Image Forgery In Cyber Crime

Image Forgery In Cyber Crime
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A
Seminar Report
on
“IMAGE FORGERY IN CYBER CRIME”
Submitted to North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Third Year in Computer Engineering.
Submitted By
Swapnil Govardhan Bendale
Guide
Prof. Y.V.Kolhe
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
J.T.MAHAJAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,FAIZPUR
Academic Year : 2016-17

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INDEX
Sr No. Contents Page No.
1 Forgery 2
2 Image forgery And its history 3
3 Examples of Image Forgery 4
4 Applications Of Image Forgery. 12
5 Need for detection of Image Forgery. 15
6 Types Of Image Forgery. 17
7 Image Security & Steps to protect your image 20
8 Forgery Detection Algorithms 22
9 References 25

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Forgery
“Forgery” is a subjective word
An image can become a forgery based upon the context in which it is used,an image
altered for fun or someone who has taken an bad photo, but has been altered to improve its
appearance cannot be considered a forgery even though it has been altered from its original
capture.The other side of forgery are those who perpetuate a forgery for gain and prestige –
they create an image in which to dupe the recipient into believing the image is real and from
this be able to gain payment and fame.
Three type of forgery can be identified:
1) An image that is created using graphical software
2) An image where the content has been altered
3) An image where the context has been altered
Using graphical software is one method in which a forged image can be created.It needs
the creator to especially skilful in ensuring that the image they are creating is realistic, for
example, that the fall of light on objects in an image is consistent right across the image, that
shading is consistent, the absorption of light. An image created using this method can take
some time to develop. Creating an image by altering its content is another method.Duping the
recipient into believing that the objects in an image are something else from what they really
are! The image itself is not altered, and if examined will be proven as so This method is
where the context of the image is altered
Objects are be removed or added, for example, a person can be added or removed.The
easiest way is to cut an object from one image and insert it into another image – image
editing software makes this a simple task
Forgery is a copy that represented as the original counterfeit imitation - something copied
or derived from an original.
Forgery is one of the techniques of fraud, including identity theft.
The action of forging or producing is a copy of a document, signature, banknote, or work of
art.

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Image Forgery And its history
Image forgery means manipulation of the digital image to conceal some meaningful or
useful information of the image. Now a Days Digital images are easy to manipulate and edit
due to availability of powerful image processing and editing software. Image forgery is not
new. History has recorded that it happens as early as 1840s. Hippolyta Bayard, the first
person to create a fake image as recorded by history, is famous for a picture of him
committing suicide (see picture on the right). It all started as an act of frustration because he
had lost the chance of becoming ‘the inventor of the photography’ to Louis Daguerre.
Daguerre patented a photography process earlier than him and owns all the glory.
Fig No : 1.first fake image by Hippolyta Bayard
Digital Image Forgery does not differ very much in nature compared to conventional
Image Forgery. Instead of using photograph, digital image forgery deals with the digital
image. Nowadays, it is possible to add or remove important features from an image without
leaving any obvious traces of tampering.
The process of creating fake image has been tremendously simple with the introduction
of powerful computer graphics editing software such as Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, and Corel
Paint Shop, some of which are available for free.
There are many cases of Digital Image Forgery. All of this cases can be categorized into
3 major groups, based on the process involved in creating the fake image. The groups are
Image Retouching, Image Splicing, Copy-Move Attack.

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Examples of Image Forgery
1) Circa 1860:
This nearly iconic portrait of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is a composite of Lincoln's
head and the body of Southern politician, John Calhoun. Putting the date of this photo into
context, note that the first permanent photographic image was created in 1826 and the
Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company (later to become Eastman Kodak) was created in
1884.

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2) Circa 1865:
In this photo by famed photographer Mathew Brady, General William Tecumseh
Sherman is seen posing with his generals. General Francis P. Blair [far right] was added to
the original photograph.

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3) Circa 1930:
Soviet premier, Joseph Stalin, routinely airbrushed his enemies out of images. In this
photo, a commissar was removed from the original photograph after falling out of favor with
Stalin.

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4) 1936:
In this doctored photograph, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong [first from the
right] had Po Ku [first from the left] removed from the original photograph, after Po Ku fell
out of favor with Mao.

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5) 1937:
In this doctored Nazi photograph, Adolf Hitler had Joseph Goebbels [second from right]
removed from the original photograph. It remains unclear why Goebbels had fallen out of
favor with Hitler.

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6) 1942:
In order to create a more heroic portrait of himself, Italian Fascist leader Benito
Mussolini had the horse handler removed from the original photograph.

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7) 1968:
When in the summer of 1968 communist leader Fidel Castro [right] approved of
the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia, Cuban writer and political activist Carlos
Franqui [middle] cut off relations with the regime and went into exile in Italy. His image
was subsequently removed from photographs.

