INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIMES AND NITROGEN LEVELS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE UNDER MECHANISED SRI CULTIVATION

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Save Nature to Survive
16(2): 133-138, 2021
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ATION REGIMES AND NITROGEN LEVELS
TION REGIMES AND NITROGEN LEVELS
ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE UNDER MECHANISED SRI
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G . VIJAYSHEKAR *., M. MALLA REDDY AND R . MAHENDER KUMAR
Agricultural College, PJTSAU, Jagtial, Polasa-505 529, Telangana State, INDIA.
e-mail: vijayshekaragri099@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
In India, rice (Oryza sativa L.) occupies an area of 44.1 M ha
with a production of 116.47 M tons and average productivity
of 26.38 q ha1
(Indiastat, 2020). It is the major food crop of
Telangana State, contributing 1.93 M ha area with the
production of 6.66 M tons (Socio Economic Outlook-
Telangana, 2020).
Traditional rice production involves submerged conditions
with approximately 5 to 10 cm deep standing water
throughout the crop growth period. This system requires
around 3000 to 5000 litres of water for producing one kg of
grain which is about twice or even more than that for wheat or
maize (Joshi et al., 2009). However, the increasing scarcity of
fresh water for agriculture and competing demand from the
non-agricultural sector threaten the sustainability of irrigated
rice ecosystem. Hence, the major challenges are to produce
more rice, increase water productivity and reduce water input
in the fields.
Rice is traditionally planted by transplanting method in India
in spite of the fact that it is cumbersome practice and requires
more labour. In recent years, because of scarce labour coupled
with higher wages during the peak period of farm operations
invariably lead to delay in transplanting (Manjappa and
Kataraki, 2004). This is aggravated by untimely release of water
from canals and delayed monsoon showers which force to
identify alternate methods of rice cultivation without reduction
in yield. Among them, transplanting using mechanical
transplanter and SRI method of cultivation gained significance
among farmers because of easy adoptability, less cost and on
par yield with that of conventional transplanting method.
System of Rice Intensification is an emerging water saving
technology which can help the farmers to overcome the
present water crisis (Mandal and Pramanick, 2015).
Mechanical transplanting of rice with transplanter is an
alternative to complete the transplanting in time with less
labour thereby achieving maximum productivity of crop. In
addition, mechanization in rice releases the work force to
other sectors (Vasudevan et al., 2014). Among different
agronomic measures, nutrient management deserves special
attention in hybrid rice cultivation. Rice is bulk consumer of
nitrogen, but nitrogen use efficiency is very low in rice.
Nitrogen applied in lowland rice is lost from soil through
leaching and denitrification. Excessive N supply or inadequate
N does not provide an appropriate environment for hybrid to
exploit its potential (Mahender Kumar et al., 2000) Thus, there
is a need to work out optimum N requirement to find out the
extent of yield improvement in rice production. Keeping these
points in view, the present study is proposed to evaluate the
irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels on production potential
of hybrid rice under mechanized SRI cultivation method.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2014 on clay
loam soil at Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad
situated at an altitude of 542.3 m above mean sea level ,
