Information System and Cartographic Abstraction
- 1. Information System and Cartographic Abstraction Indrita Saha Research Scholar Prof Ashis Sarkar Professor of Geography, Chandernagore College, West Bengal
- 2. • Congestion • Coalescence • Conflict • Complication • Inconsistency and • Imperceptibility Map generalization is needed for a good map layout and design. Its because of the following features of spatial distribution : Map generalization involves the following operations: Simplification Smoothing Aggregation Amalgamation Merging Collapse Refinement Typification Exaggeration Displacement and Classification
- 3. OBJECTIVES 1. To establish digital database utilizing modern technologies of Photogrammetry, RS and GIS. 2. To examine spatial features of generalization at different levels / hierarchy of planning. 3. To examine its utility to the potential users (decision makers) at different levels of generalization.
- 4. METHODOLOGY •Extracting and separating feature layers from large scale maps •Generalizing the large scale maps to smaller scales •Compare and contrast maps at different scale/level •Proposed suitable map scales for different level of planning
- 8. Scale Symbolization Simplification Exaggeration Displacement Smoothing Elimination Aggregation 1 : 4,000 1 : 5,000 √ 1 : 10,000 √ 1 : 25,000 √ √ √ √ 1 : 50,000 √ √ √ 1 : 100,000 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 1 : 200,000 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ SCALEDEPENDANTPARAMETERSOFCARTOGRAPHICABSTRACTION Scale Feature resolution (m) 1 : 2,500 1.25 1 : 10,000 5.00 1 : 24,000 12.00 1 : 50,000 25.00 1 : 100,000 50.00 1 : 250,000 125.00 1 : 500,000 250.00 1 : 1,000,000 500.00 1 : 10,000,000 5000.00 MAP SCALEANDEFFECTIVE CARTOGRAPHICRESOLUTION
- 9. Scale 1 : 4,000 1 : 5,000 1 : 10,000 1 : 25,000 1 : 5000 1 : 100,000 1 : 200,000 County √ √ √ √ √ √ √ City Body √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Main City Division √ √ √ √ √ √ Parks √ √ √ √ √ √ Major Waterbody √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Rivers √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Areas / Regions √ √ √ √ √ √ Streets √ √ √ √ Major Roads √ √ √ √ √ √ Secondary Road √ √ Primary Roads √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Railway Lines √ √ √ √ Transport Hub √ √ √ Institute √ √ √ Retail √ √ √ Reclaimed Areas √ √ √ Institute Shield 5 √ √ √ Institute Shield 515 √ √ Institute Shield 1550 √ √ 05 √ √ √ 515 √ √ 1550 √ √ SCALEDEPENDANTRESOLUTIONSOF MAP FEATURES
- 10. Scale Hierarchy Point Line Area Feature Size Colour Feature Width Colour Feature Colour 1 : 10,000 Mouza Spot Height 5 Black Streams (perennial) 1 Blue Rural Settlement Red Bench Mark 5 Black Streams (non pere) 1 Black Urban Settlement Magenta School 5 Blue NH 7 Red PF Green College 8 Blue SH 7 Pink RF Green Post Office 8 Green MDR 5 Red Jungle Green Police Station 8 Green PWD Road 5 Pink Plantation Green Hospitals 8 Red Morrum / Metalled 3 Red River Blue Medical Centres 5 Red Planning Roads 3 Pink Ponds / Tanks Blue Temple 5 Brown Unmetalled 1 Red Agricultural Land Yellow Mosque 5 Brown Railways 3 Black Scrub Brown Church 5 Brown Canals 2 Blue Gullied Brown Wells 3 Black / Blue Broken Grounds 2 Black Sandy Areas Dark Yellow Railway Station 3 Black