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8) September 1971:
The chancellor of West Germany, Willy Brandt [far left], meets with Soviet leader
Leonid Brezhnev [far right], first secretary of the Communist Party. The two smoke and
drink, and it is reported that the atmosphere is cordial—and also that they are drunk. German
media publishes a photograph that shows the champagne bottles on the table. The Soviet
press, however, removed the bottles from the original photograph.

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Applications of Image Forgery
1) Adobe Photoshop:-
Adobe Photoshop is hands down, the most popular program for creating and modifying
images for the web.This is true not only because Photoshop is available on a wide array of
platforms ranging from Mac to Windows to UNIX, but because after 4 generations of
development, Adobe Photoshop has the most intuitive user interface, the most complete set
of tools, and the largest number of reference books around.
In fact as Deke McClelland says in Photoshop 3 Bible, “Some estimates say that
Photoshop sales exceed those of all of its competitors combined.”
“Photoshop is only one tool in a good designer’s arsenal. Other popular tools include Paint
Shop Pro, De Babelizer, or L View Pro for Windows and GIF Converter or Graphics
Converter for Macintosh. Fractal Design, Aldus and HSC also put out some excellent
programs.”One thing to keep in mind about using Photoshop is so powerful, it requires a
fairly souped up working environment.
Specially, it would be a good idea to have at least 32MB of RAM. After all, as a web
designer, you will be tasking your system while developing. Often you will have 2 browsers,
Photoshop, an HTML editor, a word processor, and two or three ftp/telnet sessions open all at
one time. Without enough resources, your computer will not have enough gusto to keep up
with you.
But, aside from altering images, Photoshop has a very vast array of tools that help you
“create” images from scratch. On the web, you will often need to make custom icons,
buttons, lines, balls or text art. Photoshop makes all of this excessively easy and fun.“It is
worth mentioning that Photoshop is not a “classic” drawing, or image creation, program.
Unlike a drawing program which stores information about images as mathematical
expressions(called Vectors), when Photoshop draws a line, the line is converted into little
dots, called pixels. When small enough, and with blended colors (anti-aliasing), these dots
can come to look like lines.
Think of pointillism. Of course, when magnified or reduced, the optical illusion is
dispelled and you get ugly choppy lines.”

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2) GIMP(GNU Image Manipulation Program):-
GIMP is an acronym for GNU Image Manipulation Program. It is a freely distributed
program for such tasks as photo retouching, image composition and image authoring. It has
many capabilities. It can be used as a simple paint program, and expert quality photo
retouching program, an online batch processing system, a mass production image renderer,
an image format converter, etc.
GIMP is expandable and extensible. It is designed to be augmented with plug-ins and
extensions to do just about anything. The advanced scripting interface allows everything
from the simplest task to the most complex image manipulation procedures to be easily
scripted.
GIMP is a raster graphics editor used for image retouching and editing, free-form
drawing, resizing, cropping, photo-montages, converting between different image formats,
and more specialized tasks.GIMP is written and developed under X11 on UNIX platforms.
But basically the same code also runs on MS Windows and Mac OS X.GIMP is
releasedunder LGPLv3 and GPLv3+ licenses and is available for Linux, OS X,
and Windows. The Libre Graphics Meeting (LGM) is a yearly event where developers of
GIMP and other projects meet up to discuss issues related to free and open source graphics
software. The GIMP developers hold birds of a feather (BOF) sessions at this event.
GIMP's fitness for use in professional environments is regularly reviewed and as such
often cited as a possible replacement for Adobe Photoshop. The maintainers seek to fulfill
GIMP's product vision rather than replicate the interface of Adobe Photoshop.GIMP itself is
released as source code. After a source code release installers and packages are made for
different operating systems by parties who may or may not be in contact with the maintainers
of GIMP.
Wilber is the official GIMP mascot. Wilber has relevance outside of GIMP as a racer
in Super TuxKart and was displayed on the Bibliothèquenationale de France(National
Library of France) as part of Project Blinkenlights.

