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Immunity Basic and Types of Immunity..pptx
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- 2. IMMUNITY • Immunity isderived from Latin word “immunis” which means free from burden. In this case burden refers to disease caused by microorganisms or their toxic products. • Immunity is defined as the state of resistance or in susceptibility to disease caused by particular microorganisms or their toxic products. • In biology, immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
- 3. FACTORS AFFECTS IMMUNITY 1.Host resistance 2. Dosage of organisms 3. Virulence of organisms
- 4. Types of immunity Natural orInnate Immunity Acquired or Adaptive or Specific Immunity Species immunit y Racial immunity Individual immunity Active Acquired immunity Passive Acquired immunity Natural Artificial Natural Artificial
- 5. NATURAL OR INNATEIMMUNITY • Immunity with which an individual is born is called innate or natural immunity. • Innate immunity is inherited by the organism from the parents and protects it from birth throughout life. • Innate immunity is provided by various components such as Skin, mucus membrane, Phagocytic cells etc. • Innate immunity acts as first line of defense to particular microorganisms.
- 6. TYPES OF INNATEIMMUNITY • 1. Species immunity: • If one species is resistant to certain infection and the other species is susceptible to the same infection then it is called as species immunity. • Anatomic, physiological and metabolic differences between species determine species immunity. For example, Birds are resistant to anthrax but Human are susceptible. It is simply because higher body temperature of birds kills Bacillus anthracis. • Anatomic differences between species also determine species immunity. For example, Human are more susceptible to skin infection whereas Cattles are more resistant to the same skin infection. It is because of tough and hairy skin (hides) of Cattles.
- 7. • 2. Racialimmunity: • If one race is susceptible while other race is resistant to same infection, then it is called Racial immunity. • For examples; certain African race are more resistant to malaria and yellow fever but Asian or Americans are susceptible to same infection. • Racial immunity is determined by difference in Socio-economic status, habitat, culture feeding habits, environments, genetic, etc.
- 8. • 3. Individualimmunity: • If one individual of certain race or cast is resistant while other individuals of same race or cast are susceptible to certain infection, then it is called as individual immunity. • Individual immunity is determined by various factors such as health status, nutritional status, previous illness, personal hygiene, genetic differences etc. • For examples; Individual with genetic deficiency of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase are resistant to Malaria.
- 9. MECHANISM OF INNATEIMMUNITY 1. Anatomical barrier 2. Physicochemical barrier 3. Phagocytic barrier or Phagocytosis 4. Inflammatory barrier or Inflammation
- 10. ANATOMICAL BARRIER • 1.Skin: • Skin consists of two distinct layer; a thin outer layer called epidermis and thick inner layer called dermis. • Epidermis consists of mostly dead cell filled with keratin. Dermis is composed of connective tissue, hair follicle, sebaceous gland and sweat gland. • Skin provides first line of defense by preventing entry of microorganisms. However skin may be penetrated by injury or insects.
- 12. • 2. Mucousmembrane: • Mucus secreted by mucous membrane traps the microor ganisms and immobilises them. • Microorganisms and dust particles can enter the respiratory tract with air during breathing which are trapped in the mucus. • The cilia sweep the mucus loaded with microorganisms and dust particles into the pharynx (throat). • From the pharynx it is thrown out or swallowed for elimination with the faeces.
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