Indexing structure for files
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The document presents an overview of indexing in databases, detailing the types of single-level indexes such as primary, clustering, and secondary indexes, and explaining how they improve record access efficiency. It also discusses multi-level indexes and dynamic multilevel indexes using b-trees and b+-trees, highlighting their structures and operational benefits. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises to illustrate the concepts of blocking factors and index characteristics.
Indexing structure for files
- 2. outline introduction Indexes as Access Paths Types of Single-Level Indexes Primary Index Clustering Index Secondary Index Multi-Level Indexes 2
- 3. Index file definition Index file structure 3
- 4. Indexes as Access Paths A single-level index is an auxiliary file that makes it more efficient to search for a record in the data file. The index is usually specified on one field of the file (although it could be specified on several fields) One form of an index is a file of entries <field value, pointer to record>, which is ordered by field value The index is called an access path on the field. 4
- 5. Indexes as Access Paths (cont.) The index file usually occupies considerably less disk blocks than the data file because its entries are much smaller A binary search on the index yields a pointer to the file record Indexes can also be characterized as dense or sparse A dense index has an index entry for every search key value (and hence every record) in the data file. A sparse (or nondense) index, on the other hand, has index entries for only some of the search values 5
- 6. Review True or False The index file usually occupies considerably more disk blocks A dense index has not an index entry for every search key value The following index represent a sparse index index Block contains data file 6
- 7. Exercise Example: Given the following data file EMPLOYEE(NAME, SSN, ADDRESS, JOB, SAL, ... ) Suppose that: record size R=150 bytes block size B=512 bytes r=30000 records Then, we get: blocking factor Bfr= B div R= 512 div 150= 3 records/block number of file blocks b= (r/Bfr)= (30000/3)= 10000 blocks For an index on the SSN field, assume the field size VSSN=9 bytes, assume the record pointer size PR=7 bytes. Then: index entry size RI=(VSSN+ PR)=(9+7)=16 bytes index blocking factor BfrI= B div RI= 512 div 16= 32 entries/block number of index blocks b= (r/ BfrI)= (30000/32)= 938 blocks binary search needs log2bI= log2938= 10 block accesses This is compared to an average linear search cost of: (b/2)= 30000/2= 15000 block accesses If the file records are ordered, the binary search cost would be: log2b= log230000= 15 block accesses 7
- 8. Primary Index Clustering Index Secondary Index 8
- 9. Types of Single-Level Indexes Primary Index Clustering Index Secondary Index ordered file ordered file ordered file a secondary means of accessing a file Data file is ordered on a key field (distinct value for each record) Data file is ordered on a non-key field (no distinct value for each record) Data file is ordered may be on candidate key has a unique value or a non-key with duplicate values file content <key field, pointer> one index entry for each disk block. key field value is the first record in the block, which is called the block anchor file content <key field, pointer> one index entry for each distinct value of the field; the index entry points to the first data block that contains records with that field value file content <key field, pointer> The index is an ordered file with two fields: 1- field value. 2- it is either a block pointer or a record pointer. nondense (sparse) index nondense (sparse) index If key, dense. If non key, dense or sparse index 9
- 10. Review On the next slides, determine the type of single level index 10
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- 14. A Two-Level Primary Index Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+-Trees 14
- 15. Multi-Level Indexes Because a single-level index is an ordered file, we can create a primary index to the index itself; In this case, the original index file is called the first-level index and the index to the index is called the second-level index. We can repeat the process, creating a third, fourth, ..., top level until all entries of the top level fit in one disk block A multi-level index can be created for any type of first-level index (primary, secondary, clustering) as long as the first- level index consists of more than one disk block 15
- 17. Multi-Level Indexes Such a multi-level index is a form of search tree However, insertion and deletion of new index entries is a severe problem because every level of the index is an ordered file. 17
- 18. Multi-Level Indexes (Cont’d.) Tree structure 18
- 19. A Node in a Search Tree with Pointers to Subtrees Below It 19
- 20. Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+- Trees Most multi-level indexes use B-tree or B+-tree data structures because of the insertion and deletion problem This leaves space in each tree node (disk block) to allow for new index entries These data structures are variations of search trees that allow efficient insertion and deletion of new search values. In B-Tree and B+-Tree data structures, each node corresponds to a disk block Each node is kept between half-full and completely full 20
- 21. Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+- Trees (cont.) An insertion into a node that is not full is quite efficient If a node is full the insertion causes a split into two nodes Splitting may propagate to other tree levels A deletion is quite efficient if a node does not become less than half full If a deletion causes a node to become less than half full, it must be merged with neighboring nodes 21
- 22. Difference between B-tree and B+-tree In a B-tree, pointers to data records exist at all levels of the tree In a B+-tree, all pointers to data records exists at the leaf-level nodes A B+-tree can have less levels (or higher capacity of search values) than the corresponding B-tree 22 Similarities between B-tree and B+-tree All leaf nodes at the same level Nodes contents not less than the half
- 23. Example Using a B-tree index of order p = 3. Insert the following values in the order 8, 5, 1, 7, 3, 12, 9, 6. 23 Employee id name salary department 8 Saleh 10000 1 5 Ahmed 20000 1 1 Jasem 30000 2 7 Nader 15000 2 3 Saleh 13000 3 12 Waleed 8000 3 9 Salim 11000 4 6 Raed 8000 5
- 25. The Nodes of a B+-tree 25
- 26. Example Using a B+-tree index of order p = 3, pleaf=2. Insert the following values in the order 8, 5, 1, 7, 3, 12, 9, 6. 26 Employee id name salary departme nt 8 Saleh 10000 1 5 Ahmed 20000 1 1 Jasem 30000 2 7 Nader 15000 2 3 Saleh 13000 3 12 Waleed 8000 3 9 Salim 11000 4 6 Raed 8000 5
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- 28. Example Given a B+-tree index of order p = 3, pleaf=2. Delete the nodes, 5,12,9 28
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- 30. Summary Types of Single-level Ordered Indexes Primary Indexes Clustering Indexes Secondary Indexes Multilevel Indexes Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+- Trees 30