Implementation of PID Controller PWM Module on FPGA

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 7 Issue 5, September-October 2023 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD59966 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 5 | Sep-Oct 2023 Page 499
Implementation of PID Controller PWM Module on FPGA
C. Sinduja1, Mrs. P. Thenmozhi2
1
PG Student, Department of ECE, Gnanamani College of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Gnanamani College of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
A technique for designing an Intelligent PID controller using Very
Large Scale Integrated circuits (VLSI) is presented. The PID
controller parameters are optimized using the Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) algorithm, which identifies errors and controls
the system with multiple iterations of different parameters. The
optimization process focuses on parameters such as gain, delay, lag,
and various times to solve problems. To evaluate the system's
performance, a new function that includes system adjusting time, rise
time, overshoot, and system error is defined. The circuits are tested
and implemented as intelligent PID controllers on VLSI devices in a
laboratory plant. The algorithm applied to the PID controller reduces
iterations and enables rapid control action, resulting in improved
system time delay and performance. The optimization technique is
applied to improve the system's response. Finally, the Intelligent PID
controller is implemented in FPGA.
KEYWORDS: Intelligent PID controller, VLSI, Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO), gain, delay, lag, system adjusting time, rise time,
overshoot, system error, laboratory plant, FPGA
How to cite this paper: C. Sinduja | Mrs.
P. Thenmozhi "Implementation of PID
Controller PWM Module on FPGA"
Published in
International
Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN:
2456-6470,
Volume-7 | Issue-5,
October 2023, pp.499-503, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59966.pdf
Copyright © 2023 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
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Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
I. INTRODUCTION
There are two main approaches to implementing
digital control systems: software-based and hardware-
based.
Software-based systems involve the interaction
between memory and processor, with tools such as
PLCs, microcontrollers, microprocessors, DSPs, and
computers. Hardware-based systems use VLSI
devices, which are highly configurable ICs used to
implement logic functions. They offer advantages
such as ease of design, lower development costs, high
speed capabilities, and power efficiency. VLSI
devices can be programmed using software provided
by manufacturers, with Hardware Description
Languages like VHDL and Verilog used to
implement complex algorithmic logic.
To address the challenge of identifying and changing
parameters for PID controllers, an intelligent PID
control method is proposed. This approach uses PSO
to optimize controller parameters based on system
error, addressing issues like lag, time-variety, and
nonlinearity. An evaluation function is defined that
considers system adjusting time, rise time, overshoot,
and system error. The intelligent PID controller can
be applied to first-order and second-order systems
with time delay and outperforms classic PID
optimized by PSO. Proper computation of thresholds
with low latency is crucial for the canny edge
detection algorithm's performance. A robust threshold
computation method with higher accuracy has been
introduced, but it requires more resources and
increases latency.
II. DESIGN PID CONTROL PWM
MODULE
The objective of this study is to utilize FPGA
technology to develop a PWM module for PID
control. FPGA-based implementation offers benefits
such as parallel processing, low power consumption,
and complex functionality at high speeds. The design
of the PID control PWM module was carried out
using Quartus II programmable logic design software
and tested on the DE0 Nano Board from Altera's
Cyclone IV FPGA family. Signal Tap II analyzer and
RTL viewer were utilized for debugging and analysis,
while Time Quest analyzer was used for proper
timing constraint and clock arrangement. The
simulation and hardware testing results demonstrate
IJTSRD59966