17º
19’ N latitude and 78º
23’ E longitude with an objective to
study the response of rice to irrigation regimes and nitrogen
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2014 on clay loam soil at Indian Institute of Rice Research,
Hyderabad with an objective to study the response of rice to irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels under MSRI
(Mechanised System of Rice Intensification) cultivation. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with
three replications. Three irrigation regimes were taken as main plots and four nitrogen levels in subplots. Results
revealed that taller plants, high LAI, higher tiller and dry matter production were observed with the maintenance
of saturation up to panicle initiation (PI) stage. Irrigation to maintain saturation level up to PI stage had registered
significantly higher grain yield (7386 kg ha-1
), which was 7.9 and 5.6 % higher than submergence throughout the
CGP (6804 kg ha-1
) and AWDI (6979 kg ha-1
), respectively. Significantly higher values of growth parameters were
recorded with 180 kg N ha-1
. Significantly higher grain yield (8366 kg ha-1
) was reported with180 kg N ha-1
but the
difference between 180 and 150 kg N ha-1
is very narrow (5.9 %) compared to lower levels, which were 20.2 and
36.5 % lower than the 180 kg N ha-1
KEYWORDS
Mechanised system of
rice intensification
Alternate wetting
Drying and water pro-
ductivity
Received on :
30.11.2020
Accepted on :
06.05.2021
*Corresponding
author

134
G . VIJAYSHEKAR et al.,
levels under MSRI cultivation. The experiment was laid out in
a split plot design with three replications. Three irrigation
regimes were taken as main plots and four nitrogen levels in
subplots. Irrigation regimes include I1
: Submergence (3±2
cm) throughout the crop period, I2
: Saturation upto panicle
initiation stage followed by maintaining (3±2 cm) standing
water till maturity, I3
: Alternate wetting and drying through
PVC water pipe at (5 cm) fall from ground level and nitrogen
levels viz., N1
: 75 % RDN (90 kg ha-1
), N2
: 100 % RDN (120 kg
ha-1
), N3
: 125 % RDN (150 kg ha-1
) and N4
: 150 % RDN (180
kg ha-1
). The hybrid DRRH-3’ with the duration of 120-130
days was used for the study. The texture of the experimental
soil was clayey loam with the available soil moisture holding
capacity of 20.8 mm in (0-15 cm) and 18.8 mm (15-30 cm)
soil depth. Mat type of nursery was prepared by laying plastic
sheets. The sprouted seeds were broadcasted uniformly and
sparsely on each frame @ 30 kg ha-1
and then covered with a
thin layer of vermicompost (0.5 cm). After a week of sowing
water was applied through the water channel until
transplanting. During transplanting (18 days old seedlings),
the mats were lifted from the plastic sheets and placed directly
on the trays of the transplanter. Yangi – china paddy
transplanter (Self-propelled- Riding type) was used for planting
the rice seedlings. A uniform dose of 60 kg P2
O5
and 40 kg
K2
O ha-1
was applied basally in the form of single super
phosphate and murate of potash, respectively. Nitrogen (120
kg N) was applied in the form of urea as per the treatments. It
was applied in three equal splits viz., as basal, 30 DAT
(Maximum tillering) and panicle initiation stages. Farmers
practice was followed till 10 DAT for proper establishment.
The irrigation water was measured by using water meter. After
10 DAT, the irrigation schedules were adopted as per the
treatments. In conventional method of flooding with 3cm depth
Table 2: Leaf area index as influenced by irrigation regimes and N
levels under MSRI cultivation
Treatment 30 60 90 Har
DAT DAT DAT vest
Irrigation Regimes (I)
I1
1.48 3.52 5.13 3.72
I2
1.71 3.86 5.44 4.11
I3
