Implementation of Enhanced New Stable Election Protocol- ENHSEP in NS2 Platform

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 970
Implementation of Enhanced New Stable Election Protocol- ENHSEP in
NS2 Platform
Ananda M P1, Dr. Devaraju R2
1 PG student, Department of telecommunication, DSCE, Karnataka, India
2 Associate professor, Department of telecommunication, DSCE, Karnataka, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Among many wireless technology
wireless sensor network place a prominent place
in the present world and also in future because of
its application in almost all the fields. In order to
achieve a network with better efficiency many
routing protocols are proposed for the
communication among cluster node in WSN. The
protocols are proposed in such a way that it has to
satisfy all the aims of the design of the protocol
such as energy efficiency, minimum energy
consumption, increase of network lifetime,
reducing packet drop, increase in throughput and
etc. the existing routing algorithm such as LEACH,
SEP has their own disadvantages especially in
terms of energy consumption and network
lifetime. Exploration of existing routing protocols
may leads to the development of new protocols
which are there for improving the existing
wireless sensor network. This paper particularly
contains the exploration of new hierarchical stable
election protocol and development of new routing
protocol called ENHSEP. The results obtained from
NS2 are shown in this paper and those results are
compared with the results of LEACH and NHSEP.
The comparison is done in terms of their
performances such as throughput, energy and
packet delivery ratio and packet drop. The graphs
of comparison show that the performance of
ENHSEP is far better than that of NHSEP. This
paper describes the development methodology of
the ENHSEP and further enhancement of this
protocol.
Key Words: WSN, LEACH, SEP, Clustering, Cluster
head.
1. INTRODUCTION1
A wireless sensor network is a wireless network
which consists of spatially distributed sensors over a large
field in order to monitor the environmental conditions
such as temperature, humidity, moisture content,
vehicular movement and so on. All the wireless sensor
networks have a certain lifetime during which nodes have
limited energy, by using that energy the nodes collect the
information from different nodes of the network, process
it and transmit to the destination. Hence the network
should be built in such a way that it is extremely energy
efficient. The life time of network depends on the energy
usage by all the nodes in a network. The network should
reduce the energy dissipation and it should be resistive to
the node failures, fault tolerant and scalable in order to
maximize system lifetime.
In order to monitor environmental conditions
such as predictive maintenance energy saving smart grid,
high confident and asset tracking, intelligent buildings,
enable new knowledge, improve productivity, improve
food and water, enhanced safety and security, smart home,
health care, military battle field surveillance, drug
identification, recognition security and civil application
and automatic security a wireless sensor network which
consist of small sensor nodes is used. Tiny sensor nodes
process the data and send it to base station called as sink.
A wireless sensor network consists of some hardware,
memory and processing unit. Multihop data transmission
and direct communication are the two different routing
techniques for the communication between node and sink.
The main constraint in WSN is limited battery power
which plays a great influence on the lifetime and the
quality of the network is influenced by battery power
which is the main constraint in WSN. In order to satisfy
energy consumption and efficiency requirement of WSN
several routing protocols have been implemented. The
efficiency, lifetime and scalability of wireless sensor
network can be improved by using hierarchical routing. In

