Input switched closed-loop single phase ĈUK AC to DC converter with improved power quality

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 10, No. 3, Sep 2019, pp. 1373~1381
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i3.pp1373-1381  1373
Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJPEDS
Input switched closed-loop single phase ĈUK AC to DC
converter with improved power quality
Md. Shamsul Arifin1
, Nur Mohammad2
, Mohammad Ibrahim Khalil3
, Mohammad Jahangir Alam4
1,3,4 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology,
Bangladesh
2 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology,
Bangladesh
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 12, 2018
Revised Nov 19, 2018
Accepted Mar 13, 2019
A new closed loop AC to DC ĈUK converter is presented in this paper. The
conventional ĈUK AC to DC converter has no feedback circuit. Thereby, the
output voltage of the converter changes while changing the load. The
proposed closed loop converter can regulate voltage with the variation of
load over a wide range. Moreover, the power factor and Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD) of the supply side current found quite satisfactory from this
closed loop ĈUK converter. The converter operates in four steps with a
different combination of voltage polarities and switching states. The
feedback path consists of a voltage control loop and a current control loop.
The closed loop ĈUK converter in this study is compared with the open loop
version. Additionally, the comparison is made with the conventional
converter of the same topology. The effectiveness in terms of power factor
and THD of the proposed converter is verified using simulation results.
Keywords:
ĈUK AC to DC converter
Feedback circuit
Power Quality
Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD)
Copyright © 2019 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Md. Shamsul Arifin,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology,
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
Email: shamsul@cuet.ac.bd
1. INTRODUCTION
Utilization of DC switching power supplies in computer and telecom industries are flourishing day
by day. Additionally, use of DC power supply in the electric transportation is becoming popular instead of
conventional engine driven vehicles. Additionally, the DC power supplies are the driven force in aviation and
power station sectors throughout the world [1–3]. Usually, rectifiers are used to convert alternating supply to
direct supply [4–6]. However, these rectifiers inject non-sinusoidal current at grid side which contains
harmonics. Due to the presence of harmonics, some of the problems like harmonic losses and core saturation
in power transformers frequently take place. Thereby, removing harmonics is a significant concern for
industries as well as the power supply authorities to keep the system robust [4, 5, 7, 8].
Passive and active filtering are two commonly used methods to remove harmonics. The Passive
filter needs bulky indictors and capacitors which is costly and imposes a restriction on the mobility of the
converter [7, 9–13]. The active filter usually consists of a switch of high frequency and reduced sized
inductors and capacitors. Using the active filter has become a significant issue for modern industries to
reduce harmonics from the power line.
Usually switching is performed at the output side of the converter. These types of conventional
circuits are consists of a rectifier cascaded with a DC-DC converter. Newer circuits have also been designed
using the single switch at the input side of power converters [5, 7, 10, 11, 14–16]. These converters give
improved performances in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and power factor at AC side. However,

 ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 10, No. 3, Sep 2019 : 1373 – 1381
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most of the input switched converters reported so far are open loop [5, 7, 10, 11, 14–16]. Hence, such a
converter cannot regulate voltage and also cannot maintain good power factor under load variation. In the
best of the authors’ knowledge, no significant works have been done on closed loop input switched
AC-DC converter.
In recent years, some research has been done on the reduction of THD of currents in the converters
as well as in the power line. The multistage converter is widely used for THD reduction [17–20]. These
converters consist of 6, 12, 24 pulse system, which is, however, challenging to implement and control.
Moreover cost also increases while maintaining the multiple-pulse system. Additionally, matrix-based
topologies are also used to achieve reduced THD [21–23]. However, it is difficult to maintain a lot of
switches used in the converter which increases switching losses [24].
Some of the recent works incorporate quad-active-bridge AC–DC converter, automatic-power-
decoupling controlled single-phase AC-to-DC converters, five-level packed U-cell converter, neural network
based reference current generation schemes and so forth [25–28]. However, the primary challenge is
implementation due to technical complexity.
In this regard, input switched close loop ĈUK topology based converter is investigated. The ĈUK
topology has significant benefits over other topologies like buck and buck-boost. The principle benefit is that
the input current and the output current of the ĈUK converter is continuous. Thereby, the converter can
provide energy to the load both on and off states of the switch [5]. This proposed ĈUK converter has four
operating states which ensure the switching of the alternating input current at high frequency [5, 7].
Furthermore, the converter has two loops at the feedback path, namely voltage control and current control
loops. These loops can regulate the output voltage with satisfactory power quality.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section II, the structure and working principles of
the voltage and current control loops are discussed briefly. In section III, the structure of closed loop
converter is discussed. Section IV discusses the working principle of the proposed circuit. Section V presents
the simulation results and discussion, followed by a conclusion in section VI at the end.
2. THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONTROL LOOPS
The controller circuit consists of a voltage control loop and a current control loop. Figure 1 shows a
typical structure of the controller. The voltage loop consists of a voltage sensor, a summer and a PI
controller. The current loop consists of the voltage sensor, a summer, a multiplier and a PI controller. The
output voltage sample is given to the input of the fed back controller circuit. The output voltage sample is
compared with the reference signal and generates an error voltage. Generated error voltage goes to the input
of the PI controller and produces the reference signal. The reference signal goes to the input of the current
control loop for the comparison with a reference current signal. After comparison, the error current signal is
generated, which has been sent to the input of another PI controller. After being processed in the current
control loop, the message signal is generated. This signal has been compared further with a high-frequency
carrier signal. Further, the comparison is made in a comparator and the gate pulse is obtained which is used
to control the switch of the converter [29, 30].
Figure 1. The typical structure of the voltage and current control loops
3. STRUCTURE OF PROPOSED CIRCUIT
Figure 2 shows the circuit structure of the proposed closed loop ĈUK AC-DC converter. The
converter is assembled with inductors (Ll, L2), capacitors (Cl, C2), a semiconductor switching device (Sl)