Embankments 2 Black Mines Grey Industrial Area Ash Dumping Ground Mixed Graveyard Brown Burning Ghat Brown 1 : 1,00,000 Gram PanchayatBench Mark 3 Black Streams (perennial) 1 Blue Rural Settlement Red School 3 Blue Streams (non perennial) 1 Black Urban Settlement Magenta College 5 Blue NH 7 Red PF Green Post Office 5 Green SH 7 Pink RF Green Police Station 5 Green MDR 5 Red Jungle Green Hospitals 5 Red PWD Road 5 Pink Plantation Green Medical Centres 3 Red Morrum / Metalled 3 Red River Blue Temple 3 Brown Planning Roads 1 Pink Ponds / Tanks Blue Mosque 3 Brown Unmetalled 1 Red Agricultural Land Yellow Church 3 Brown Railways 3 Black Scrub Brown Wells 2 Black / Blue Canals 2 Blue Gullied Brown Railway Station 3 Black Broken Grounds 1 Black Sandy Areas Dark Yellow Graveyard 3 Brown Embankments 1 Black Mines Grey Burning Ghat 3 Brown Industrial Area Ash Dumping Ground Mixed Patternof SizeandColourof SpatialFeatures
- 11. Mouza→ GramPanchayat 1 : 10,000 1 : 1,00,000
- 12. Features Changes Spot Height Eliminated Bench Mark ↓ Size School ↓ Size College ↓ Size Post Office ↓ Size Police Station ↓ Size Hospitals ↓ Size Medical Centres ↓ Size Temple ↓ Size Mosque ↓ Size Church ↓ Size Wells ↓ Size Railway Station ↓ Size Feature Changes Streams (perennial) No Change Streams (non perennial) No Change NH No Change SH No Change MDR No Change PWD Road No Change Morrum / Metalled No Change Planning Roads ↓ Width Unmetalled No Change Railways No Change Canals No Change Broken Grounds ↓ Width Embankments ↓ Width Feature Changes Rural Settlement No Change Urban Settlement No Change PF No Change RF No Change Jungle No Change Plantation No Change River No Change Ponds / Tanks No Change Agricultural Land No Change Scrub No Change Gullied No Change Sandy Areas No Change Mines No Change Industrial Area No Change Dumping Ground No Change Graveyard Converted to Point Burning Ghat Converted to Point Point Features Line Features Area Features SPATIALCHANGES: Mouza→ GramPanchayat
- 13. Scale Hierarchy Point Line Area Feature Size Colour Feature Width Colour Feature Colour 1 : 1,00,000 Gram PanchayatBench Mark 3 Black Streams (perennial) 1 Blue Rural Settlement Red School 3 Blue Streams (non pere) 1 Black Urban Settlement Magenta College 5 Blue NH 7 Red PF Green Post Office 5 Green SH 7 Pink RF Green Police Station 5 Green MDR 5 Red Jungle Green Hospitals 5 Red PWD Road 5 Pink Plantation Green Medical Centres 3 Red Morrum / Metalled 3 Red River Blue Temple 3 Brown Planning Roads 1 Pink Ponds / Tanks Blue Mosque 3 Brown Unmetalled 1 Red Agricultural Land Yellow Church 3 Brown Railways 3 Black Scrub Brown Wells 2 Black / Blue Canals 2 Blue Gullied Brown Railway Station 3 Black Broken Grounds 1 Black Sandy Areas Dark Yellow Graveyard 3 Brown Embankments 1 Black Mines Grey Burning Ghat 3 Brown Industrial Area Ash Dumping Ground Mixed 1 : 2,00,000 C.D. Block Bench Mark 3 Black Streams (perennial) 1 Blue Settlement Red School 2 Blue NH 5 Red Forest Green College 3 Blue SH 5 Pink Plantation Green Post Office 3 Green MDR 3 Red River Blue Police Station 3 Green PWD Road 3 Pink Ponds / Tanks Blue Hospitals 3 Red Morrum / Metalled 2 Red Agricultural Land Yellow Medical Centres 2 Red Planning Roads 1 Pink Scrub Brown Temple 2 Brown Railways 2 Black Gullied Brown Mosque 2 Brown Canals 2 Blue Sandy Areas Dark Yellow Church 2 Brown Industrial Area Ash Railway Station 3 Black Dumping Ground Mixed Graveyard 3 Brown Burning Ghat 3 Brown Mines 2 Black Patternof SizeandColourof SpatialFeatures