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
that utilizing FPGA has several advantages, including
high speed, flexibility in design, and high reliability.
III. PID CONTROLLER IN A FPGA
The aim of this study is to develop a microclimate
monitoring system for precision agriculture using
Zigbee technology. This system consists of sensor
nodes that measure air temperature and humidity in a
large area. The nodes are connected in a cluster tree
topology, allowing for a long-distance
communication range of up to 1 mile. Each node
contains a microcontroller unit, air temperature and
humidity sensors, and a solar cell for energy supply.
An energy management scheme is implemented to
optimize power use, and data is sent to a receiver
every 8-30 minutes. The data is stored on a data-
logging PC and displayed on a website for real-time
monitoring. The use of Zigbee technology provides
low cost, low power consumption, and flexible
architecture for wireless networking of field sensors
in precision agriculture.
IV. EXISTING SYSTEM
The purpose of this demonstration is to showcase the
implementation of a PID controller in the Main.cpp
using C++ code on the Altera NIOS II Processor. The
code utilizes the proportional and derivative modes of
the PID controller to generate a new output value
based on the error input. The output value is then
used to control the LeftSpeed and Right-Speed of the
two motors on the A-Cute Car. The kp and kd values
are set to 1.0 and 8.0 respectively, with ki set to 0.0.
The LTC2308 IP is used to read eight digitized values
from the LTC2308 ADC chip through a high-speed
SPI bus. These values include one for the input power
voltage and seven sensor values from the sensor
board containing seven Photo Interrupters used to
track dark lines on a white background. The PWM IP
controls the rotation speed and direction of the DC
motor, with each motor controlled by a PWM
controller. The 1K waveform IP generates a 1M
frequency to drive the buzzer, and the associated
GPIO controls the beep sounds on or off switch. The
left and right lamps are directly controlled by the
GPIO IP, while the IR receiver decodes received IR
signals transmitted from the Terasic remote
controller.
Overall, the PID controller is a widely used control
loop feedback mechanism in industrial control
systems that combines proportional, integral, and
derivative modes to correct errors between measured
process variables and desired set points.
Figure I. Block Diagram Using Data Input And
Output Pwm Module
V. PROPOSED SYSTEM
To read eight digitized values from the LTC2308
ADC chip, the LTC2308 IP is used through a high-
speed SPI bus. These values include one for the input
power voltage and seven sensor values from the
sensor board containing seven Photo Interrupters used
to track dark lines on a white background. Control
loops are used almost everywhere now a day.
Anytime we adjust our current works according to the
results obtained in previous results we form a control
loop. For example, when we feel cold and turn our
heater on we form a feedback loop, and when we
press the accelerator of a car whenever we are getting
late we again for a control loop. Whenever we change
make any change in environment by sensing the
previous results of that process we form a closed
control loop in our mind. Changing the speed of the
car is one of the best examples.
The PWM IP controls the rotation speed and direction
of the DC motor, with each motor controlled by a
PWM controller.
Figure II. Digital PWM Module
Figure III. PID Control of unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs)

PID Control System Design and Automatic Tuning
using MATLAB/Simulink introduces PID control
system structures, sensitivity analysis, PID control
design, implementation with constraints, disturbance
observer-based PID control, gain scheduled PID
control systems, cascade PID control systems, PID
control design for complex systems, automatic tuning
and applications of PID control to unmanned aerial
vehicles. It also presents resonant control systems
relevant to many engineering applications. The
implementation of PID control and resonant control
highlights how to deal with operational constraints.
PID Control System Design and Automatic Tuning
using MATLAB/Simulink is intended for
undergraduate electrical, chemical, mechanical, and
aerospace engineering students, and will greatly
benefit postgraduate students, researchers, and
industrial personnel who work with control systems
and their applications.
Figure IV. PID Control of unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs)
VI. PWM MODULE
The purpose of this demonstration is to showcase the
use of PWM as a technique for delivering power to a
circuit in a precise and controlled manner. PWM
involves modulating the duty cycle of a signal source
to provide logic "1" and "0" for a controlled period of
time. The block diagram of the PWM generator is
shown above, with an N-bit data word as input
corresponding to the actual PWM duty cycle.
The register stores the input (set value) and outputs it
when the load input is high. This output is then
compared with the N-bit counter value using a
comparator. When these two values become equal,
the comparator output is used to reset the R/S latch
output. When the counter overflows, the load signal
goes high and the latch output is set to high.
PWM is a widely used technique in various
applications, including motor control, lighting
control, and power electronics. Its ability to provide
precise and controlled power delivery makes it an
essential tool for many industries.
VII. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
MATLAB is used in every facet of computational
mathematics. Following are some commonly used
mathematical calculations where it is used most
commonly Dealing with Matrices and Arrays
2-D and 3-D Plotting and graphics Linear Algebra
Algebraic Equations
Non-linear Functions
Statistics
Data Analysis
Calculus and Differential Equations
Numerical Calculations
Integration
Transforms
Curve Fitting
Various other special functions
MATLAB is a high-level language and interactive
environment for numerical computation,
visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB,
you can analyze data, develop algorithms, and create
models and applications. The language, tools, and
built-in math functions enable you to explore multiple
approaches and reach a solution faster than with
spreadsheets or traditional programming languages,
such as C/C++ or Java. You can use MATLAB for a
range of applications, including signal processing and
communications, image and video processing, control
systems, test and measurement, computational
finance, and computational biology.
Figure V. Matlab Window
VIII. THE MATLAB ENVIRONMENT
The MATLAB environment (on most computer
systems) consists of menus, buttons and a writing
area similar to an ordinary word processor. There are
plenty of help functions that you are encouraged to
use. The writing area that you will see when you start
MATLAB is called the command window. In this
window you give the commands to MATLAB. For
example, when you want to run a program you have
written for MATLAB you start the program in the
command window by typing its name at the prompt.