WSN the sensors are organized clusters by themselves and
each cluster consist of header. The main function of cluster
head is to provide data communication between sensor
nodes and the base station efficiently. The heterogeneous
nature of WSN increases the lifetime of WSN where
heterogeneous nature refers to a network consists of
sensor nodes with different characteristics such as sensing
range, power consumption, data transmission and so on.
There are two types of clustering techniques such as
homogeneous clustering and heterogeneous clustering.
Heterogeneous clustering is the type of clustering
performed in heterogeneous network whereas
homogeneous clustering is the clustering performed in
homogeneous network.
The sensors in the network are classified into 3
categories such as physical sensor, chemical sensor and
biological sensor. The sensors used for temperature,
moisture content, flow rate, flow velocity, pressure and
light transmission are categorized into physical sensor.
The sensors used to sense dissolved oxygen, electrical
conductivity, pH, oxidation reduction potential, major
ionic species, nutrientsa, heavy metals, small organic
compounds, large organic compounds are categorized into
chemical sensors. Sensors used to sense microorganisms,
biologically active contaminants are categorized into
biological sensor.
Following are the characteristics of sensor node which is
used to evaluate the performance of wireless sensor
network.
1. Fault tolerance: Usually break occurs in WSN due to
sensor node failures. Fault tolerance is the ability to keep
the functionalities of wireless sensor network working
correctly without any break.
2. Mobility of nodes: It refers to the movement of the
nodes within the field of network which will increase the
efficiency of communication.
3. Dynamic network topology: There are some standard
topologies for the connection between sensor nodes in the
network. The WSN must be in a position of working in
dynamic topology.
4. Communication failures: whenever there is a failure in
communication between the nodes in the network, the
failure should be informed to the base station or gateway
immediately without any delay.
5. Heterogeneity of nodes: When the characteristics of
sensor nodes are heterogeneous in nature then these
sensor nodes are required to work in a cooperative
manner.
6. Scalability: In WSN the number of sensor nodes used in
the network should be countable that is they can be in the
order of hundreds or thousands. Hence WSN is designed in
such a way that it should be highly scalable.
7. Independency: The capacity of WSN to work without
depending on any central control point is considered while
evaluating the performance of WSN.
8. Programmability: Reprogramming or reconfiguring of
WSN to make it adaptive for the dynamic changes in the
network is one of the essential features of WSN.
9. Utilization of sensors: The efficient use of sensor nodes
in order to make network performance more efficient with
less energy.
Network coverage, efficiency in terms of system lifetime,
node coverage, effortless deployment, data accuracy,
system response time, fault tolerance, scalability, network
throughput, sample rate, security, the cost of the network
and network architecture used are the matrices used to
measure the performance of WSN . The evaluation of each
sensor node in WSN is done using its flexibility,
robustness, computation, communication, security,
synchronization, node size and cost.
1. BASIC STRUCTURE OF WSN
Figure1: Basic structure of WSN
Following are the components of WSN explained below.
Sensor node: The function of sensor nodes is to process
the data, collecting the data and communicating with
neighboring nodes present in the network.

Relay node: A relay node is the node which is intended to
increase the reliability of the network. It can be considered
as the mediator between the two communicating nodes in
the network. It is a special type device which does not
contain any processor or control equipment and does not
interfere with process itself.
Actor node: According to the requirement of application
actor nodes takes decision. It is the node at higher end
with better characteristics such as better processing
capabilities, greater transmission power and high battery
life hence they can be called as resource rich devices.
Cluster head: It is a special node performing data
collection from different cluster node and aggregating
them into meaningful information. Then the aggregated
information is send to the destination that is base station.
This node is considered as highly reliable and secure node
in the cluster. This node is trusted by all the cluster nodes
for its security.
Gateway: The interface between the WSN and the outside
network is called gateway. Compared to other sensor
nodes in the network gateway node is the most powerful
node in terms of programming, data memory, processor,
expansion of memory.
Base station: An extraordinary node in the network
which is the destination of the WSN having high
computational energy and processing capacity.
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION
In hierarchical networks, protocol like Low-
energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Stable
Election Protocol (SEP) choose a cluster heads in random
manner, as a result of random selection of cluster head,
the probability of selecting a node with lower energy as a
cluster head is more. When these networks chooses the
lower energy node as cluster head the faults will be higher
and these network divide the cluster in non symmetric
manner. This leads to a Problem where the distribution of
nodes among the clusters will be uneven that is nodes in
some cluster will be high and in some cluster will have
less. This problem leads to the development of efficient
protocols.
3. OBJECTIVE AND MOTIVATION
The main objective of this project is to enhance
the existing routing protocol like LEACH, SEP so as to
obtain an efficient protocol for routing the signal to
increase the lifetime of the sensor network and a less
energy consumption. The developed protocol in this
project is enhanced homogeneous new hierarchical stable
election protocol.
When one look at the existing system of wireless
sensor network, the existing routing protocols such as
LEACH and SEP their disadvantages such as hacking of
network, comparatively low speed of communication,
distraction by various elements, costlier when the area is
large, lifetime of nodes is relatively less, not energy
efficient. These are the disadvantages which are motivated
for the development of new routing protocols which are
energy efficient and overcome from the disadvantages
mentioned above.
4. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Wireless sensor network is very interesting and
multidisciplinary system which can be applicable for
almost all the fields. It produces powerful and cost
effective device which can be used in many applications
such as under water or acoustic sensor system, cyber
physical system, healthcare and many other area where
the monitoring is the main concern. The routing protocol
developed in this project has its scope in many fields at
present world and also in future.
Following are some of the fields where the project places a
vital role in present and future world.
5. PROPOSED SYSTEM
In New Hierarchical Stable Election Protocol (NHSEP)
clustering is done symmetrically. Also with consideration
of remaining energy and distance between nodes, Here the
best node is selected as a cluster head, set two nodes as
Node A and Node B in network with specific
characteristics (coordinates) which helps in determining
the position of other nodes in the network, After formation
of network, nodes sending signal to Node A, Node B and
sink simultaneously. By using Node A, Node B and sink
from straight received signal the distance of each node
with these three points are determined. Node A, Node B
and sink has a table that consists of information about all
nodes. Fields table has number of nodes and distance of
each node to others and etc. Node A and Node B sends the
distance between all the nodes to sink by using the
distance table. Node A and Node B are intermediate nodes
that collect information from cluster head of all clusters
and send it to Sink node.

