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Inborn Errors of Metablism.pdf
1. Inborn errors of metabolism are rare genetic disorders that prevent the body from properly breaking down food into energy due to defects in metabolic enzymes. 2. There are three main metabolic genetic defects: phenylketonuria (PKU), galactosemia, and cystic fibrosis. PKU and galactosemia result from the inability to metabolize specific sugars or amino acids, while cystic fibrosis is caused by a defective gene that disrupts ion transport in epithelial cells. 3. The disorders cause abnormal accumulation of metabolites, damage to organs like the brain, liver, and lungs, and symptoms ranging from vomiting and diarrhea to chronic lung disease and malnutrition.
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Introduction to the topic by Om Verma, presenting details on inborn errors of metabolism at Gracious College of Nursing.
Overview on the breakdown processes related to inborn errors of metabolism.
Inborn errors of metabolism are rare genetic disorders affecting energy conversion due to enzyme defects.
Three main metabolic genetic defects: Phenylketonuria, Galactosemia, and Cystic Fibrosis.
PKU is a disorder that increases blood phenylalanine levels due to metabolic dysfunction.
PKU caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency leading to neurotoxic effects and mental retardation.
Galactosemia impairs the body's ability to metabolize galactose due to GALT enzyme deficiency.
Consequences of galactose accumulation affecting organs and causing failure to thrive in infants.
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder affecting organs due to mutations in the CFTR gene.
The CFTR gene mutations disrupt ion transport, affecting multiple bodily secretions.
Clinical features of cystic fibrosis appear at any age, with severe implications for lung and digestive functions.
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- 1. GRACIOUS COLLEGE OFNURSING RAIPUR C.G Inborn Errors of Metabolism PRESENTED BY OM VERMA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
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- 9. Inborn errors ofmetabolism are rare genetic (inherited) disorders in which the body cannot properly turn food into energy. The disorders are usually caused by defects in specific proteins (enzymes) that help break down (metabolize) parts of food. down (metabolize) parts of food. According to S.S.Randhawa
- 10. Inborn errors ofmetabolism are a heterogeneous group of disorders that may be inherited or may occur as the result of spontaneous mutations. These diseases involve failure of the metabolic pathways involved in either the break- pathways involved in either the break- down or storage of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins. According to AND
- 11. METABOLIC GENETIC DEFECT Thereare 3 metabolic genetic defect 1. Phenyl ketonuria 2. Galactosemia 3. Cystic fibrosis
- 12. 1. Phenyl-ketonuria Phenylketonuria (PKU)is an inborn error of phenylalanine metabolism (commonly known as PKU) is an inherited disorder that known as PKU) is an inherited disorder that increases the levels of a substance called phenylalanine in the blood. Phenylalanine is a building block of proteins (an amino acid ) that is obtained through the diet.
- 13. Etiopathogenesis Phenyla-lanine metabolism causedby the deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase result in inability to convert Phenyla-lanine into tyrosine ( essential component for the production of several important brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.. )
- 14. Phenyla-lanine ( aminoacid ) accumulation of the blood HyperPhenyla-laninemia and tyrosine deficiency tyrosine required for synthesis of melanin and lead deficiency of melanin pigment. Excessive Phenyla-lanine is metabolized in toxicity Excessive Phenyla-lanine is metabolized in toxicity They caused brain damage and result mental retardation
- 15. Galactosemia is acondition in which the body is unable to use (metabolize) the simple sugar galactose. It is an 2. Galactosemia the simple sugar galactose. It is an autosomal recessive disorder of galactose metabolism characterized by inability to convert galactose to glucose due lack of galactatose.
- 16. Galactosemia occurs dueto disruptions or changes (mutations) in the GALT galactose- 1- phosphate uridylyl-transferase. is a Protein Coding Gene Etiopathogenesis Resulting in deficiency of the GALT enzyme. This leads to abnormal accumulation of galactose- related chemicals in various organs of the body causes the signs and symptoms of Galactosemia..
- 17. Consequences – Lack oftransferase results accumulation of galactose – phosphate in many location ,including liver ,spleen lens of the eye ,kideny , heart muscle cerebral cortex and RBCs , heart muscle cerebral cortex and RBCs affect infant fail to development from birth usually present with vomitting ,and diaharia following milk ingesion .
- 18. 3. Cystic fibrosis Cysticfibrosis is a disorder that damages your lungs, digestive tract and other organs. It's an inherited disease caused by a defective gene disease caused by a defective gene that can be passed from generation to generation. Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices.
- 19. Cystic fibrosis isa disorder of ion transport in epithelial cells, which affects fluid secretion in exocrine glands and the epithelial lining of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. It is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) gene located on the Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) gene located on the long arm of chromosome 7 and has usually an autosomal recessive mode of transmission This protein functions as a channel across the membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes..
- 20. Etiopathogenesis: In normal ductepithelia, chloride is transported by chloride channels is the plasma membrane. The epithelial chloride channel protein is coded by CFTR gene. It is now recognized that CFTR regulates multiple It is now recognized that CFTR regulates multiple additional ion channels and cellular processes. Mutations in the gene that produces the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. disrupt the normal production or functioning of the CFTR protein found in the cells of the lungs and other parts of the body ...
- 21. Consequences: The clinical featuresmay appear at any time from before birth to childhood or even in adolescence. In most of the infants with cystic fibrosis, the abnormal viscous secretions caused obstruction of organ passages, These are responsible for the most of the clinical These are responsible for the most of the clinical features of this disorder like chronic lung disease, secondary to recurrent infections, pancreatic insufficiency ( is a condition which occurs when the pancreas does not make enough of a specific enzyme the body uses to digest food in the small intestine. ) , malnutrition, hepatic cirrhosis , intestinal obstruction.