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Instructional objectives
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- 2. An instructional objectiveis a statement that will describe what the learner will be able to do after completing the instruction. (Kibler, Kegla, Barker, Miles, 1974). Robert Mager (1984), in his book Preparing Instructional Objectives, describes an objective as "a collection of words and/or pictures and diagrams intended to let others know what you intend for your students to achieve" (pg. 3).
- 3. An easyway to remember the characteristics of a good objective, is the acronym, "SMART." It stands for Specific Measureable Attainable Realistic Time bound
- 4. There are fourcomponents of an objective: 1) the action verb 2) conditions 3) standard 4) the intended audience
- 5. Dr. BenjaminBloom (February 21,1913- September 13,1999) American Educational Psychologist Classification of Educational Objectives Theory of mastery-learning Research team under his supervision has developed a taxonomy of Educational Objectives in 1956
- 6. Taxonomy simplymeans “Classification” The purpose of Bloom’s Taxonomy is to promote higher forms of thinking in education such as analyzing and evaluating concepts, processes, procedures, and principles, rather than just remembering facts (rote learning). It is often used when designing instruction or learning processes (instructional Design)
- 7. Cognitive: mentalskills (knowledge) Head Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self) Heart Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills) Hands
- 8. Lorin Andersonand David Krathwohl (former students) revisited the Cognitive Domain in mid-nineties and made some changes in it.
- 9. Bloom’s Taxonomy: The CognitiveDomain The cognitive domain involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills (Bloom, 1956). There are six major categories of cognitive a process, starting from the simplest to the most complex. Knowledge Remembering Comprehension Understanding Application Applying Analysis Analyzing Synthesis Creating Evaluation Evaluating
- 11. Remembering (define, describe, identify,know, label, list, match, name, outline, recall etc.) Understanding comprehends, converts, defends, distinguishes, estimates, explains, extends Applying operates, predicts, prepares, produces, relates, shows, solves, uses Analyzing analyzes, breaks down, compares, contrasts, diagrams, deconstructs, differentiates Evaluating evaluates, explains, interprets, justifies, relates, summarizes, supports Creating generates, modifies, organizes, plans, rearranges, reconstructs
- 12. The affective domain(Krathwohl,Bloom, Masia, 1973) includes the manner in which we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasm, motivation and attitude The five major categories are listed from the simplest behavior to the most complex Receiving Responding Valuing Organizing characterization
- 14. Receiving acknowledge, asks,attentive, courteous, dutiful, follows, gives, listens, understands Responding answers, assists, aids, complies, conforms, discuss, performs, presents, tells Valuing appreciates, cherish, treasure, demonstrates, initiates, invites, joins, justifies, proposes, Organization compares, relates, synthesizes Characterization acts, discriminates, displays, influences, modifies, performs, qualifies
- 15. The psychomotor domain(Simpson, 1972) includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor- skill areas. Psychomotor skills rage from manual tasks. The major levels of Psychomotor Domain are Perception (awareness through sensory cues) Set Guided Response Mechanism (basic proficiency): Complex Overt response (Expert) Adaptation Organization
- 17. Perception chooses, describes, detects,differentiates, distinguishes, identifies Set proceeds, reacts, shows, states, volunteers. Guided Response copies, traces, follows, react, reproduce, responds Mechanism (basic proficiency) assembles, calibrates, constructs, dismantles, displays Complex overt Response (Expert) manipulates, measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches. Adaptation adapts, alters, changes, rearranges, reorganizes, revises Organization constructs, creates, designs, initiate, makes, originates
- 18. Some of thereasons for employing Bloom’s Taxonomy include Accurately measuring of Students’ abilities Establishes intended learning outcomes in professor/student interactions Helps faculty to design and implement appropriate assessment tasks, measures, and instruments. Helps to ensure that instruction and assessment are appropriately aligned with the intended outcomes
- 19. Bloom, B.S..(1956). Taxonomy of Education Objectives: Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay Company, Inc. Krathwohl, D.R., Bloom, B.S. and Masia, B.B.(1964). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook II. The Affective Domain. New York: David McKay Company, Inc. Online Data is available on following sites http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/0415306752/resources/pdf/ 08DefinitionOfInstructionalObjectives.pdf http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html http://www.naacls.org/docs/announcement/writing- objectives.pdf Further details please email at [email protected]
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