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Infectious Bovine Rhino Tracheitis
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- 2. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Highlycontagious infectious viral disease of cattle and buffaloes that affects many systems. It affects younger and old cattle. In addition to causing respiratory disease, this virus can cause conjunctivitis, abortions, encephalitis, and generalized systemic infections.
- 3. Synonyms • 1.Rednose • 2.InfectiousPustular Vulvo Vaginitis • 3.Infectious Balanoposthitis • 4.Infectious Kerato Conjunctivitis • 5. Coital vesicular exanthema, • 6.Vesicular venereal disease • 7.Vesicular vaginitis
- 4. INTRODUCTION • First reportedin Colorado, USA • Also reported in India • BR is an acute, contagious respiratory disease of cattle caused by bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), commonly affecting the respiratory tract and the reproductive system. • It is highly contagious, resulting in rapid spread of respiratory disease among cattle in close confinement, particularly in feedlots and when groups of cattle are transported
- 5. Aetiology • Agent—Herpesviridae –BovineHerpes Virus -1. • It has got different strains: • 1.BHV 1.1-Respiratory • 2.BHV 1.2-Genital • 3.BHV 1.3-Encephalitic
- 6. SUSCPETIBLE HOST • Cattleof all ages are affected. • Besides, cattle, the disease have been traced in goat, swine and water buffalo. • The disease has also been identified in wild ruminants. Wild animals remain as reservoir of infection.
- 7. TRANSMISSION • Nasal exudateand Genital secretions • Semen, foetal fluids and tissues • Aerosol route • Venereal transmission in genital diseases. • IBRT virus survives up to one year in frozen semen. • Tears, nasal discharge, coughed secretions, and all secretions and excretions of incubating and sick animals. Bulls may transmit the infection-especially when the bull is in carrier stage.
- 8. PREDISPOSING FACTORS • Antibody deficient cularsi fed calves. • Treatment with drugs that contribute to immuno-deficiency. • Transportation stress • Stress during parturition. • Parasitic infestations. Eg. Dictyocaulus cularsi • Nutritional defiency. Eg. Selenium, Zinc • The disease is widely prevalent in all parts of the cattle in the world .In India, the disease has been recorded from Uttar Pradesh , Kerala,, Gujrat Tamilnadu;, Orissa, AndhraPradesh and Karnataka
- 9. INCUBATION PERIOD • 5-7days normally.
- 10. PATHOGENESIS • Virus entersthrough the respiratory tract , multiplies in nasal cavities and upper respiratory tract resulting in rhinitis, laryngitis and tracheitis. • Deciliation has an adverse effect on the respiratory defence mechanism. • From the nasal cavities the infection spreads to the ocular tissues through lachrymal ducts and causes conjunctivitis. • Virus also spreads through the trigeminal nerve to the brain resulting in non suppurative encephalitis. • Localisation of the virus in various tissues results in systemic lesions. • The virus is transported through the peripheral leucocytes to the placenta and foetus causing abortion. • Foetus is highly susceptible to IBR virus.
- 11. CLINICAL SIGNS • Youngcattle are more susceptible • Morbidity 100%, mortality–10% Fever, anorexia, mucus nasal discharge. • Respiratory distress Mouth breathing Dyspnoea, coughing Conjunctivitis. • Ulcers in vagina and vulva, orchitis, abortion. • Severe Rhinits and Running nose • Tracheitis and Bellowing problems due to laryngeal infection.
- 12. 1.Respiratory Form: • Rhinitis,Laryngitis, Tracheitis • Red nose in calves, fever, nasal discharge which serous ,mucous and then turn to mucopurulent. • Death due to asphyxia. • Aspiration pneumonia, Dilated nostrils. • Mouth breathing ,Lacrimation. • Secondary bacterial infection by Pasteurella and Mannheimia. • Latency due to settlement of virus in Trigeminal nerve.
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- 17. 2.Neonatal/Encephalitic Form • Norespiratory involvement • Brain-Non-suppurative encephalitis • Lymphomonocytic Leptomeningitis • Ataxia Convulsion and Frothy mouth. • Acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in brain cells.
- 18. 3.Genital Form • Calledas Infectious Pustular Vulvo-Vaginitis, Infectious Balanoposthitis, , Coital vesicular exanthema, Vesicular venereal disease, Vesicular vaginitis. • Latency due to settlement of virus in Sciatic nerve. • Petechia and erosion in vulva and vagina. • Erosive ulcers in prepuce and penis. • Spread through AI and by copulation.
- 19. Reddening of vulvalmucosa with dark red punctate foci; vesicles, pustules which soon form a membrane and peeling of the membrane develop ulceration & necrosis Intranuclear inclusion bodies inside epithelium of vagina
- 20. 4.Abortion Form • Abortioncan happen at any stage but mostly during 3rd trimester. • Advanced Post-Mortem Autolysis of foetus. • After death ,24-36hrs foetal expulsion occurs. • Intranuclear inclusion bodies in foetal epithelial membrane.
- 23. DIAGNOSIS • 1.Tentative:Clinical signs,History, etc. • 2.Swabs from nasal mucosa, pharynx, tonsils etc. • 3.VNT, ELISA ,PCR • 4.FAT
- 24. PREVENTION AND CONTROL •Quarantine the suspected. • Treatment of diseased. • Check the titre value of antibody. • Proper Hygiene
- 26. FACTS • 1.At atime, only one form is exhibited because of different strains producing different infection. • 2.Latency due to settlement of virus in Sciatic and Trigeminal nerve. • 3.Aspiration and Bronchopneumonia occurs due exudate aspiration and secondary bacterial infection respectively.
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