Information technology

Information Technology
History and Development
In the 1960s and 1970s, the term
information technology (IT) was a little known
phrase that was used by those who worked in
places like banks and hospitals to store
information. With the paradigm shift to
computing technology and "paperless"
workplaces, information technology has come to
be a household phrase.

Cont…..
• It defines an industry that uses computers,
networking, software programming, and other
equipment and processes to store, process,
transmit, and protect information.
• In the 1980s the world moved into the
information age every one using the personal
computer for work.

Modern Technology By the early 21st century, nearly
every child in the Western world, and many in other
parts of the world, knew how to use a personal
computer.
Businesses' information technology departments have
gone from using storage tapes created by a single
computer operator to interconnected networks of
employee workstations that store information in a
server farm, often somewhere away from the main
business site.

Types of Information
System
 Transaction Processing
System (TPS)
 Management
Information System
(MIS)
 Decision support
System (DSS)
 Office Automation
System (OAS)
 Expert System

Transaction processing system:-
A Transaction Processing System is a set of
information which processes the data transaction in
database system that monitors transaction programs.
E.g.-sporting event ticket.

Management information system:-
A system that provides decision makers with
preselected information
Usually provides information in the form of
computer-generated reports Detailed,
summary, exception.
Information is generated from data obtained
from transaction processing

Decision Support System (DSS)
A decision support system (DSS) is a computerized program used
to
 Support determinations,
 Judgments,
 Courses of action in an organization or a business.
 Analyzes massive amounts of data,
 Compiling comprehensive information
 Solve problems and in decision-making
 Gathers and analyzes data,
 Synthesizing it to produce comprehensive information reports.
 Collect data.
 Timely problem-solving
 Improved efficiency in dealing with issues or operations,
 Planning, and even management.

Office Automation System
 Office automation refers to the integration of office
functions usually related to managing information.
 There are many tools used to automate office
functions and the spread of electronic processors inside
computers as well as inside copiers and printers is at the
center of most recent advances in office automation.
 Raw data storage, electronic data transfer, and the
management of electronic business information
comprise the basic activities of an office automation
system.
 The advent of the personal computer revolutionized
office automation, and today, popular operating systems
and user interfaces dominate office computer systems.

History of computing hardware
A computer is an electronic device made up of
electronic circuits and wires, etc. In the modern age,
computer is the most advanced tool for solving wide
range of practical problems. More precisely, “a
computer is an electronic device which works under the
instructions of stored programmes automatically
accepting result or output of that processing”.
It manipulates the number of symbols, which it
accepts input, processes this input and reproduces this
as output in a formatted manner. The word Computer
has been derived from the word COMPUTE.

Fundamentals of Computer Architecture
i. Speed: Computers can calculate at very high Speeds.
ii. Storage: Computers have their main memory and
auxiliary memory systems can store a large amount of
data.
iii. Accuracy: The accuracy of a computer system is very
high.
iv. Versatility: Computers are very versatile machines.
Ranging from simple calculations to performing
complex CAD modeling
Simulation for navigating missiles and satellites.
v. Automation: Computers can be programmed to perform
a series of complex tasks, involving multiple
programmes. Computers can perform things flawlessly.
vi. Diligence: Diligence means being constant and earnest in
effort and application. Computer

Uses
 Military application:
 With their large and cost
 Mainly performed scientific calculations
 Often to support military objectives
 Creative Art:
 Entertainment
 Video games
 Robotics: Computers have been used to control
mechanical devices since they became small and
chief.
 Net working and the Internet: Computers have been
used to coordinate information in multiple locations.

Features
 Rapid Response
Reliability
Inflexibility
Controlled processing

Software
It must be given a detailed list of instructions,
called a computer program or software, that
tells it exactly what to do.
Definition:
It can be defined as a complete set of instruction
which enables the computer to obtain the solution
to a problem
It is a collection of programs, functions, procedures,
routines etc. in a logical manner

Types of Software
 System software: Background programs
that control a computer system Acts as a
mediator between application programs
and the computer system’s hardware, as
well as between the PC and the user.
 Application software: Programs that
allow a user to perform specific tasks on a
computer
 Word processing,
 playing a game,
 preparing taxes,
 browsing the Web,
 General-Purpose – programs that perform
common information processing jobs for
end users

 Application-Specific – support specific applications
of end users in business and other fields
Software Development
 Custom Software – software applications that are
developed within an organization for use by that
organization.
 Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS)
Software – software that is developed by a
software developer with the intention of selling the
software in multiple copies.

Common programs
Microsoft Word
Corel WordPerfect
Apple Pages
Microsoft Word
Word processing(Writer)

Present role of IT
It is accepted that telecommunication is a basic
infrastructure necessary for economic and social
development of a country.
This is even becoming stronger than ever as
information related economic activities are
growing.
Information and communications technology may
be described as the support of the central nervous
system of complex societies, transmitting and
processing information and commands among the
various parts of such societies.
Internet plays a fundamental function in IT role

Benefits from IT Information and
communications technology carries on high
promise both in human and economic terms.
Benefits could be obtained in:-
Education
Job training
Health care
Food security
Environment management
Government efficiency

A. The Role of Information Technology In An Organization
Communication:-
 Basic need for most human activities Traditional-
 telephone,
 fax, mail.
 In the new information era-
 e-mail,
 internet,
 video conferencing the new communication technology
 enables people located in different places to work together
 Data consist of the raw facts and figures that are processed into
information manipulated for use in decision making Hardware and Software
 Hardware consist of all the machinery and equipment in a computer
system.
 Software, or programs, consists of all the electronic instructions that tell
the computer how to perform a task.

