ingles.pptx texto sobre ecologia de marinos

 Abiotic-> non-living organisms
 Biotic-> All living things
 Ecosystems-> made up of all biotic and
abiotic factors
 Habitat-> specific place where an organism
is found
 Microhabitat-> mini habitats (sand
granules)
 Homeostasis-> maintaining equilibrium /
balance

Problems:
›Death
›Fail to reproduce

Zone of
Intolerance
Stress Zone Optimal Range Stress Zone Zones of
Intolerance
* Death
*Reprod -uction
does not occur
•Cannot
Maintain
Homeostasis
Expend too
much energy
and they
won’t
reproduce
All environmental
Factors are met. 20-
30 C
Expend too
much energy
and they won’t
reproduce.
Environment is
too far gone
from the
optimal range
that the
organisms
cannot survive.

Death
Failure to reproduce
Can’t maintain homeostasis

Sunlight
Temperature
Salinity
Pressure
Nutrients
Wastes

Photosynthesis-> Energy for all
life
Aids in Vision-> avoid predators,
capture prey, and communicate
Darkness-> rely on other senses,
taste / smell

Phytoplankton-> largest
photosynthetic organism.
› Microscopic, plantlike and bacteria
that float in ocean currents. They
thrive on sunlight and nutrients so if
the water is cloudy they won’t
survive.
 Example-> North Atlantic plankton has to
live in the shallows because sunlight can
only penetrate about three feet or one
meter.
 South Pacific= 200 meters or 600 feet

Excessive sunlight = intense
heat= desiccation (drying out)
Algae suffers pigment
destruction when exposed to
too much sunlight which limits
their ability to photosynthesize.

 Obtain body heat from their surroundings
 Examples-> fish and crabs

 Regulate body temperature from the
inside because of its metabolism
(generates heat internally / lots of fat)
 Examples-> mammals and birds

Exposed to high and low tide
Drastic changes in temp. from
hot days to very cold nights.
Organisms have to adapt quickly
Fish kills

Defined as :
The amount of the
concentrated
dissolved inorganic
salts in the water.

 Most organisms membranes are
permeable (things can pass through
the skin)
 Not permeable to everything- selective
 In order to maintain homeostasis there
needs to be a balance between water
and solutes
 When a solute cannot move across the
membrane osmosis takes over (H2O
goes from areas of high concentration
to low concentration)

 In the open ocean spider crabs cannot
regulate the salt concentration of their body
fluids because their bodies absorb water and
salt.
 Bays, estuaries, and tide pools are really
affected because of evaporation. Water
evaporates but the salt remains highly
concentrated.
 Fiddler Crab-> able to adjust the salt content
of their body tissues by regulating salt and
water retention.

 Water is denser than air
 The deeper you go the more pressure you feel
 Know that the human body is mostly water, and
that in recreational diving, water pressure will
be felt in the air spaces of the body (lungs,
sinuses and ear canals).
 10 meters=33 feet=1 atm=14.7 pounds per
square inch
 3,700 meters= 370 atm = 2.7 tons

 Build up of nitrogen bubbles in the
body- Breathe in 79%
 Dive-> pressure increases in and
around our body->nitrogen becomes
absorbed in our body tissues
 When it reaches saturation that’s
when you have a problem because the
pressure needs to be released

 Ascend slowly with frequent
“decompression stops” every 10-20 feet.
This allows for the built up of nitrogen to
slowly exit the body.
 If you do not do this-> nitrogen bubbles
build up in the body
 The bubbles must normally be on the
arterial side of the circulatory system to
be harmful - they are usually harmless on
the venous side.
 There are many different types.
Do Not put
in notes

 Extreme Fatigue
 Joint and Limb Pain
 Tingling
 Numbness
 Red Rash on Skin
 Respiratory Problems
 Heart Problems
 Dizziness
 Blurred Vision
 Headaches
 Confusion
 Unconsciousness
 Ringing of the Ears
 Vertigo
 Stomach Sickness
Do Not put
in notes

Not just food but
also organic and
inorganic materials.

Alone produces nitrogen (no
plants=low nitrogen) and
phosphorus which phytoplankton
and plants need
Calcium-> corals, shells,
skeletons, and crustaceans

 By-product o photosynthesis
 Life evolved in lack of a free oxygen
environment so when it entered it was
probably harmful (like pollutants and
chemicals are to organisms now)
 Allowed environment that would allow
evolution of multicellular organisms

Oxygen dissolves at or near
surface
Waters ability to dissolve
oxygen comes from
temperature and salinity
Cooler/ less salty water= more
oxygen
Warm / saline water= less
oxygen

