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Uploaded byDr Ghaiath Hussein
informed consent
The document discusses the key principles of informed consent in medical research, including disclosure, capacity, and voluntariness. It outlines the necessary components of informed consent, such as describing the research purpose and risks/benefits to participants. Practical challenges to fully informed consent and forms of consent are also reviewed, emphasizing that consent must be given freely without coercion.
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informed consent
- 1. Informed Consent GhaiathM. A. Hussein MBBS, MHSc. (Bioethics)
- 2. INFORMED CONSENT “EVERY INDIVIDUAL HAS THE RIGHT TO KNOW WHAT RISKS ARE INVOLVED IN UNDERGOING OR FOREGONIG MEDICAL TREATMENT (research) AND CONCOMMITTANT RIGHT TO MAKE MEANINGFUL DECISIONS BASES ON A FULL UNDERSTANDING OF THOSE RISKS ….. JUDICIAL ATTEMPT TO REDRESS THE INEQUALITIES OF DOCTOR-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP.” HOLLIS v. DOW CORNING, 1995 Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 3. Definition : "autonomousauthorization of a medical intervention…by individual patients/participants" (Beauchamp and Faden, 2004) It's the practical expression of patient's/participant’s autonomy, and the respect for his/her personality Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 4. Components of FIC: " Disclosure " refers to the provision of relevant information by the clinician (researcher) and its comprehension by the patient (participant). " Capacity " refers to the patient's/participant’s ability to understand the relevant information and to appreciate those consequences of his or her decision that might reasonably be foreseen. " Voluntariness " refers to the patient's right to come to a decision freely, without force, coercion or manipulation. Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 5. FORMS OF CONSENTNormally, should be provided by participants themselves. • Deferred consent is where the subject is entered into a research study and consent is gained from surrogates after a specified period of time for continuation of the subject’s inclusion in the trial. • Prospective informed consent represents an attempt to canvass support in advance from a population considered at risk of developing a serious illness. • Surrogate consent (SDM): ideally a substituted judgment made by a person responsible for health care decision-making for a particular patient under the relevant legislation Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 6. Practical challenges toa "Fully Informed Consent" Diagnostic uncertainty Complexity of medical information Linguistic and cultural differences Overworked health personnel Paternalistic approach in doctor-patient (researcher-participant) relationship in developing countries. Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 7. Ghaiath Research Ethics,Dec. 08.
- 8. 1. Disclosure Thisrefers to the process during which researchers provide information about the proposed research to the participant. Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 9. Eight Required Elements[45 CFR 46.116(a) & 21 CFR 50.25] Statement that study is research and information on purposes / duration / procedures / experimental procedures Reasonably foreseeable risks or discomforts Reasonably expected benefits Alternative procedures How confidentiality will be maintained Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 10. Eight Required Elements[45 CFR 46.116(a) & 21 CFR 50.25] Information on compensation for injuries (unless minimal risk) Contact persons for information on research, injury, subject’s rights Voluntary participation, no penalty or loss of benefits for refusal or withdrawal Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 11. Six Additional ElementsStatement that there may be risks which are unforeseeable Under what circumstances investigator could terminate subject’s participation Additional costs to subjects Consequences of subject’s withdrawal from research Statement that will be told of new findings Approximate number of subjects in study Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 12. Informed Consent Documentand Risks to Subjects Adverse events vs. unanticipated problems A risk or problem is unanticipated if it is not in the protocol or consent document Risks discussed in the protocol should be included in the consent document Questions raised as a result of an unanticipated risk: Does the informed consent form need to be amended? Do previously enrolled subjects need to be re-consented? Does a report need to be made to REC? Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 13. Waiver of InformedConsent (not permitted in FDA-regulated studies) REC must find and document that four (4) criteria have been satisfied: Minimal risk research Waiver or alteration will not adversely affect the rights and welfare of the subjects Research could not practicably be carried out without the waiver or alteration Subjects will be provided with additional pertinent information Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 14. Documentation of InformedConsent Written consent document Language understandable to the subject or the subject’s Legally Authorized Representative (LAR) Signed by subject or subject’s LAR Copy SHALL be given to subject Opportunity to read before signing Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 15. Principles for providinginformation to the participant: make it clear; avoid jargon use language appropriate to the patient's level of understanding in a language of their fluency pause and observe patients for their reactions invite questions from the patient and check for understanding invite the patient to share fears, concerns, hopes and expectations watch for patients' emotional response: verbal and non-verbal show empathy and compassion summarize the imparted information provide contact information (and other resources) Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 16. 2. Capacity :refers to the presence of a group/set of functional abilities a person needs to possess in order to make a specific decisions (Griso and Applebaum, 1998). These include: To UNDERSTAND the relevant information To APPRECIATE the relatively foreseeable consequences of the various available options available. Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 17. 3. Voluntariness :refers to a participant’s right to make participation decisions free of any undue influence. Influences include: Physical restraint or sedation Coercion involves the use of explicit or implicit threat to ensure that the treatment is accepted Manipulation involves the deliberate distortion or omission of information in an attempt to induce the patient to accept a treatment Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 18. VOLUNTARINESS FREE OFUNDUE INFLUENCE PERSUATION: APPEALS TO REASON MANIPULATION COERCISION: EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT THREATS FORCE: RESTRAINT OR SEDATION Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 19. MANIPULATION DISTORTION OFFACTS OR OMISSION NON-COERCIVE ALTERNATION OFCHOICES UNDUE FINANCIAL PAYMENT UNDUE INFLUENCE, GOVERNMENT FUNDING ONLY AT GRADE 8 FOR HPV Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 20. CIRCUMSTANTIAL INFLUENCE EXTERNAL:TIMING AND THE PERSON GIVING INFORMATION DOCTOR AND PATIENT IN RESEARCH TRIAL CASES THERAPEUTIC PRIVILEGE Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 21. C. Confidentiality The duty to respect the patient’s/research participant confidence that the researcher/doctor will not disclose the information s/he received as part of research of health care. Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 22. Measures to respectconfidentiality Avoid identifiable data Encode the collected data Limit access to data Keep in password-protected PC Destroy the original copies after analysis, or publication To each of the previous conditions, there are ethically-acceptable exceptions Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 23. Case Dr.B, a psychiatrist in private practice, is approached by a pharmaceutical company to assist with a clinical trial to test the efficiency of a new drug in the treatment of acute psychosis. The study will enroll acutely psychotic patients with no history of psychosis (or of treatment with antipsychotic drugs) through physicians' clinics and emergency departments. Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 24. Case …cont. Patientsenrolled in the study will be randomly assigned to receive the new medication or a placebo and will remain in the hospital for eight weeks. During this time, they will not be permitted to receive antipsychotic medication other than the study drug. Informed consent will be obtained from each participant or proxy. Patients may be withdrawn from the study if their medical condition worsens substantially. Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 25. DISCUSSION… Q &A Now try your own consent form… Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
- 26. References Presentationson Informed Consent by: Dya Eldin Mohammed Elsayed, MD WALLACE LIANG Office for the Protection of Research Subjects (OPRS) Case from Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics Ghaiath Research Ethics, Dec. 08.
Editor's Notes
- #6 Prospective IC: This approach suffers from all the weaknesses associated with advance directives, and is rarely applicable to the conditions relevant to emergency research, such as sudden cardiac arrest or motor vehicle trauma.