• Data Management: There is no need to keep
papers about every detail in an organization. Now,
organizations have digitized most of their data.
This data is stored in a database and employees
access and share this information through a
decentralized computing system. In a
decentralized computing environment, the
organization splits computing power and locates it
in business areas as well as on the desktop of
knowledge workers. So employees and managers
can send queries to the database and retrieve data
and use it in way required. This saves time and it
also improves on decision making with in the
organization.

• Management Information Systems: With the use of
MIS, data can be accessed and used in a given period
of time. MIS reports summarize or aggregate
information to support decision-making tasks. So,
MIS’s are systems that have information-processing
responsibilities that include information through
online analytical processing (OLAP) and conveying
information to whoever needs. It is very important
for employees and managers to access data anytime
for quick decision making.

B. The Role of Information Technology In Student’s Life
Easy access to educational material:
Today, students can access books and research notes online.
Unlike in the past when a student had to borrow a book from a
physical library for a specific period, now days they can access
most this data inform of e-books or electronic
libraries. Library mobile Apps have been developed to enable
students get library material on their mobile phones. Gadgets
like Ipad , Amazon Kindle book reader have simplified
students life.

Ability to study from anywhere
Online education has unlocked many
boundaries for students. A student can now study
from any were and work from any where.
For example:- accounting courses like ACCA
can be done online and students who qualify can
work from anywhere, this increases on their
chances of competing for high qualified jobs in
developed markets around the world .

Health information technology (HIT)
It is information technology applied
to health and health care. It
supports health information
management across computerized systems and
the secure exchange of health in
formation between consumers, providers, paye
rs, and quality monitors.

According to a 2006 report by the Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality, broad and
consistent utilization of HIT will
Improve health care quality or effectiveness
Increase health care productivity or efficiency
Prevent medical errors and increase health care
accuracy and procedural correctness
Reduce health care costs
Increase administrative efficiencies and
healthcare work processes

Decrease paperwork and unproductive or idle
work time
Extend real-time communications of health
informatics among health care professionals
Expand access to affordable care
IT has enabled the globalization of the economy
and competition, and caused large-scale changes
in many industries
IT is also bringing a major shift in the job market;
resulting in a more polarized occupational
structure, consisting of highly skilled well paid
jobs lower skilled low wages.

On-line services:-
The rapid development of the Internet and
the World Wide Web has enabled many services
that traditionally required face to face meetings to
be delivered on-line.
Internet distance learning: opportunities of
university education, widening access to higher
education (delivering teaching and learning to
people who cannot attend lectures)-increases a
country’s competitiveness in a global market.
E-business: Internet provides a virtual market
place for buyers, suppliers, distributors and sellers
to exchange information negotiate and trade.

Tele-working:-
Flexibility in working conditions, less office space, more productive
workers used in education?
E-mail
Distance learning How are computers being used in health and
medicine?
Telemedicine
Robots how will computers affect my financial matters?
Virtual money
Micro-Credits

Positive impact of information technology development
Simplify access to information needed for various purposes.
 Make it easier for companies or individual business
transaction-based information technology or so-called E-
Commerce
 The rapid advancement in information technology, internet and
other media, facilitate the entry of banned sites and violence.
 Ease of transactions via the Internet will provide opportunities
to perform transacts forbidden, such as drug and contraband
transactions.

Uses of computers in nursing practice
 Bedside data entry.
 Computer based patients records
 Client monitoring Local and Distant
 Telenursing
 Practice management
 Scheduling

Uses of computers in nursing administration
Human resource
Medical records
Quality assurance
Accreditation
Budget and finance

Uses of computers in nursing research
Literature search
Data collection
Data analysis
Research dissemination

Nursing skills required to use computers
Adapt the use of technologies to meet patient
need.
Teach patients about healthcare technologies
Protect the safety and privacy of patients in
relation to the use of healthcare and
information technologies
Use information technologies to enhance one’s
own knowledge base.

Computerization can be absorbed and adopted
into virtually every area of nursing services
eg : clinical nursing education and nursing
research or To recognize the need for
continued learning for personal and
professional development is one of objective
of nursing education laid down by INC.
Thus a nursing student must not only have
foundation of knowledge and skill acquires in
course of learning but develop the ability of
acquiring knowledge during the rest of her
professional development

CONCLUSION
The importance and influence of IT field is cannot
be bound in word. IT is useful in all areas many tourism
businesses are involved in developing their internet
services including traditional travel agents, tour
operators, national tourist offices, airlines, hotels and
other accommodation providers and car hire firms there
are so many functions of day today life based on
computer and utilization of information technology.
Like study, health system, economic condition,
banking, traveling, entertainment, all the day today
work so the new beneficial changes are need to adopt
and perform for us in information technology for better
future.

Bibliography
Book references:-
 Shabeer p basher, S Yaseen Khan, A Concise textbook
of advance nursing practice, second edition, EMMESS
medical publishers, pp. 779 – 789.
 Navdeep Kaur Brar, HC Rawat, Textbook of Advance
Nursing Practice, first edition 2015, jaypee
publications, p. 947 – 957.
Net references-
 http://www.hsj.gr/medicine/nursing
 http://currentnursing.com/nursing_management/docum
entation.html
 https://www.wipro.com/en-IN/holmes/

Information technology

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