To determine characteristic of all the nodes in the network
For example to calculate characteristic (coordinates) of
node D, Assume that characteristic of sink=(X1 ,Y1), Node
A=(X2,Y2 ) and Node B =(X3,Y3)
To calculate the distance of node D that has distance from
sink, Node A, Node B are certain quantities respectively as
a, b, c.
Assume characteristic of node D is D = (X4 ,Y4). The
distance of node D from sink, Node A and Node B are given
by equation 1,equation 2 and equation 3 respectively.
|D-Sink|2 = (X4 –X1)2 + (Y4 –Y1)2 = a2………….(1)
(X4 –X2)2 + (Y4 –Y2)2 = b………….(2)
(X4 –X3)2 + (Y4 –Y3)2 = c2 ………….(3)
X4
Ꞌ
= …….(4)
Y4
Ꞌ
= …….(5)
By putting value of X4 in equation 1 and setting
value of Y4 results in a second degree equation, solving
that equation creates two points, by substituting those two
points in equation1 gives two correct Points as an answer.
The same calculation will be repeated for all the nodes in a
sink and the results will be stored in table. By using these
information the distance of every node from each other in
the cluster will be calculated and saved to the same table.
Considering the area and number of sensors the network
is divided into two equal parts each part forms a cluster.
When a node lies in both clusters, some conditions has to
be assumed to bring a node to a any one of the clusters.
And the three conditions assumed are: I-If sensor is
coming in horizontal line, assumed it member of bottom
square. 2-If it coming in vertical line, we assumed it
member of left square. 3-If it coming in both vertical and
horizontal lines it member of left bottom square. All the
available sensors will be part of either of any squares
(clusters) and for each square the cluster head will be
selected.
Probability of cluster head = …………. (5)
Where =
Where n = number of cluster node
= Node.
= average distance with other cluster nodes.
=Remaining energy.
6. DESIGN PROCEDURE
Following are the steps to be .followed in the development
of energy efficient routing protocol
Step 1: Creation of nodes: Involves the creation of 50
nodes to form a wireless sensor network.
Step 2: Calculation of characteristic of node based on the
equation given above.
Step 3: Place the node based on characteristic of node.
Nodes with similar character place to same cluster.
Step 4: Hello packet transmission to all the nodes.
Step 5: Calculation of remaining energy of all the nodes.
Step 6: Cluster formation
Step 7: Node distance calculation
Step 8: Cluster head selection based on remaining energy
and highest probability of node.
Step 9: Cluster head collects information from different
nodes of the network.
Step 10: sending the collected information to the base
station.
7.1 FLOW DIAGRAM
Following fig shows the flow of the steps followed
while doing the project.