1.54 3.61 5.19 3.75
SEm ± 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.08
CD (P = 0.05) 0.14 0.26 0.21 0.3
N Levels (kg ha-1
) (N)
N1
: 90 1.15 1.88 3.44 2.97
N2
: 120 1.44 3.56 4.88 3.25
N3
: 150 1.8 4.54 6.32 4.56
N4
: 180 1.93 4.65 6.38 4.65
SEm ± 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04
CD (P = 0.05) 0.07 0.1 0.08 0.12
Interaction
N at same level of I
SEm ± 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.07
CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS
I at same or different level of N
SEm ± 0.22 0.35 0.32 0.44
Table 1: Plant height (cm) as influenced by irrigation regimes and N
levels under MSRI in rice
Treatment 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT Harvest
IrrigationRegimes(I)
I1
46.9 78.5 96.8 95.9
I2
50.6 84.7 104.4 103.1
I3
47.1 81.5 103.1 102.9
SEm ± 1.3 0.9 1.5 1.1
CD (P = 0.05) NS 3.6 5.7 4.6
SubPlots:NLevels
(kgha-1)(N)
N1
: 90 42.8 72.9 94 93
N2
: 120 46.9 80.2 99.8 98.3
N3
: 150 50.6 86.5 106.7 105.1
N4
: 180 52.7 86.6 107.2 105.9
SEm ± 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.9
CD (P = 0.05) 1.1 2.2 2.6 2.7
Interaction
NatsamelevelofI
SEm ± 0.6 1.3 1.5 1.6
Iatsameordifferent
levelofN
SEm ± 6.1 6.4 8.8 7.9
I1
: Submergence (3±2 cm) throughout the crop period
I2
: Saturation upto panicle initiation stage followed by
maintaining (3±2 cm) standing water till maturity
I3
: Alternate wetting and drying through PVC water pipe at (5
cm) fall from ground level
from 15 DAT to panicle initiation stage and 5 cm depth of
irrigation from panicle initiation to Physiological maturity. In
saturation method practice, the soil was kept as close to
saturation as possible, thereby reducing the hydraulic head of
the ponded water, in practice it means that a shallow irrigation
is given to attain about 2.5 cm depth of ponded water through
water meter. Whenever, water falls below 2.5 cm marked peg,
once again irrigation was given, so that the soil was then kept
always at above the saturation level upto panicle initiation
stage followed by maintaining (3±2 cm) standing water till
maturity. In each main plots of AWDI practice, Field water
tube were placed to measure the depth of standing water and
water tables in the field, either above the surface or below the
surface. Using this tube; irrigation was given when water depth
goes below the surface to 5 cm. Water table depth in this tube
was measured by simple ruler. The subsequent irrigation was
given to re-flood the field to a depth of 5 cm as respective to
treatment. These practices suspended in the treatments from
one week before to one week after flowering. During which
ponded water was always kept at 5 cm depth over the surface.
Irrigation was withheld 15 days ahead of harvest. The
experimental data recorded on different yield parameters, yield
and water productivity were analyzed statistically by applying
the technique of analysis of variance for split plot design and
significance was tested by F- test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).
Critical difference for examining treatmental means for their
significance was calculated at 5 percent level of probability.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The growth parameters of rice cultivated under Mechanised
SRI method were significantly influenced by the irrigation
regimes and nitrogen levels (Table.1, 2, 3 and 4). Taller plants,
higher tiller, higher LAI and dry matter production was
observed with the maintenance of saturation up to panicle
initiation (PI) stage followed by submergence till maturity at all
stages of observation i.e., 30, 60, 90 DAT and harvest except

135
INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIMES AND NITROGEN LEVELS
Table 4: Number of tillers m-2
