peak upload rates near 75 Mb/s, and download rates reaching
300 Mb/s. The implementation of LTE technology in smart grid framework can be done with
two ways, the first one is the most simple for immediate implementation, it is an efficient and a
cost effective way it consist of carrying the data over the actual mobile network architecture of
MNOs (Mobile network operators) with piggybacking technique from smart grid end devices in
the HANs over the NAN network to the WAN until the utility. The second approach consist of
utilization of a special network architecture for data transfer, and the implementation of this
approach is similar to the MVNO (Mobile Virtual network operators) method it can be done by
the rental of a portion of the MNO core network by the smart grid utility, or it can be done also
by the implementation of the core network architecture by smart grid utility using the LTE
technologies like the MNOs but totally disconnected from the MNO core network . The cost
effectiveness security and the simple implementation make LTE a good choice as a
communication technique for NAN networks.
6.5 IEEE 802.15.4
The IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard for physical and MAC layers for low-rate wireless
personal Area networks (LR- WPAN) it offers up to 250 kbps over 10m. Several network
topologies are supported like star, tree or mesh multi-hop. IEEE 802.15.4 is the basis radios for
many other standards for monitoring and control applications; the most important are ISA
100.11a standard, Zigbee standard and wirelessHART standard. These standards replace
802.15.4 MAC protocol with TDMA based scheme. Zigbee is widely adopted for WPANs for
both commercial and industrial environments; further information about this standard will be
given in section.
6.6. ZigBee
ZigBee is a standard and a communication technology which specifies the physical layer
and the medium access layer it is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and commonly known as
the low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs). In ZigBee network we have two
types of devices: FFD for full function devices and RFD for reduced function device, the FFD
perform the network establishment, management and routing while RFD support FFD
functionalities.The network is composed of three types of nodes: the coordinator, the router and

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the end device .RFD is always the end device while FFD can make any device type. The role of
the coordinator is to establish and manage the network, the router routes the traffic between
coordinator and end device . Coordinators and routers are battery powered devices, they are
usually not allowed to go to sleep mode, and they are capable of communicating with all the rest
of intelligent devices in the network. The end devices are permitted only to interconnect with the
router or the coordinator and not with each other. End devices are awakening periodically to
checks the parent node for their tasks and sends the data and then they go to sleep mode. The
sleep mode in Zigbee network nodes make the network energy efficient and low power
comparing with other communication technologies. Zigbee most strong feature is its capability
of creating application profiles empowering multi-vendor interoperability, in this profile we
found a description of different parameters like data formats, application supported devices,
message types etc.
Figure 4 Evolution of ZigBee Protocol Stack for SG new requirements
The ZigBee SEP 2.0 smart energy profile provides interfaces to manage, control and
monitor energy use. As described by figure 4, the ZigBee IP protocol stack specified in SEP 2.0
compresses the packet structure specified in SEP1.0 within IPV6 packets. This will provide an
independent interface between network and MAC layers tolerating smooth communication
with IP based network.
6.7 Cognitive radio Networks
Cognitive radio technology is a stand-alone radio based on IEEE 802.22; it is a key
technology for optimizing the underutilization of spectrum due to spectrum increasing demands
caused by advancement of wireless technologies. CR networks enable to secondary users (SUs)
the spectrum access when it is not used by the primary licensed user efficiently without causing
any interference with PU. This spectrum sensing technique could be widely deployed in SG
WAN, backhaul and distributions networks over large geographic area. The CR technique
consists of opportunistic access to unused spectrum, we believe that this technique will have a
great future for SG since it delivers a high performance, high- speed data transmission,
scalability and fault tolerant broadband access. A Cognitive Radio Network Testbed is built in
Tennesee technological university in order to attain convergence between CR technique and

