Inhaler therapy
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This document discusses various inhalation delivery systems used for asthma and COPD treatment. It describes pressurized metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, nebulizers, and the drugs commonly used with each. The advantages and disadvantages of each delivery system are provided. For asthma, inhaled glucocorticoids, long-acting beta-agonists, cromolyn, and short-acting beta-agonists are discussed. For COPD, long-acting beta-agonists, anticholinergics like tiotropium, and inhaled corticosteroids alone or in combination are covered. Proper inhaler technique is emphasized for optimal treatment.
Inhaler therapy
- 1. INHALATION THERAPY IN ASTHMA AND COPD Dr Muhammed Aslam Junior Resident MD Respiratory Medicine Academy Of Medical Science Pariyaram , Kanuur
- 2. Inhalation delivery systems • Bronchodilator aerosol for asthma -1935 • Conventional pressurized MDI - 1956
- 3. Types • Pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) • MDI with spacers or holding chambers • Breath actuated MDI • Dry powder inhaler (DPI) • Nebulizers
- 6. Propellants Provides the force to generate the aerosol cloud and is also the medium in which the active component must be suspended or dissolved. Propellants in MDIs typically make up more than 99% of the delivered dose
- 7. • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) most commonly used propellants were the chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-114. Banned due to adverse effect on ozone layer • hydrofluoroalkanes (HFA) HFA 134a (1,1,1,2,-tetrafluoroethane) These new devices are more effective. The HFA propellant produces an aerosol with smaller particle size, resulting in improved deposition in the small airways and greater efficacy at equivalent doses compared with CFC MDIs.
- 8. • When the valve is actuated propellant and drug leave the inhaler at high velocity • Majority of drug impacts in oropharynx • Less than 25% reaches the lung
- 9. Most efficient way of using MDI- steps • Shake the canister • Place the mouthpiece of actuator between the lips • Breathe out steadily • Release the dose while taking a slow deep breath in • Hold the breath in while counting to 10
- 10. Advantages of MDIs • Compact, portable ,convenient • Multidose delivery capability • Lower risk of bacterial contamination • Suitable for emergency situation
- 11. Disadvantages of MDIs • Needs correct actuation and inhalation coordination- difficult for children and elderly patients • Cold freon effect • High pharyngeal drug deposition • Flammability possibility of new HFA propellants • Remaining dose –difficult to determine
- 12. MDI with Spacer
- 13. Steps for Using a Spacer with an MDI • Insert the inhaler/canister into spacer and shake. • Breathe out. • Put the spacer mouthpiece into your mouth. • Press down on the inhaler once. • Breathe in slowly (for 3-5 seconds). • Hold breath for 10 seconds.
- 14. Advantages of MDI with spacer • Compensate for poor technique/coordination with MDI • Spacers slow down the speed of the aerosol coming from the inhaler, meaning that less of drug impacts on the back of the mouth and somewhat more may get into the lungs. Because of this, less medication is needed for an effective dose to reach the lungs, and there are fewer side effects from corticosteroid residue in the mouth.
- 15. Disadvantages • Large size and volume of device • Bacterial contamination is possible; device needs to be cleaned periodically • Electrostatic charges may reduce drug delivery to the lungs
- 17. LATEST IN MDI
- 18. Dry powder inhaler (DPI)
- 19. Single dose Devices Had to be reloaded with capsule containing micronized drug in a large particle carrier powder ,usually lactose
- 21. Advantages • Breath-actuated • Less patient coordination required • Spacer not necessary • Compact Portable • No propellant • Usually higher lung deposition than a pMDI
- 22. Disadvantages of DPI • Work poorly if inhalation is not forceful enough • Many patients cannot use them correctly (e.g. capsule handling problems for elderly • Most types are moisture sensitive Humidity potentially causes powder clumping and reduced dispersal of fine particle mass • Need to reload capsule each time
- 23. Nebulizers Jet nebulizer Ultrasonic nebulizer
- 24. Pneumatic Jet Nebulizer • Delivers compressed gas through a jet, causing an area of negative pressure and drawing the liquid up the tube by the Bernoulli effect. The solution is entrained into the gas stream and then sheared into a liquid film that is unstable and is broken into droplets by surface tension forces. The fundamental concept of nebulizer performance is the conversion of the medication solution into droplets in the respirable range of 1-5 micrometers
- 26. Ultrasonic Nebulizer • Generates high-frequency ultrasonic waves (1.63 MHz) from electrical energy via a piezoelectric element in the transducer. These ultrasonic waves are transmitted to the surface of the solution to create an aerosol. Aerosol delivery is by a fan or the patient’s inspiratory flow; particle sizes may be larger with this device. A limitation of ultrasonic nebulizers is that they do not nebulize suspensions efficiently