as influenced by irrigation regimes and
N levels under MSRI in rice
Treatment 30 60 90 Harvest
Irrigation Regimes (I) DAT DAT DAT
I1
247 362 351 325
I2
273 395 387 358
I3
260 380 371 351
SEm ± 5 6 5.7 6.1
CD (P = 0.05) 19.6 23.8 22.7 24.2
N Levels (kg ha-1
) (N)
N1
: 90 236 341 333 315
N2
: 120 258 371 362 336
N3
: 150 269 393 381 353
N4
: 180 279 412 402 374
SEm ± 1.3 1.4 1.9 1.4
CD (P = 0.05) 4 4.3 5.8 4.3
Interaction
SEm ± 2.3 2.5 3.3 2.5
CD (P = 0.05) 7 7.4 10 7.5
SEm ± 22.1 26.3 26.8 26.7
CD (P = 0.05) 83.1 99.6 98.8 101.3
Table 3: Dry matter accumulation (kg ha-1
) as influenced by irrigation
regimes and N levels under MSRI cultivation
DAT DAT DAT
I1
6408 10606 13827 14491
I2
6932 11370 14769 15960
I3 6618 11006 14387 15559
SEm ± 100 145 179 286
CD (P = 0.05) 393 569 704 1125
N Levels (kg ha-1
) (N)
N1
: 90 5857 9492 12668 13643
N2
: 120 6394 10703 14097 15241
N3
: 150 7002 11888 15222 16172
N4
: 180 7358 11895 15325 16288
SEm ± 49 49 51 152
CD (P = 0.05) 145 146 151 451
Interaction
SEm ± 85 85 88 263
SEm ± 524 672 799 1554
Table 5: SPAD chlorophyll meter reading as influenced by irrigation
DAT DAT DAT
I1
39.38 35.73 33.64 15.26
I2
40.61 38.58 36.17 15.41
I3
39.57 37.59 35.59 15.35
SEm ± 0.48 0.56 0.62 0.06
N Levels (kg ha-1
) (N)
N1
: 90 38.37 36 33.22 15
N2
: 120 39.36 36.01 33.79 15.11
N3
: 150 40.4 37.52 35.74 15.27
N4
: 180 41.29 39.67 37.78 15.97
SEm ± 0.25 0.35 0.44 0.03
CD (P = 0.05) 0.75 1.04 1.3 0.09
Interaction
SEm ± 0.44 0.61 0.76 0.05
SEm ± 2.61 3.3 3.92 0.33
Table 6 : Days to 50 per cent flowering as influenced by irrigation
Treatment Number of days
taken to 50 per cent
Irrigation Regimes (I) flowering
I1
88.1
I2
88.3
I3
87.8
SEm ± 0.2
CD (P = 0.05) NS
N Levels (kg ha-1
) (N)
N1
: 90 92.3
N2
: 120 89.7
N3
: 150 86.2
N4
: 180 83.9
SEm ± 0.3
CD (P = 0.05) 0.9
Interaction
SEm ± 0.5
CD (P = 0.05) NS
SEm ± 2.3
CD (P = 0.05) NS
at 30 DAT for plant height and it was at par with alternate
wetting and drying irrigation (AWDI) regime. Both these
regimes were superior to submergence throughout the crop
growth period. It could be due to rapid growth by maintenance
of saturated water supply up to panicle initiation stage followed
by submergence till maturity helped in maintaining good
metabolic processes that perform better nutrient mobilization,
which resulted in increased activity of meristematic cells and
cell elongation of internodes helps to maintain higher growth
rate of stem in turn promoting the increased plant height of
rice. Further, better root growth coupled with better uptake of
nutrients under saturated condition which increased cell
division and cell enlargement due to increased photosynthetic
rate resulted in higher leaf area index and higher dry matter
accumulation. Similar results were also reported by Wopereis
et al. (1996) Ramakrishna et al. (2007) and Sandhu et al.
(2012).SPAD chlorophyll meter reading at all the stages of
observation and number of days taken to 50 per cent flowering
were not influenced by the irrigation regimes. (Table 5 and 6)
(Pasha, 2010 and Mahajan et al., 2012). Among the nitrogen
levels, significantly higher values of plant height, LAI, SPAD
chlorophyll meter reading, drymatter production and number
of tillers m-2
were recorded at 180 kg N ha-1
over the lower
doses except 150 kg N ha-1
at all the stages of observation.
The plots supplied with 180 kg N ha-1
flowered to 50 per cent
earlier than the lower doses. This might be due to timely
availability of nitrogen in right proportion at the critical stages
of the growth and continuous availability of higher nitrogen
resulted in stimulation of meristematic growth leading to
increase in plant height at all the growth stages. These results
are in line with Chandrasekaran (2002) and Santhosh et al.
(2013).