Figure 2: Flow diagram
7. EXISTING ROUTING PROTOCOLS
This section describes the existing routing protocols such
as LEACH and SEP
8.1 LEACH
LEACH stands for low energy adaptive clustering
hierarchy. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical
Protocol is the primitive protocol that uses the
hierarchical routing for WSN to increase the life time of
network. The main concept is that data to be sent from all
nodes in the network to destination node. The nodes in the
network are grouped to form a cluster. Data can be sent by
selecting one node as a cluster head it receives the cluster
information from all nodes, signal process all the data and
send it to remote base station. Being a Cluster head it has
to be more energy efficient than all other non-cluster head
nodes. When Cluster head dies the communication will
break down. So the selection of cluster head is more
important [1].
LEACH incorporates the round robin condition
that select the Cluster head in randomized rotation of
nodes and Cluster head selection will be continuously
changing in a cluster. The energy is evenly assigned to all
the nodes in the network. Since the Cluster-head node
knows all the information about all cluster members in the
cluster. It can create a TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access) schedule, that tells each node exactly when to
transmit its data.
8.2 SEP
SEP protocol mainly defined for Heterogeneous
Network. In Heterogeneous network, two different energy
levels are assigned to the nodes. So the Probability of
choosing Cluster head with higher energy level is selected
in all the rotations again and again which causes the
failure of that higher energy level node in the network. To
become Cluster head in SEP Protocol it uses weighted
election probabilities of each node according to that it
calculates the remaining energy of each node in the
network. In Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
researchers found many challenging issues including the
limited energy, efficient usage of the energy and the
problem with hierarchy of the network as imbalance
network [2].
The SEP protocol was improved version of LEACH
protocol. The operation of SEP and LEACH Protocols is
similar, the only difference is that in SEP protocol sensors
have two different energy level.[3] Hence SEP protocol is
not homogeneous while the NHSEP Protocol mainly
defined for the homogeneous network where all the nodes
in the network are assigned with same energy level. In SEP
protocol some sensors have high energy therefore
probability of these sensors as cluster head will be high.
Position and base energy level are not chosen in the SEP
and LEACH. This is major problem in these two protocols
so they have static operation [4].
The project is aimed at enhancement of stable
election protocol results in new hierarchical stable
election protocol.

8. HOMOGENEOUS NEW HIERARCHICAL STABLE
ELECTION PROTOCOL
• The base station (BS) is located far from the sensors and
immobile.
• All nodes in the network are homogenous and energy-
constrained.
• All nodes are able to send data to BS.
• The BS has the information about the location of each
node.
• Cluster-heads (CHs) perform data reception,
compression and transmission.
• At the start energy of all nodes is at the maximum level.
• In the first round, each node has a probability p of
becoming the cluster head.
• A node which has become cluster head shall be eligible to
become cluster head after 1/p rounds.
• Assume 65 nodes in the network.
• Each node has same energy Emax and consumes equal
energy for transmission and reception.
• Nodes in the network are not dynamic while the Cluster
Heads (CHs) are being selected.
9. RESULTS
The results are obtained in NAM window using
NS2 simulator. The design procedure of the project is
discussed in the previous chapters. The results obtained
after and before enhancement is shown as follows
Figure 3: Clustering in SEP and LEACH protocol
The above Figure 3 shows the clustering in SEP
and LEACH protocol, where the clustering is done
randomly which gives rise to disadvantages such as
improper formation of cluster, choosing a false node as a
cluster head and some of the nodes fall under two or more
clusters which results in more power consumption intern
reduces the lifetime of the network.
10.1 SIMULATION RESULTS OF NHSEP
Figure 4: Clustering in NHSEP
The above Figure 4 represents the clustering in NHSEP
where the inclusion of nodes into cluster follows a
different idea. Whenever the node lies in a horizontal line
that node will included to the bottom square, when the
node lies in a vertical line that node will included to left
square and when the node lies in both vertical and
horizontal line the node will put into left bottom square.
Figure 5: Cluster head formation in NHSEP
The above Figure 6 represents a formation of
cluster head in the cluster. The energy of each node in a

cluster is compared and the node with highest energy is
chosen as a cluster head.
Figure 6: Packet transmission from cluster members to
cluster head in NHSEP
The simulation results of NHSEP are as shown in
the above figures. Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 represents
clustering, cluster head formation and cluster
communication in NHSEP respectively.
The communication among the nodes within the cluster is
called intra cluster communication and the
communication between cluster head and the base station
is called intra cluster communication.
The disadvantages of NHSEP such as more packet drop,
poor throughput and delay can be resolved in ENHSEP
which is the enhancement of NHSEP implemented in
homogeneous network.
10.2 SIMULATION RESULTS OF ENHSEP
Figure 7: Clustering in ENHSEP
The above Figure 7 represents clustering in
ENHSEP where the clustering is done by considering the
distance of sensor nodes from the base station. In ENHSEP
the nodes which are near to the base station put into the
cluster near to the base station and the nodes which are
far away from the cluster put into the cluster which is far
away from the base station.
Figure 8: Formation of active nodes
The above Figure 8 represents formation of active
nodes in the cluster. Average energy of all the nodes in the
network is calculated. After that hello packet is
transmitted from each node to the base station. After the
transmission is completed energy of the entire node in the
network is recalculated. The nodes having energy more
than the average energy is selected as a active nodes.
Nodes in blue colour represent the active node. Not all the
nodes in a cluster involved in communication but the
active nodes.
Figure 9: Formation of cluster head