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3) Corel Paint Shop:-
Corel DRAW is a vector-based drawing and illustration program. This means that when
you draw an object on the Corel DRAW drawing page, the shape of the object displayed
onscreen is defined by a mathematical formula. In fact, its accuracy can be measured to one
tenth of a micro.Before you begin the installation process, be sure to close any open
programs and any TSR’s running in the background, especially virus checkers and crash
utilities. These utilities will drastically slow the installation or not allow Corel DRAW to
install at all.
CorelDraw (styled CorelDraw) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed
by Corel Corporation of Ottawa, Canada. It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite, which
bundles CorelDraw with a bitmap image editor, Corel Photo-Paint, and other graphics-related
programs (see below). The latest version is designated X7 (equivalent to version 17), and was
released in March 2014.
In 1987, Corel hired software engineers Michel Bouillon and Pat Beirne to develop a
vector-based illustration program to bundle with their desktop publishing systems. That
program, CorelDraw, was initially released in 1989. CorelDraw 1.x and 2.x runs under
Windows 2.x and 3.0. CorelDraw 3.0 came into its own with Microsoft's release of Windows
3.1. The inclusion of TrueType in Windows 3.1 transformed CorelDraw into a serious
illustration program capable of using system-installed outline fonts without requiring third-
party software such as Adobe Type Manager; paired with a photo editing program (Corel
Photo-Paint), a font manager and several other pieces of software, it was also part of the first
all-in-one graphics suite.
CorelDraw was originally developed for Microsoft Windows 3 and currently runs
on Windows XP, Windows Vista,Windows 7, and Windows 8. The current version, X7, was
released on 27 March 2014.CorelDraw is capable of handling multiple pages along with
multiple master layers. Multipage documents are easy to create and edit and the Corel print
engine allows for booklet and other imposition so even simple printers can be used for
producing finished documents.

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Need for detection of digital forgeries
One of the most recent case of image forgery is fake birth certificate of President of
America ‘Barrack Obama’ who is not eligible to be the president of America and he showed
his fake birth certificate and became the president of America. This has been proved in the
court and actions are taken regarding it and there is no real birth certificate found of Barack
Obama.
The birth certificate in question is actually a purported copy of Barack Obama’s original
birth certificate which is currently held by Hawaii’s Department of Health. This copy was
posted in April of 2011 on the official whitehouse.gov website where it still appears today.
No one knows where Obama’s real birth certificate is. The following document is an exact
copy of what appears on the website.
Obama’s supporters will tell everyone who will listen that Barack Obama produced
his real birth certificate in 2011. A single reporter – Savannah Guthrie of NBC news — was
allowed to see the “real” document, and then it was scanned as a PDF file and loaded into the
internet for everyone to see. As far as the Obama crowd is concerned, that’s the end of the
story.
The only problem for Obama is that numerous electronic document experts have shown,
using steps that anyone can repeat with if they have the proper software, that the document
the White House so proudly uploaded is not simply a scanned version of an original paper
document. Instead, it’s what’s called a “layered” document. A document that’s scanned will

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have only one layer, which is the image itself. A “layered,” electronically manipulated
document will show one electronic addition after another. The White House’s birth
certificate PDF has nine layers. This was an assembled electronic document, not a scanned
paper document.

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Types of image forgery
1) Image Retouching:-
 Image Retouching can be considered to be the less harmful kind of digital image forgery.
 Image Retouching does not significantly does not change an image, but instead, enhances
or reduces certain feature of an image(see picture below).
 This technique is popular among magazine photo editors. It can be said that almost all
magazine cover would employ this technique to ‘enhance’ certain features of an image so
that it is more attractive; ignoring the fact that such enhancement is ethically wrong.

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2) Image Splicing:-
 This technique is more aggressive than image retouching. Image Splicing is a technique
that involves a composite of two or more images which are combined to create a fake
image.
 In the picture below, ‘the shark’ is copied to the base image(helicopter rescue). The base
image is first flipped horizontally before the shark is pasted to create a more convincing
(and not to forget dramatic) picture of the helicopter rescue.

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3) Copy-Move Attack:-
 Copy-Move Attack is more or less similar to Image Splicing in view of the fact that both
techniques modify certain image region (of a base image), with the another image.
 However, instead of having an external image as the source, copy-move attack uses
portion of the original base image as its source. In other words, source and the destination
of the modified image originated from the same image.
 In copy-move attack, parts of the original image is copied, moved to a desired location,
and pasted. This is usually done in order to conceal certain details or to duplicate certain
aspects of an image.
 Blurring is usually applied along the border of the modified region to reduce to reduce
the effect of irregularities between the original and the pasted region.
 The picture below shows a sample image that has been tampered using copy-move
attack(left) and its original (right). Notice a repeated smoke pattern on the left image.

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Image security
There are many ways in which you can secure your home and business against crime and
avoid becoming another statistic.Established in 1992 image security offers comprehensive range
of sophisticated security products and security services to protect what means to u most.
Steps to protect your image
The Internet is a great way to show your photographs to the world. Putting images
up on the website is the child’s play compared to hanging a gallery show or publishing a
book. But what is to stop an unscrupulous website visitor from stealing your images ? In
truth, all the images that are seen by your visitors are already copied and stored in their
computer’s browser cache. But there are still effective, low cost ways of preventing their
misuse.
1) Adding your Copyright as a text layer
 This is the easiest and most effective way to protect your images. Placing the copyright
symbol and your name directly in an image tells everyone that your work is copyrighted.
We recommend including your website URL (or phone number if you don’t have your
own website ) so anyone who prints out or copies your picture can easily find you in the
future. This turns every copied image into an advertisement for you.