- 14. 1 : 1,00,000 1 : 2,00,000 GramPanchayat → CD Block
- 15. Feature Size Bench Mark ↓ Size School ↓ Size College ↓ Size Post Office ↓ Size Police Station ↓ Size Hospitals ↓ Size Medical Centres ↓ Size Temple ↓ Size Mosque ↓ Size Church ↓ Size Wells ↓ Size Railway Station ↓ Size Graveyard ↓ Size Burning Ghat ↓ Size Feature Size Streams (perennial) ↓ Size Streams (non perennial) Eliminated NH ↓ Size SH ↓ Size MDR ↓ Size PWD Road ↓ Size Morrum / Metalled ↓ Size Planning Roads No Change Unmetalled Eliminated Railways ↓ Size Canals ↓ Size Broken Grounds Eliminated Embankments Eliminated Feature Size Rural Settlement Aggregation Urban Settlement Aggregation PF Aggregation RF Aggregation Jungle Aggregation Plantation No Change River No Change Ponds / Tanks No Change Agricultural Land No Change Scrub No Change Gullied No Change Sandy Areas No Change Mines Converted to point Industrial Area No Change Dumping Ground No Change Point Features Line Features Area Features SPATIALCHANGES: GramPanchayat→ CD Block
- 16. Scale Hierarchy Point Line Area Feature Size Colour Feature Width Colour Feature Colour 1 : 2,00,000 C.D. Block Bench Mark 3 Black Streams (perennial) 1 Blue Settlement Red School 2 Blue NH 5 Red Forest Green College 3 Blue SH 5 Pink Plantation Green Post Office 3 Green MDR 3 Red River Blue Police Station 3 Green PWD Road 3 Pink Ponds / Tanks Blue Hospitals 3 Red Morrum / Metalled 2 Red Agricultural Land Yellow Medical Centres 2 Red Planning Roads 1 Pink Scrub Brown Temple 2 Brown Railways 2 Black Gullied Brown Mosque 2 Brown Canals 2 Blue Sandy Areas Dark Yellow Church 2 Brown Industrial Area Ash Railway Station 3 Black Dumping Ground Mixed Graveyard 3 Brown Burning Ghat 3 Brown Mines 2 Black 1 : 10,00,000 District College 3 Blue NH 3 Red Settlement Red Police Station 3 Green SH 3 Pink Forest Green Ponds / Tanks 2 Blue MDR 1 Red Cultivated Land Yellow Railway Station 3 Black PWD Road 1 Pink Wasteland Brown Mines 2 Black Railways 2 Black Industrial Area Ash District HQ 5 Red Canals 1 Blue Census Town 3 Red River 2 Blue Patternof SizeandColourof SpatialFeatures
- 17. Feature Size Bench Mark Eliminated School Eliminated College No Change Post Office Eliminated Police Station No Change Hospitals Eliminated Medical Centres Eliminated Temple Eliminated Mosque Eliminated Church Eliminated Railway Station No Change Graveyard Eliminated Burning Ghat Eliminated Mines No Change District HQ Introduced Census Town Introduced Feature Width Streams (perennial) Eliminated NH ↓ Size SH ↓ Size MDR ↓ Size PWD Road ↓ Size Morrum / Metalled Eliminated Planning Roads Eliminated Railways No Change Canals ↓ Size Feature Colour Settlement No Change Forest Aggregated Plantation Aggregated River Converted to Line Ponds / Tanks Converted to Point Agricultural Land No Change Scrub Aggregated Gullied Aggregated Sandy Areas Aggregated Industrial Area Aggregated Dumping Ground Aggregated Point Features Line Features Area Features SPATIALCHANGES: CDBlock→ District