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694 
Input switched closed-loop single phase ĈUK AC to DC converter with improved … (Md. Shamsul Arifin)
1375
and the diodes. The Ll and Cl remain active when the source polarity is positive. On the contrary, the L2 and
C2 are active when the source polarity is negative. However, the inductors labeled as L_Filter_1, L_Filter_2,
L_Filter_3, L_Filter_4 and the capacitors C_Filter_1, C_Filter_2 are used to construct the input filter. The Co
and Ro are the output capacitor and load respectively.
Additionally, the feedback path comprises two loops. The voltage control loop consists of a voltage
sensor, a summer and a PI controller. On the other hand, the current control loop is formed by sensors, a
multiplier, a summer and a PI controller. The voltage control loop helps to regulate the output voltage and the
current loop helps to maintain quality power factor at the AC side by adjusting the duty cycle of the
switch (S1).
Figure 2. The proposed closed loop ĈUK AC-DC converter
4. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The line current at supply side is alternating (AC) in nature. In the proposed converter, this
alternating input current is sampled at high frequency. Thereby, a small-size filter is required to make the
current almost sinusoidal. Hence, the THD of the current reduces and the power factor at the supply side
improves. Furthermore, the proposed ĈUK AC to DC converter works in four steps, which is presented in
Figure 3. At step 1 and 2, the supply voltage polarity is positive and the switch is in the close and open state
respectively. Similarly, states 3 and 4 correspond to the other two steps of operation when the supply voltage
polarity is negative. The energy flow is accompanying with a capacitor and inductor Cl and L1 for the first
two steps. Similarly, the capacitor and inductor C2, L2 remains active at last two steps.
(a)

 ISSN: 2088-8694
1376
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 3. The operating steps of the proposed ĈUK AC-DC converter (A) Step 1, when switch is closed and
supply voltage polarity is positive (B) Step 2, when switch is open and supply voltage polarity is positive (C)
Step 3, when switch is closed and supply voltage polarity is negative (D) Step 4, when switch is open and
supply voltage polarity is negative. [5]

1377
5. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Circuit parameters
The proposed closed loop ĈUK converter configuration is simulated using PSIM professional
version 9.0.3.400. An AC voltage source of 300V amplitude with a frequency of 50 Hz is employed. An
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) acts as a switching device for the converter. For the ĈUK
configuration, the energy transferring inductors (L1and L2) have their inductance of 1.5mH each. On the
contrary; the inductors used in filtering (L_Filter_1, L_Filter_2, L_Filter_3 and L_Filter_4) have their
inductance of 10 mH each. Similarly, the capacitors used for energy transfer (C1and C2) have their
capacitance of 0.5μF each. Additionally, the filter capacitors (C_Filter_1 and C_Filter_2) have their
capacitance of 1 μF each. The output capacitor Co has the capacitance of 470 μF. The load (Ro) is entirely
resistive, which is varied to observe and analyze the performances of the converter. The proposed closed
loop ĈUK converter is compared with the open loop ĈUK AC-DC configuration and the conventional one
with consists of a rectifier cascaded with a DC-DC ĈUK converter.
5.2. Results and discussions
The simulated waveforms of the current at the input side and the terminal voltage of the proposed
closed loop ĈUK AC to DC converter are presented in figure 4 to figure 6. The switching frequency (fs) used
for simulation is of 4 kHz. Observing these figures, it can be concluded that the current at the input side is
approximately sinusoidal with a regulated output voltage of 400V. Figure 7 to figure 9 represents the
spectrums of the corresponding input side current. Analyzing these spectrums, it is observed that, the input
currents have their peak value at 50 Hz for all the load values. This signifies the input current being
near sinusoidal.
The corresponding results in terms of supply-side power factor and the THD of the input current of
the closed loop converter are presented in Table 1. The input current THD values for a wide range of load
resistance are recorded. According to the IEC 61000-3-2 and IEC 61000-3-4, the THD should be below 10%.
From this table, it is observed that the THD values in most of the cases are pretty below the threshold.
Satisfactory results are obtained when the load resistance is varied from 30Ω to 120Ω. For a few limiting
cases, such as when the load resistance is in between 150Ω and 200Ω, the THD slightly exceeds. After
crossing the 200Ω load value, the THD returns again within the threshold limit. Thereby, the closed loop
converter shows satisfactory performances in terms of input current THD. Thus, the converter is applicable to
a wide range of load values. In terms of supply-side power factor, the converter exhibits satisfactory
performances as well. For the load values of 50 Ω, the supply side power factor is found above 90%.
Thereby, considering the overall performances, it can be concluded that the proposed closed loop converter is
applicable for the load values of 30Ω to 250Ω.
Figure 4. The waveform of the current at input side (Iin) and the terminal voltage (Vo) of the close loop ĈUK
converter for load resistance of 50 Ω
0
-20
-40
20
40
Iin
10 10.02 10.04 10.06 10.08 10.1
Time (s)
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
Vo