Survive and thrive without
oxygen
Deep Sea
Salt marshes
Sand / mud flats

Plant, Algae, animals,
marine microbes
Need oxygen for
survival

Too many nutrients cause issues
such as run-off (eutrophication)
which increases nutrient levels ->
Explosion= algal blooms or
photosynthetic plankton blooms ->
plankton dies-> bacteria
decomposes-> decomposition
depletes water of oxygen ->
organisms die-> decomposition->
massive die offs

Release CO2
Nitrogen rich feces
Plants release oxygen
Most of the time waste is recycled
primarily by bacteria, sometimes
levels are toxic

A group of the
same species

1. Breed with one another
2. Rely on the same resources
3. Deal with the same
environmental factors
4. Geographical boundaries
where it lives

Population= Pod of Killer Whales (J, K, & L)
Breed with one another- super pods
Same resources-> salmon
Deal with same environmental factors->
salinity, temperature, pollutants, etc.
Geographic boundaries-> Haro Strait

1. Look at whole area.
* Example- hermit crabs in a salt marsh

2. Count the # of individuals in a specific
area.
* Example- 500 barnacles on a rock or
10 sea anemones in a tidal pool.

3. Aerial Surveys
* Ex- Whales and dolphins

4. Sampling Methods-> counting animals
in a plot or transect.
* Take the individuals per plot multiplied
by the total # of plots = population size

 Captured-> tagged-> released-> wait a
sufficient amount of time for the animals to
mix back into the population = sample is taken
again and the ration of marked: unmarked is
documented.
 Example: Tag 10 nurse sharks-> release-> two
weeks later catch 10 more-> and two of the 10
have tags= 20% of the entire population in the
area-> population would be 50 sharks because
20% of 50 =10, and 10 is how many were
tagged initially.

 The number of individuals per unit area
or volume.
 Example-> the number of barnacles on a
square meter of rock
 Three types-> Clumped, Uniform, and
Random

Densely packed in patches
May only grow in a certain area
Snails clump in areas that are
highly populated in algae
Ex- oysters, barnacles, schools
of fish

Evenly spaced out.
Result in competition
Seaweeds compete for sunlight
Ex- Sea stars

All over the place
Lack of strong
interaction among
individuals
Ex- Conchs, Snails

 Added via reproduction and immigration
 Eliminated via death and emigration
 Each have their own birth and death rate
 Intermediate ages survive longer (young and
old die faster)
 Generation time-> average time between an
individuals birth and the birth of its first
offspring. (shorter generation time = higher
population)

 Killer Whales Gestation period equals 16
months!

Young Old
#
Survivors
.1
1
10
100
1000
Type III
Type II
Type I

Low death rates with early /
middle
Higher older death rates
Ex- Marine Mammals such as
whales

Constant Mortality rates over
time
Ex- Marine birds and crabs
(molting)

High mortality rates for
young
Lots of offspring in a short
period of time
Ex- fish, bivalves,

Clutch size
# of reproductive
events
Age at first
reproduction
Affect
the
number
of
offspring
a female
will have

# of offspring
produced each time
›Ex-> Sea Turtles

# times reproduced
Ex-> Pacific Salmon and
Octopus reproduce only
once and then die.

Young age-> less energy
for later maintenance
Older-> uses up energy for
maintenance and could die

How many of its own
offspring survive to
produce their own
offspring.

Phytoplankton species
Reproduce in large
numbers when environment
is favorable

Better methods of
homeostasis
Less affected by
environmental changes

Recruitment
›1. Reproduction
›2. Immigration (new
individuals from other
populations joining

 Phytoplankton
have to wait for
conditions to
be right such
as nutrients

 Carrying
capacity is
where it levels
off= how much
the environment
can support or
hold.

What factors determine
the carry capacity of an
environment?
›Density dependent factors
›Density independent
factors

 Decrease reproduction
 Predators- have more to choose from
 Increase mortality-> decreased food
supply
 Health / survivorship= too many plants
in one area will be smaller
 Stress-> shrinks reproductive organs

Size doesn’t matter
Weather / Climate
Ex-> Hurricanes can
wipe out an entire
population

Communities->
Populations of
different
species in the
same habitat

Barnacles
Mussels
Seaweeds
Sea Stars
Snails

Niche->
“occupation”
its role in the
environment

Mussels- Stick to rocks and
filter seawater
Crabs- scavenge
Worms- burrow in sediment

Predator-prey relationships
Parasitism
Competition for resources
Organisms that provide
shelter for others

Fight / compete
for space, food,
and mates

Interspecific
• Between
different
species.
Intraspecific
• Between
members of
a single
species

No two groups of
organisms can use
exactly the same
resources in exactly
the same place at the
same time.

Local extinction of a
less successful
competitor=
competitive exclusion

 The #of herbivores are crucial
 Plants->herbivores->
omnivores/carnivores
 If there is not enough vegetation
herbivores decline because of
starvation-> vegetation increases->
herbivores increase.