- 18. Scale Hierarchy Point Line Area Feature Size Colour Feature Width Colour Feature Colour 1 : 10,00,000 District College 3 Blue NH 3 Red Settlement Red Police Station 3 Green SH 3 Pink Forest Green Ponds / Tanks 2 Blue MDR 1 Red Cultivated Land Yellow Railway Station 3 Black PWD Road 1 Pink Wasteland Brown Mines 2 Black Railways 2 Black Industrial Area Ash District HQ 5 Red Canals 1 Blue Census Town 3 Red River 2 Blue 1 : 50,00,000 State District HQ 4 Red NH 2 Red Forest Green Capital 6 Red SH 2 Pink Cultivated Land Yellow Cities 2 Red Railways 2 Black Wasteland Brown Airport 3 Blue River 2 Blue Industrial Area Ash 1 : 2,00,00,000 Country State Capital 5 Red NH 2 Red Physiographic Divisions Airport 3 Blue Major Railways 2 Black Soil Regions Million Cities 3 Red Rivers 1 Blue Climatic Regions Natural Vegetation Regions Patternof SizeandColourof SpatialFeatures
- 19. 1 : 10,00,000 1 : 50,00,000 1 : 2,00,00,000
- 20. Point Features Line Features Area Features SPATIALCHANGES: District→ State Feature Changes College Eliminated Police Station Eliminated Ponds / Tanks Eliminated Railway Station Eliminated Mines Eliminated District HQ ↓ Size Census Town Eliminated Capital Introduced Cities Introduced Airport Introduced Feature Changes NH ↓ Size SH ↓ Size MDR Eliminated PWD Road Eliminated Railways No Change Canals Eliminated River No Change Feature Changes Settlement Eliminated Forest Green Cultivated Land Yellow Wasteland Brown Industrial Area Ash
- 22. Planning Units Scale Feature Resolution after Generalization (m) Remarks Gram Panchayat 1 : 5,000 to 1 : 10,000 2.5 – 5.0 Resolution ↓ Generalization ↑ Spatial Order / Regularity ↑ CD Block 1 : 100,000 to 1: 200,000 50.0 – 100.0 District 1 : 500,000 to 1 : 1,000,000 250.0 – 500.0 For India, • Point Feature → Symbol No size constraint Exact Location Lost Dimension • Line Feature → Symbol Distance preserved Direction preserved Compromised Width • Area Feature → Colour / Shade Coded Maintains Shape Preserves Area The level of detail and importance of what is remaining on the map must outweigh the insignificance of items that were generalized, as to preserve the distinguishing characteristics of what makes the map useful and important against the constraint of limited map space.
- 23. Creating Database for each feature separately in different layers at the lowest hierarchical level. Generalization of map features from the base map at lower scales. Extraction and Superimposition of feature layers as required by the user. Identifying patterns and analysis of inter-relationships among variables. PLANNING
- 24. Regional Development & Planning Spatial Data Models (SDM: Map) SDM = ∫ (Theme, Scale, Level) Thrust Area Spatial Resolutio n Generalization
- 26. Need / Function Scale Minimum Maximum Planning: Master Plan/ Structure Plan, Zoning Plan 1:5000 1:4000 Engineering Plans 1:4000 1:2000 Housing Plans 1:4000 1:1000 Water Supply, Sewerage 1:2000 1:1000 Traffic Junction Plans 1:2000 1:1000 Transportation Routes 1:10000 1:5000 Roads & Highways 1:10000 1:2000 Revenue Authorities 1:4000 1:1000 Unauthorised construction, encroachment, squatter settlement, etc 1:4000 1:2000 Ground Water 1:25000 1:10000 Drainage 1:25000 1:10000 Inventory of trees, parks, environmental themes 1:10000 1:4000 Heritage Monuments 1:1000 Police Station / Fire Brigade 1:2000