136
Table 8: Interaction effect of irrigation regimes and N levels on Number of tillers m-2
at 60 DAT under MSRI cultivation
Irrigation Nitrogen level (kg ha-1
)
Regimes (I) 90 120 150 180 Mean
I1
324.3 347.7 378.3 399.3 362.4
I2
350.7 394 410.4 427.7 395.6
I3
348 373 392.2 409 380.5
Mean 341 371.6 393.7 412
SEm± CD (P = 0.05)
I 6.1 23.9
N 1.5 4.3
Interaction
N at same level of I 2.5 7.4
I at same or different level of N 26.3 99.6
Irrigation Regimes (I) Nitrogen level (kg ha-1
)
90 120 150 180 Mean
I1
227.3 245.5 255.6 261.8 247.5
I2
248 270 283.1 294 273.9
I3
235.3 258.6 267.5 281.3 260.7
Mean 236.9 258 269 280
SEm± CD (P = 0.05)
I 5 19.7
N 1.4 4.1
Interaction
N at same level of I 2.4 7
Table 7: Grain, straw yield and harvest index as influenced by irrigation regimes and N levels under MSRIcultivation
Treatment Grain Straw Harvest
yield yield index (%)
(kg ha-1
) (kg ha-1
)
I1
6804 9008 42.9
I2
7386 9638 43.2
I3 6979 9178 43.1
SEm ± 113 117 0.1
CD (P = 0.05) 443 460 NS
N Levels (kg ha-1
) (N)
N1
: 90 5306 7471 41.5
N2
: 120 6680 8896 42.9
N3
: 150 7873 10120 43.7
N4
: 180 8366 10611 44.1
SEm ± 47 52 0.1
CD (P = 0.05) 140 154 0.3
Interaction
SEm ± 81.9 89.5 0.2
CD (P = 0.05) 243.2 266 NS
SEm ± 557.9 589.4 0.8
CD (P = 0.05) 2006.9 2106.4 NS
Irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels interacted significantly
with each other for tiller production at 30, 60, 90 DAT and
harvest (Table 8,9,10 and 11). In all the irrigation regimes,
every incremental application of N i.e., 90, 120,150 and 180
kg ha-1
. Significantly increased the tiller production over the
preceding lower dose except in submergence at 30 DAT where
in the difference between 150 and 180 kg N ha-1
was not
significant. Highest number of tillers was produced when
saturation was maintained upto PI stage followed by standing
water till maturity and 180 kg N ha-1
followed by 150 kg N ha-
1
in the same irrigation regime.
The grain yield of rice was significantly higher with saturation
upto PI stage followed by submergence till maturity than the
submergence throughout the crop growth period, but it was
at par with AWDI regime (Table 7). It might be due to more
number of productive tillers and filled grains per panicle helped
in increased grain yield compared to other irrigation regimes.
With respect to straw yield, saturation upto PI stage followed
by submergence was superior to the rest of the irrigation
regimes. This may be due to adequate moisture availability

137
INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIMES AND NITROGEN LEVELS
)
90 120 150 180 Mean
I1 318 340.3 361.6 388 351.5
I2 342 385 402.7 421 387.4
I3 340 364 382 402 371.3
Mean 333.1 362.4 381.9 403.8
SEm± CD (P = 0.05)
I 5.8 22.7
N 2 5.8
Interaction
at harvest under MSRI cultivation
)
90 120 150 180 Mean
I1
302 317 329 352 325.1
I2
327 345 370 389 358.3
I3
319 345 361 382 351.7
Mean 315.9 336.6 353.3 374.5
SEm± CD (P = 0.05)
I 6.2 24.3
N 1.5 4.3
Interaction
and better nutrient absorption under saturated condition
increased dry matter accumulation led to higher straw yield.
Similar results were reported by Dhar et al. (2008), Sariam
and Anuar (2010), Kumar et al. (2014), Chowdhury et al.
(2014) and Diproshan et al. (2015).
Harvest index remained unaffected by the irrigation regimes.
The results were in tune with the findings of Diproshan et al.
(2015). Among the nitrogen levels, highest grain, straw yield,
harvest index and nitrogen uptake was observed with 180 kg
N ha-1
superior to the lower levels but for HI at par with 150 kg
N ha-1
. Higher in grain yield with higher N application was due
to increased number of panicles, more number of filled grains
per panicle and higher 1000 grain weight and also lead to
more dry matter accumulation. These results are in accordance
with the findings of Mahender Kumar, (2000) Manzoor et al.
(2006), Salem et al. (2011) and Santhosh et al. (2013).
A significant interaction was recorded between the irrigation
regimes and N levels for yield. It was gradually and significantly
improved
with the increased levels of N from 90 to 180 kg N ha-1
in all
the irrigation regimes. It was highest with saturation + 180 kg
N ha-1
which was superior to all other treatment combinations
except those with saturation at 150 kg N ha-1
and AWDI at 150
and 180 kg N ha-1
which were again at par with each other.
It can be concluded that the combination of maintenance of
saturation up to panicle initiation stage followed by
submergence till maturity and 150 Kg N ha-1
was found to be
ideal practices for higher growth and productivity in rice under
MSRI cultivation.
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INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIMES AND NITROGEN LEVELS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE UNDER MECHANISED SRI CULTIVATION

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