The above Figure 9 represents the formation of
cluster head in ENHSEP. The energy of all the nodes in the
cluster compared and the node with highest energy among
the active nodes is selected as a cluster head. This cluster
head is responsible for the transmission of collected
information to the base station. The nodes in red colour
represent cluster head.
Figure 10: Intra cluster and Inter cluster communication
The above Figure 10 represents the
communication in the network. The communication
occurs between the clusters and also within the clusters
called as inter cluster communication and intra cluster
communication respectively. Whenever the distance of the
cluster head is too far from the base station in order
minimize the energy utilization it communicate and
forward the collected information to the cluster haed
nearer to the base station which take care of that
information and transmit to the base station. Hence the
chances of packet drop reduces which reduces the time
requirement for transmission which inturn reduces the
energy consumption. Hence the protocol became energy
efficient.
10. PERFORMANCE AND COMPARISON OF NHSEP
AND ENHSEP
The performance parameters such as energy,
packet drop, throughput, packet delivery ratio is done in
NS2 and are represented in graph shown below.
Comparison between NHSEP and ENHSEP is done by
considering the above mentioned parameters. This
chapter contains performance of NHSEP and ENHSEP and
their performance is compared then represented in graph.
11.1 THROUGHPUT
Generally throughput is defined as the maximum
rate at which anything can be processed. With respect to
communication throughput ids defined as the rate of
delivery of messages to the destination successfully over a
communication channel. Throughput is generally
measured as bits per second and some times it is
represented as packets per second. More the throughput
more will be efficiency in the network.
Throughput = number of successful delivery of
packets/sec
11.2 ENERGY
In wireless sensor network energy is the most
prominent factor. To carry out any function in WSN energy
is utilized. As time goes the energy will decrease. Once the
energy is exhausted network will fail. Retaining of energy
for long period of time is the challenge in WSN. The energy
retained with respect to time is measured and represented
as graph. The energy retained in NHSEP and ENHSEP with
respect to time is described in this chapter as a graph.
11.3 PACKET DELIVERY RATIO
It is defined as the ratio of received packets in the
destination to the generated packets at the source. For
ideal WSN PDR is equal to 1. In practice an efficient WSN
should have PDR very much equal to 1. Whenever the
packet drop in the network is high, the packet delivery
ration decreases and becomes very much less than 1.
Hence packet drop should be as less as possible.
Packet delivery ratio=
11.4 PACKET DROP
Packet drop is defined as the number of packets
fails to reach the destination during the time of
transmission. The packet drop is calculated as the
percentage of packet loss with respect to the packet sent.
The main reason for packet drop is congestion in
communication channel. Packet drop in any WSN must be
as less as possible in order to maintain the better packet
delivery ratio. Packet drop in NHSEP and ENHSEP is
evaluated and represented graphically.