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 Each graphics program handles text differently, but look for the Text Tool on the toolbar
within your program. Use an easy to read font like Arial in a small point size. If your
image has light and dark areas that make text hard to read you can select the area behind
the text and reduce its contrast.
2)Size and compress your images properly
 There are 2 benefits to this approach. Smaller images will reduce both the quality of a
printout and will also speed page load time. Keep your image size under 450 pixels on
the long dimension. If anyone were to print it, it would be either print small, or if forced
to be a larger print the image will look pixilated (pixels will spread out). Next compress
your images until they just begin to show artifacts. This will help them load faster, and
further reduce the chance they will be misused. An added benefit of slicing is shorter load
time when you optimize each slice individually. In a program like ImageReady (part of
Photoshop 6), different parts of the same image can be optimized as GIF’s or JPEG’s.
3)Image slicing to protect your images
 Using your graphics program, you can slice your pictures into 2 or more slices. Right
clicking and saving would only get the view the part of the picture that was clicked on.
And the browsers cache will only have fragmented bits of images in it. The individual
image parts, which are really separate, picture loading into different cells within the same
table, are joined in the HTML when viewing the image on the web. An added benefit of
slicing is shorter load time when you optimize each slice individually. In a program like
ImageReady (part of Photoshop 6), different parts of the same image can be optimized as
GIF’s or JPEG’s.
4) Table background and Transparent GIF
 This is a bit complex, but quite effective. First create a table exactly the same size as the
image you want to protect. Next, set the image as the table background. Create a
transparent GIF with a similar name and exactly the same pixel dimensions as the
original image and insert it into the table. If someone tries to copy it by right clicking on
it, all they get is the transparent GIF.
5) Mouseover image swap

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 Another bit of JavaScript code can cause one image to replace another when the user’s
mouse passes over it. The replacement image can include a warning about not copying
your images.

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Forgery Detection Algorithms
1) Double Quantization Effect :-
 The first two histograms represent a typical file that was only saved once. The other two
demonstrate what happens to a JPEG image if it’s opened and saved as JPEG once again.
2) Error Level Analysis:-

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 Quantization deviation is significantly higher for the two cats on the left. This effect will
be significantly more pronounced if the object being pasted would be taken from a
different image.
3) Copy/Move Forgery and Clone Detection:-
 The second image is fake. Note that the other umbrella is not simply copying and pasting:
the pasted object is scaled to appear larger (closer). The third image outlines matching
points that allow detecting the cloned image.

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4) Inconsistent Image Quality:
 This is the same image, only the last three pictures are saved from the original with 90%,
70% and 50% quality respectively.
Inconsistent Image Quality:-
This is the same image, only the last three pictures are saved from the original with 90%,
70% and 50% quality respectively.
This is the same image, only the last three pictures are saved from the original with 90%,

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References
[1] S. Bayram, I. Avcibas, B. Sankur, and N. Memon, “Image manipulation detection with binary
similarity measures,” in Proc. European Signal Processing Conf., Turkey, 2005.
[2] S. Bayram, I. Avcibas, B. Sankur, and N. Memon, “Image manipulation detection,” J.
Electron. Imaging, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 41102, 2006.
[3] S. Bayram, H. T. Sencar, and N. Memon, “Source camera identification based on CFA
interpolation,” in IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, Genova, Italy, 2005, pp. 69–72.
[4] S. Bayram, H. T. Sencar, and N. Memon, “Improvements on source camera model
identification based on CFA interpolation,” in Proc. IFIP WG 11.9 Int. Conf. Digital Forensics,
Orlando, FL, 2006, pp. 24–27
[5] I. J. Cox, M. L. Miller, and J. A. Bloom, Digital Watermarking. San Francisco, CA: Morgan
Kaufmann, 2002.
[6] Z. Fan and R. L. de Queiroz, “Identification of bitmap compression history: JPEG detection
and quantizer estimation,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 230–235, 2003.
[7] H. Farid, “Detecting digital forgeries using bispectral analysis,” AI Lab, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Tech. Rep. AIM-1657, 1999.
[8] H. Farid, “Digital image ballistics from JPEG quantization,” Dept. Comput. Sci., Dartmouth
College, Tech. Rep. TR2006-583, 2006.
[9] H. Farid and S. Lyu, “Higher-order wavelet statistics and their application to digital
forensics,” in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Statistical Analysis in Computer Vision (in conjunction
with CVPR), Madison, WI, 2003. [10] J. Fridrich, M. Chen, and M. Goljan, “Imaging sensor
noise as digital x-ray for revealing forgeries,” in Proc. 9th Int. Workshop on Information Hiding,
Sant Malo, France, 2007, pp. 342–358.

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