The command window is also useful if you just want
to use MATLAB as a scientific calculator or as a
graphing tool. If you write longer programs, you will
find it more convenient to write the program code in a
separate window, and then run it in the command
window (discussed in Intro to programming).
Figure VI. Phase Crossover Frequency
A. Variables
Variables are defined using the assignment operator,
=. MATLAB is a weakly typed programming
language. It is a weakly typed language because types
are implicitly converted. It is a dynamically typed
language because variables can be assigned without
declaring their type, except if they are to be treated as
symbolic objects, and that their type can change.
Values can come from constants, from computation
involving values of other variables, or from the output
of a function.
B. Vectors/matrices
As suggested by its name (a contraction of "Matrix
Laboratory"), MATLAB can create and manipulate
arrays of 1 (vectors), 2 (matrices), or more
dimensions. In the MATLAB vernacular, a vector
refers to a one dimensional (1×N or N×1) matrix,
commonly referred to as an array in other
programming languages. A matrix generally refers to
a 2- dimensional array, i.e. an m×n array where m and
n are greater than 1. Arrays with more than two
dimensions are referred to as multidimensional
arrays. Arrays are a fundamental type and many
standard functions natively support array operations
allowing work on arrays without explicit loops.
IX. FPGA SIMULATION
MATLAB has structure data types. Since all variables
in MATLAB are arrays, a more adequate name is
"structure array", where each element of the array has
the same field names. In addition, MATLAB supports
dynamic field names (field look-ups by name, field
manipulations, etc.). Unfortunately, MATLAB JIT
does not support MATLAB structures, therefore just a
simple bundling of various variables into a structure
will come at a cost.
Figure VI. Root Locus Output
X. OUTPUT
%% Experiment: To plot the Bode plots of given
Systems
clc; close all; clearvars;
%% Q7: Find the Gain 'K' for which Gain Cross over
Frequncy is '5 rad/sec'
% Ans: Gain K = 0.056, as seen from Bode plot
(Solution in Assignment)
% 0.056 s^2
% ---------------------- <== System 1
% 0.004 s^2 + 0.22 s + 1
Num1 = [0.056 0 0]; % Numerator Coeffcients
Den1 = [0.2 1]; %Denominator factor 1
Coefficients
Den2 = [0.02 1]; %Denominator factor 2
Coefficients
Tofs1 = tf(Num1,conv(Den1,Den2));
%Creation of System
figure(1)
margin(Tofs1) %Plots the Bode Plot and also gives
the "Gain Crossover Frequency"
%% Q8: Find the Phase Crossover Frequency
% Ans = 9.976 (Theoretically), Verified from bode
plot
% 1000
% ------------------------------- <== System 2

% s^3 + 24.95 s^2 + 99.53 s + 999
Num2 = 1000; %Numerator Coeffcients
Den3 = [1 22.5]; %Denominator factor 1 Coefficients
Den4 = [1 2.45 44.4]; %Denominator factor 2
Coefficients
Tofs2 = tf(Num2,conv(Den3,Den4));
%Creation of System
figure(2)
margin(Tofs2) %Plots the Bode Plot and also gives
the "Phase Crossover Frequency"
Figure VII. PID Controller Response
Figure VIII. PID Controller Response
Figure IX. Blode Diagram
XI. CONCLUSION
The proposed system utilizes a FPGA-based design
approach to create a temperature control system. This
approach streamlines the design process for
embedded control designers, reducing development
time for efficient embedded software. The system
allows for software modeling and simulation in an
environment such as Matlab/Simulink, hardware
implementation, and post synthesis simulation of the
entire system. Future work includes implementing a
multiplierless digital PID controller using distributed
arithmetic architecture, offering high processing
speed, reduced power consumption, and hardware
compatibility for FPGA implementation.
XII. REFERENCE
[1] Wei Zhao, ByungHwa Kim, Amy C. Larson,
and Richard M. Voyles, “FPGA
Implementation of Closed loop control System
for Small Scale Robot”, In Proceedings., 12th
International conference on advanced robotics-
ICAR05, 2005, pp.70-77.
[2] Daijin Kim. “An implementation of Fuzzy
Logic Controller on the Reconfigurable FPGA
system”, IEEE transactions on Industrial
Electronics, Vol.47, No.3, 2000.
[3] Y. F. Chang, M. Moallm and W. Way,
“Efficient PID Controller Using FPGA”, IEEE
transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.35,
pp. 119-125.
[4] L. Samet, N. Masmoudi, M. W. Kharrat and L.
Kamoun, “A Digital PID Controller for Real
time and Multi Loop Control: a comparative
study”, in proceedings of 1998 IEEE
international Conference on Electronics
Circuits and Systems, Vol.1, 1998, pp. 291-
296.
[5] Paul Leisher, Christopher Meyers. Dr. T.
Stewart and Dr. G. Dempsey, “FPGA
Implementation of a PID controller with DC
Motor Application”, Bradley University, a
project report, 2002.
[6] Stephen Brown, “Digital logic design”, Tata
Mechgraw Hill publications, India, 2002.
[7] Rajesh Nema, Rajeev Thakur, and Ruchi
Gupta, ― Design & Implementation of FPGA
Based on PID Controller ‖, International Journal
of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES),
Volume-1, Issue-2, pp 14-16, January 2013.

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