- 27. Advantages Of Nebulizers • Provide therapy for patients who cannot use other inhalation modalities (eg, MDI, DPI) • Allow administration of large doses of medicine • Patient coordination not required • Effective with tidal breathing • Dose modification possible • Can be used with supplemental oxygen
- 28. Disadvantages Of Nebulizers • Decreased portability • Longer set-up and administration time • Higher cost • Electrical power source required • Contamination possible
- 29. Drugs used in inhaler therapy
- 30. For Asthma Taken from The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2011 guidelines
- 31. Inhaler Therapy • CONTROLLERS Inhaled glucocorticoids ,Long acting inhaled beta 2 agonists,Cromones, • RELIEVERS Short acting beta 2 agonists, Anticholinergics
- 32. Inhaled Glucocorticosteroids • Most effective anti inflammatory medication for the treatment of persistent asthma • Reduces asthma symptoms • Improves quality of life • Decrease Airway hyper responsiveness • Improve lung function • Control airway inflammation • Decrease frequency and severity of exacerbations • Decrease mortality
- 33. Inhaled Glucocorticosteroids • Beclomethasone dipropionate • Budesonide • Ciclesonide • Flunisolide • Fluticasone propionate • Mometasone furoate • Triamsinalone acetonide
- 35. • Most of the benefit – dose equivalent of 400 microgram budesonide per day • Increasing dose – Little benefit & more side effect • Add-on therapy with another class controller is preferred over increasing dose of steroids • Tobacco smoking decreases responsiveness to inhaled glucocorticoids
- 36. Local Side effects • Oropharyngeal candidiasis • Dysphonia • Cough (upper airway irritation) • s/e reduced by –spacer,mouth washing, prodrug(ciclesonide,beclom ethasone)
- 37. Systemic side effect • Depends on dose , potency, delivery system, systemic bio availability ,half life, first pass metabolism, treatment duration • Easy bruising, adrenal suppression, decreased bone mineral density ,cataract, glaucoma
- 38. Long acting inhaled beta2 agonists • Salmeterol and formoterol • Not as monotherapy • Most effective when combined with inhaled glucocorticoids
- 39. Advantages of combination therapy • Improve symptoms scores • Decreases nocturnal asthma symptoms • Improve lung functions • Decreases use of rapid acting inhaled b2 agonists • Reduces no: of exacerbation • Rapid control • Reduces dose of inhaled glucocorticoids
- 41. • Salmeterol and Formoterol has similar duration of action , but formoterol has more rapid onset • Formoterol Budesonide combination can be given for both rescue and maintenance
- 42. Side effects • Less than oral treatment • Cvs stimulation , skeletal muscle tremor • Hypokalemia • Refractoriness to beta 2 agonists
- 43. Cromones • Sodium cromo Glycate , Nedocromil sodium • Limited role • Mild persistent asthma and exercise induced bronchospasm • Less effective than low dose inhaled glucocorticoids • s/e – cough, sore throat , unpleasant taste
- 46. Reliever medications • Short acting beta 2 agonists • Anti cholinergic
- 47. Rapid acting inhaled beta 2 agonist • Salbutamol , terbutaline, fenoterol, levalbuterol,reproterol,pirbuterol • Medication of choice for relief of bronchospasm during acute exacerbation of asthma and pre treatment of exercise induced broncho constriction • Should be used only on an as needed basis at lowest dose and frequency • s/e – tremor, tachycardia
- 48. Anti cholinergic broncho dilators • Ipratropium bromide, oxitropium bromide • Less effective than beta 2 agonists • Combination with b2 agonist- significant improvement • S/e dryness, bitter taste
- 50. In children
- 51. In children
- 52. Inhaler Therapy For COPD Taken from Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Guidelines 2011
- 56. Beta2 Agonists • Effect of short acting b2 agonist- 4to 6 hrs • Improves FEV1 and symptoms • Long acting beta2 agonist -12 hr or more • Formoterol and salmeterol improves FEV1 ,lung volumes,dyspnoea,health related quality of life,exacerbation rates • Indacaterol – duration of action 24hrs
- 57. Anti cholinergic • Ipratopium bromide , oxitropium bromide, tiotropium bromide • Broncho dilator action last longer than SABA- upto 8 hrs • Tiotropium – >24 hrs
- 58. Inhaled corticosteroids • Long term treatment with inhaled CS improves symptom , lung function ,quality of life, and reduces frequency of exacerbations in COPD patients with FEV1 < 60% • Does not decline the long term decline of FEV1 nor mortality
- 59. Combination Therapy • Inhaled Coticosteroid with Long Acting B2 Agonist is more effective • A triple therapy by adding tiotropium may furthur improves
- 60. Oxygen therapy
- 61. Conclusion • A number of inhalation devices are available for the treatment of pulmonary diseases, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. None has proven to be superior to the others in any of the clinical situations tested. Whichever device is chosen, the key to successful treatment lies at a proper inhaler
- 62. Thank you !!