Carnivores and their prey
(they switch when prey
declines)
Some predators focus on
species that are abundant
because they expend less
energy -> eats lots of one
species

They keep the
entire
ecosystem in
check

NW Pacific-> Ochre sea
star which is a dominant
predator that feeds on
many organisms but mainly
mussels.

Ochre Sea Stars were removed for
five years-> mussels replenished->
mussels overcrowded the
intertidal area-> ochre sea star
came back and the sea anemones,
chitons, seaweeds, etc. were able
to survive again in this habitat.

Were hunted to near
extinction for their fur.
Predominately eat sea
urchins and sea urchins
annihilate kelp forests and
seaweeds.

Sea otter population
Urchin population
 Kelp population

Sea otters became protected
by the MMPA and their
population slowly came back
and the urchins decreased and
kelp increased again.

Symbiosis->
relationships
between organisms-
> “living together”

 Clownfish and sea anemone-> Clownfish
has a special mucus all over its body that
protects it from anemones stings.
 Clownfish picks up anemones scent that
way the anemone does not eat it.
 Clownfish gains protection. Anemone gains
protection from organisms that might eat it.

One benefits and
the other is
unharmed

Remoras and sharks
(remora gains protection
from the shark as well as
eat the leftover food)

Barnacles adhering to the
skin of a whale or shell of a
mollusk: The barnacle
benefits by finding a
habitat where nutrients are
available.
Free ride all around the
ocean and are exposed to
different nutrients.

One benefits and
the other is
harmed.

Parasitic tapeworm infects
fish and mammals. They
live in the intestines and
deprive the organism of
nutrients.

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZCf9BvK
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 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00DXYXV
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 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFkdiCQx
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Energy flow
through
ecosystems

Make their own food from
sunlight.
Examples-> phytoplankton,
seaweeds, plants

Not all producers are
photosynthetic, some are
chemosynthetic (use
energy from chemical
reactions)
Ex.-> Bacteria inhabit
deep sea vents

Detritivores-> Feed
on dead organic
matter
Decomposers->
Break down dead
organisms

Flow of energy from one
trophic level to the next.
Decrease in available energy
from one level to the next.
10% rule= decreases 10%
each level

cycles of
nutrients
needed for life

 Water
 Equator= supplies the greatest amount
of evaporation in all the oceans due to
excessive eat and sunlight.
 Water vapor is carried north and south
from the equator and west to east
within each hemisphere. When air
masses cool and rise = precipitation

Sea Salt= precipitation
nuclei= sea salt enters
the air because of waves
crashing. They then
collect water droplets and
when they get heavy
enough they fall back
onto the ground as
precipitation.

Carbon is essential for all
living things
Backbone of carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids

 Living organisms produce carbon when they respire

 Organism dies

 Decomposers breakdown tissues (CO2)


Marine producers use the CO2 in photosynthesis to make carbohydrates

 Carbohydrates are used to make other materials

 CO2 reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which
 forms hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

 Bicarbonate ions are absorbed by marine life
 and they combine with calcium carbonate
 (shells and skeletons)

 The calcium carbonate collects in the sediment and becomes limestone. The
limestone appears on land through geological processes where it becomes
weathered (wind / rain) -> washes back into the ocean.

 Producers require nitrogen for protein synthesis, growth,
and reproduction
 Ammonia= NH3, ammonium=NH4, nitrite=NO2, nitrate= NO3
 Producers use energy from photosynthesis to concentrate
the nitrogen in their tissues and then turn that energy into
amino acids-> proteins
 Nitrogen is then passed in the form of proteins to consumers
 Proteins and amino acids get processed and released
through uric acid, urea, and ammonia
 Atmosphere= 79%
 Thunderstorms-> produce nitrates that enter through
precipitation
 Major nitrogen fixing organism in the ocean is cyanobacteria
 Run-off from land contains nitrogen from fertilizers, sewage,
and dead biotic factors= huge growth of phytoplankton

 Kelp forests, estuaries, salt marshes,
mangrove swamps, rocky shores,
sandy shores, coral reefs, open ocean
 Estuary- Receive FW and SW (Tampa
Bay)
 Intertidal Zone- area of shore that is
exposed to both high and low tide

Water overlies the
continental shelf

Water that covers
the deep water
basins

Sunlight occurs =
photosynthesis
Largest number of
photosynthetic organisms
and # animals

Darkness= no
sunlight penetrates

Lowest tide to the
edge of the
continental shelf

Continental shelf
to 4,000 meters

Organisms that
live on the
bottom

Organisms that live in
the bottom sediment.

Active swimmers
that move against
currents

Blue mussels are distributed based
on the abiotic factors it requires
Sea Star’s are found in overlapping
areas because of the abundance of
mussels
Seaweed provides food and shelter
Snails are distributed based on where
the seaweed and algae is located.

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