89
Smart grid [36]. Cognitive radios make the smart grid ―smarter‖ and provide to it more security,
scalability, robustness, reliability and sustainability.
6.8 DASH7
Dash 7 is a technology for wireless sensors networks based on ISO/IEC 18000-7 standard
and promoted by Dash 7 Alliance. It is made for Active radio Frequency identification devices or
RFIDs. Dash 7 operates at a 28 kbps rate up to 200 kbps and it has coverage of about 250 m
extendable to 5 km . It is a low power technology, with tiny sensors stacks and long live battery‘s
up to several years which make it cost effective solution. The dash 7 uses very small amount of
energy for wake up signal up to 30-60 mW and it is low latency with around 2.5-5 s.Its several
advantages like interoperability, robustness and cost effectiveness made it widely deployed for
military application and also commercial applications such building automation, smart energy,
smart home, PHEVs, logistics control and monitoring. In the context of smart grid, Dash 7 seems
to be respectable alternative to ZigBee, allowing several advantages like its wide range avoiding
the multi-hop technique for HAN solution, permitting less number of nodes and less
communication time.
7. Adopted End to end communication Architecture
The smart grid communication infrastructure will be composed of tiered level networks
as described by figure 5 this architecture consists of three major domains which are the access
segment, the distribution backhaul and the core network. Our objective in this section is to
propose detailed end to end communication architecture using the reference model described in
the literature .
Figure 5 End to End Smart Grid Communication Architecture

90
This architecture will provide a clear and a complete view of communication scenarios
between electrical devices in different smart grid domains and level with interconnection of
small scale networks to form a large scale communication infrastructure providing high and
secure connectivity between discrete electrical devices in large national areas with different
network topologies and hybrid but heterogeneous network technologies.
The smart grid networks in access tier level are responsible of data flows between customers and
energy utilities and operation centers allowing an active and important role for end consumers.
Whereas HAN are crucial elements in access tiers using wired , wireless or hybrid technologies
and permitting monitoring and control of smart grid intelligent end devices at
customers‘premises in order to achieve energy conservation and wise usage of resources‘. The
key component is such networks are the HAN residential gateways designed with multiple radio
interference tolerating the integration of different class of devices.
Communication networks in distribution backhaul are responsible for interconnection
between smart grid core backbone and local area networks in access segment tier, they enable
real time control and monitoring for distribution grid. The AMI networks, NAN and FAN
networks will be considering both wireless and wired technologies for their deployment and
options will include technologies such PLC WiMAX, LTE and WIFI among other possibilities.
The wide area network in core tier is require high- capacity communication technologies
in order to deliver large amount of data from AMI systems and FAN networks to remote control
centers. Using the public networks would be a good choice if challenges such latency, reliability
and security are resolved. Another solution for electrical utilities is growing consisting of
deployment of private WAN networks for that purpose using hybrid technologies between Fiber
and wireless in core backbone tier.
8. SMART GRID COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES
Smart grid communication most important challenges are interoperability, efficiency and
performance. In order to permit the real operation of smart grid systems different communication
for utility companies, users and vendors should be adopted under a varied platform allowing
dynamic and efficient coexistence of multiple equipment and techniques. Interdisciplinary is also
a key component of this infrastructure, smart grid infrastructure will integrate different domains
such as communication and networking technologies with security and power systems. The huge
scale covered by SG systems linking millions of potential users -all over the globe- require a
larger scalability and QOS between wired and wireless technologies. Security and privacy also
will hinder electrical grid upgrading because of the growing complexity of SG communication
systems require novel techniques and measurements against illegal access and cyber
vulnerabilities.
9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
In this article, we have explored related networks and communication technologies that
could be adopted for the smart grid communication infrastructure on smart grid distribution and
customer domains. To make the right choice of communication technologies in smart grid
communication networks, we have pinpointed their advantages and disadvantages for a variety

91
of smart grid applications. Furthermore, we proposed an end to end communication
infrastructure. We believe that the future power grid communication technologies choice is a
critical issue for the purpose of attractive and optimizing SG communications. Future work in the
area includes looking at the routing protocols in communication networks for smart grid between
in-home smart appliances, smart meter, AMI networks and the operator‘s control center. This
will include reviewing a different class of protocol families for every network type in all smart
grid segments. Such research will be complementary to the work presented here.
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