 ISSN: 2088-8694
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Figure 5. The waveform of the current at the input side (Iin) and the terminal voltage (Vo) of the closed loop
ĈUK converter for a load resistance of 100 Ω
Figure 6. The waveform of the current at the input side (Iin) and the terminal voltage (Vo) of the closed loop
ĈUK converter for a load resistance of 200 Ω
Figure 7. The input current spectrum of the closed loop ĈUK converter for load resistance of 50 Ω
0
-10
-20
10
20
Iin
10 10.02 10.04 10.06 10.08 10.1
Time (s)
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
Vo
0
-5
-10
5
10
Iin
10 10.02 10.04 10.06 10.08 10.1
Time (s)
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
100
Vo
10 100 1000 10000
Frequency (Hz)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Iin

1379
Figure 8. The input current spectrum of the closed loop ĈUK converter for load resistance 100 Ω
Figure 9. The input current spectrum of the closed loop ĈUK converter for load resistance 200 Ω.
Table 1. Numerical data for proposed ĈUK converter after introducing feedback controller
Load Value (Ω) THD (%) Power Factor
30 8.95 0.863
50 5.47 0.933
70 6.10 0.943
100 7.02 0.967
120 6.01 0.977
150 11.91 0.982
170 11.91 0.986
200 12.33 0.990
210 9.99 0.993
230 9.97 0.989
250 12.1 0.983
5.3. Comparative studies of power quality
The improvement in power quality of the proposed closed loop ĈUK configuration has been studied
by comparing with the open loop version of the converter scheme, i.e. without having the feedback
configuration. The comparison is also made with the conventional one having a rectifier cascaded with a DC
to DC ĈUK converter circuit. Thereby, comparative scenarios are prepared in terms of THD (%) of the AC
input side current and power factor at the input side. The results of the comparative studies are shown in
Figure 10 to 11.
The bar chart displayed in Figure 13 specifies that the input current THD (%) of the closed loop
converter is lower than that of both the open loop converter and conventional converters for most of the load
values. The closed loop configuration has high input power factor at all load compared to the conventional
one as illustrates in Figure 14. From the same figure, it is concluded that the input power factor of the closed
loop configuration is above 90% for all the load values greater than 50 Ω. Additionally, the input power
factor of the closed loop configuration is higher compared to the conventional one. In summary, considering
the power qualities, it can be concluded that, the proposed closed loop ĈUK AC to DC converter is highly
applicable to a wide range of load values.
10 100 1000 10000
Frequency (Hz)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Iin
10 100 1000 10000
Frequency (Hz)
0
2
4
6
8
Iin

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Figure 10. Comparison of %THD of the input current among different configurations
Figure 11. Comparison of power factor at the input side among different configurations
6. CONCLUSION
The performances of a single phase close loop ĈUK AC to DC converter is discussed in this paper.
The difference between the proposed converter and the conventional one is that, the proposed circuit chops
the input side current, which is AC. On the other hand, the conventional scheme chops the output current,
which is DC by nature. Thereby, satisfactory performances regarding THD of the input side current and input
power factor are achieved for the configuration. However, the main advantage is that the proposed
configuration provides a regulated output voltage as well as maintains high power factor at the same time.
Moreover, only one switch makes the control scheme simpler. Additionally, due to having a single switch,
the switching loss is reduced, and the efficiency is increased. The closed loop ĈUK AC to DC converter is
appropriate for a broader range of load value and switching frequency.
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