12. COMPARISON BETWEEN NHSEP AND ENHSEP
Figure 11: Comparison of throughput
The above Figure 11 shows the comparison of the
throughput between NHSEP and ENHSEP where the Y-axis
represents the successful delivery of packets in Kb/s and
X-axis represents the time. The performance throughput
value for ENHSEP is greater than the NHSEP.
Figure 12: Comparison of packet drop.
The above Figure 12 shows the comparison of the Packet
drop between ENHSEP and NHSEP. Where the Y-axis
represents the packet drop in Loss x 103 and X-axis
represents the time in sec. the packet drop of the ENHSEP
is less when compare to the NHSEP will be shown in
graph.
Figure 13: Comparison of packet delivery ratio
The above Figure 13 shows the comparison packet
delivery ratio between the ENHSEP and NHSEP. Where the
Y-axis represents the value of packet delivery ratio in PDR
x 10-3 and X-axis represents the time in sec. We can see
that at the end of the time factor the PDR value of ENHSEP
is higher than the NHSEP.
13. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
In this project the clustering is done
symmetrically using distance criteria which gives better
results compare to NHSEP and simulation of New
Hierarchical Stable Election Protocol (NHSEP) and
Enhanced-NHSEP protocols is carried out using NS2.
Result shows that Enhanced-NHSEP protocol has better
performance in the parameters Energy Consumed, Energy
Remaining, Packet Delivery Fraction, End to End Delay and
Dead Nodes comparison with NHSEP protocol. The
average energy of the cluster is calculated and after
defining the active nodes the node having higher energy is
selected as CH. The speed of communication increases
because of inter and intra cluster communication.
Enhanced-NHSEP Protocol gives better performance
compare with NHSEP protocol. SEP and LEACH protocol
creates non uniform cluster area they does not define how
cluster head is chosen and how clusters are formed. By
considering all the parameters the NHSEP protocol is
enhanced and develops a protocol in homogeneous
network results are compared with NHSEP.
The developed ENHSEP protocol is implemented in
homogeneous network and need to implement in
heterogeneous network in future. Every network should

have packet drops while transmission of data, Packet
drops are still reducible.
In this project simulation of Low Energy Adaptive
Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Stable Election Protocol
(SEP) and New Hierarchical Stable Election Protocol
(NHSEP) protocols is simulated using NS2. Result shows
that NHSEP protocol has better performance in the
parameters Energy Consumed, Energy Remaining, Packet
Delivery Fraction, End to End Delay and Dead Nodes
comparison with LEACH and SEP protocol. The number of
nodes and speed increases. NHSEP Protocol gives better
performance compare with LEACH and SEP protocols. SEP
and NHSEP protocol creates non uniform cluster area. By
considering all the parameters the NHSEP protocol is
enhanced and develops a protocol in homogeneous
network results are compared with NHSEP.
REFERENCE
[1] Laveena Mahajan,Narinder Sharma "Improving the
Stable Period of WSN using Dynamic Stable Leach Election
Protocol" 2014.
[2] Shio Kumar Singh , M P Singh , and D K Singh “Energy
Efficient Homogenous Clustering Algorithm for Wireless
Sensor Networks” 2010
[3]Arafat Abu Malluh, Khaled M. Elleithy,
ZakariyaQawaqneh, Ramadhan J. Mstafa, AdwanAlanazi
"EM-SEP: An Efficient Modified Stable Election Protocol",
Proceedings of 2014.
[4]Dahlila P. Dahnil,Yaswant P. Singh, Chin Kuan Ho
"Energy-Efficient Cluster Formation in Heterogeneous
Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comparative Study"
ICACT2011, pp no. 746-751, Feb. 13-16,2011.
[5] Simranjit Singh, Kanwaljit Singh, "Energy Efficient
Election Probability and Cluster Head Selection for
Enhancement of SEP-E in Wireless Sensor Networks",
2013.
[6]D.P.Dahnil, Y.P.Singh, C.K.Ho, "Analysis of adaptive
clustering algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE
Conference on Communication Systems, Nov 20l0.
[7] Laveena Mahajan,Narinder Sharma "Improving the
Protocol" 2014.
[8] Arafat Abu Malluh, Khaled M. Elleithy,
ZakariyaQawaqneh, Ramadhan J. Mstafa, Adwan Alanazi
[9]Dahlila P. Dahnil,Yaswant P. Singh, Chin Kuan Ho
ICACT2011, pp no. 746-751, Feb. 13-16,2011.
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[11]D.P.Dahnil, Y.P.Singh, C.K.Ho, "Analysis of adaptive
[12] Laveena Mahajan, Narinder Sharma "Improving the
Protocol" 2014.
[13] Arafat Abu Malluh, Khaled M. Elleithy,
ZakariyaQawaqneh, Ramadhan J. Mstafa, Adwan Alanazi
[14]Dahlila P. Dahnil, Yaswant P. Singh, Chin Kuan Ho
ICACT2011, pp no. 746-751, Feb. 13-16, 2011.
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[16] D.P.Dahnil, Y.P.Singh, C.K.Ho, "Analysis of adaptive

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