Integrated approach of plant disease control(Morshed)

Integrated approach of plant disease control(Morshed)

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  An assignment on INTEGRATEDAPPROACH OF PLANT DISEASE CONTROL. Session: 2014-2015 Course code: AG-3205 Course title: Principles of Plant Pathology and Diseases of Field Crops (T) Name: Md. Morshedul Islam Roll: ASH1514058M Year: 03 Term: 02 Date of submission: 25.02.18 Department of Agriculture, NSTU
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  1 Table of Contents Nameof the topics Page No. 1) Introduction 2 2) Definition 2 3) Objectives 2 4) Principles 2 5) Main goals of Integrated Plant Disease Control 2 6) Control measures of plant disease 3  Cultural practices 3  Host Plant Resistance 3  Biological control 4  Chemical control 4  Physical control 4  Legislative methods 5  Mechanical control 5 7) Some of the benefits of an integrated approach are as follows 5 8) Limitations 5 9) Conclusion 6 10) References 6
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  2 Introduction Plant diseases areconsidered an important biotic constraint, which leads to significant crop losses worldwide. Integrated disease management (IDM), which combines biological, cultural, physical, mechanical, legislative and chemical control strategies in a holistic way rather than using a single component strategy proved to be more effective and sustainable. Definition Integrated plant disease control is using multiple control practices. It is not a single control method but rather a series of disease management evaluation, decision and controls. So, integrated plant disease control or management can be defined as a decision-based process involving coordinated use of multiple tactics for optimizing the control of pathogen in an ecologically and economically. The implications are:  Simultaneous management of multiple pathogens  Regular monitoring of pathogen effects, and their natural enemies and antagonists as well  Use of economic or treatment thresholds when applying chemicals  Integrated use of multiple, suppressive tactics. Objectives  Analyze disease problems, determine if management is necessary, and make appropriate recommendations using IDM techniques.  Identify different methods of disease management and their benefits and limitations.  Describe the value of beneficial insects. Principles  Avoidance—prevents disease by selecting a time of the year or a site where there is no inoculum or where the environment is not favorable for infection.  Exclusion—prevents the introduction of inoculum.  Eradication—eliminates, destroy, or inactivate the inoculum.  Protection—prevents infection by means of a toxicant or some other barrier to infection.  Resistance—utilizes cultivars that are resistant to or tolerant of infection.  Therapy—cure plants that are already infected Main goals of Integrated Plant Disease Control  Eliminate or reduce inoculum  Reduce the effectiveness of initial inoculum  Increase resistance within the host  Delay the onset of disease  Slow the secondary cycles
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  3 Control measures ofplant disease 1. Cultural practices Manipulation of cultural practices to the disadvantage of the pest. It usually influence the development of disease in plants by affecting the environment. Cultural practices that leads to disease control have little effect on the climate of a region. Points to be selected for cultural practices-  Land selection  Site selection  Field Sanitation  Soils and Nutrition  Rogueing  Healthy planting materials  Time of sowing  Planting spacing  Fertilizer management  Water Management  Crop Rotation  Multiple cropping/Mixed Cropping  Trap Cropping  Soil amendment  Weed management  Selection of tolerant cultivar  Tillage operation 2. Host Plant Resistance The use of species or varieties of plants that can grow and produce despite the presence of the pest. e.g. Rice (BR1-Stem borer, BR2-blast, BR4-thrips, IR 20, IR.24, IR.28, IR.34, IR.36), Cabbage (Stonehead F1), Carrot (Fly Away F1, Newmarket), Cucumber (Bush Champion F1, Marketmore, Slice King F1, Cumlaude F1, Media F1), Lettuce (Alexandria, Little Gem, Barcelona), Potato (Colleen, Premiere), Tomato (Alicante, Libra F1, Shirley F1)  Use of crop varieties which resist pest attack or damage  Resistant varieties may inhibit pest attack through toxic or repellent compounds or through physical factors such as color or toughness  Resistant varieties may have a high tolerance to pest damage
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  4 3. Biological control Theuse of predators (include ground beetles, lady beetles, lacewings, hover flies, predatory mites, Lady bard beetle, Spider, Dragon fly, Tiger beetle etc.), parasites, pathogens and competitors to control pests.  Conservation of natural enemies  Parasites and Parasitoids  Egg Parasitoids  Larval Parasitoids  Pupal Parasitoids 4. Chemical control The pesticidal chemicals that control plant diseases may be used in very different ways, depending on the parasite to be controlled and on the circumstances it requires for parasitic activities. E.g., a water-soluble eradicative spray is applied once to dormant peach trees to rid them of the overwintering spores of the fungus of peach-leaf curl, whereas relatively insoluble protective fungicides are applied repeatedly to the green leaves of potato plants to safeguard them from penetration by the fungus of late blight. The oxathiin derivatives that kill the smut fungi. Volatile fungicides are often useful as soil-fumigating chemicals. The chemical control of plant diseases is classified in three categories:  Seed treatments,  Soil treatments and  Protective sprays and dusts. Some chemicals commonly used to control plant diseases- Chloraneb, Dichlone, Thiram, Carboxin, Copper compounds (fungicides, bactericides), Sulfur (fungicide), Zineb (fungicide), Captan (fungicide), Dinocap (fungicide for powdery mildews), Streptomycin (bactericidal antibiotic), Cyclohexamideb (fungicidal antibiotic) etc. 5. Physical control Alteration of condition by physical means to control plant pathogens  Hot water treatment  Cold water treatment  Aerated steam treatment  Oven heat treatment  Solar heat treatment  Anaerobic cold water treatment  Manipulation of moisture
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  5 6. Legislative methods A.Plant quarantine: Prevent introduction spread of new pest. i. Exclusive quarantine  Total embargo  Specific embargo ii. Regulatory methods  Inspection and certification  Disinfection and certification  Isolation and certification B. Other measures 7. Mechanical control  Hand destruction  Exclusion by barriers  Use of traps Some of the benefits of an integrated approach are as follows  Promotes sound structures and healthy plants.  Promotes the sustainable bio based disease management alternatives.  Reduces the environmental risk.  Reduces health risk to humans.  Reduces the potential for air and ground water contamination.  Protects the non-target species through reduced impact of plant disease management activities.  Reduces the need for pesticides and fungicides by using several management methods.  Reduces or eliminates issues related to pesticide residue Limitations  More involved planning.  Requires a greater amount of outside knowledge.  More demanding lawn and garden care.  More resources needed as substitutions for pesticides.  More complex control method than chemical alone.  Require knowledge about pest, beneficial pest and chemical effect.  More time required.  Complicated decision making.  An IDM program requires a higher degree of management.  IDM can be more labour intensive  Without this information, intelligent management decision cannot make.
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  6 Conclusion IDM is avalid and innovative concept in many crops with a great potential for pesticide, insecticide etc. reduction. Coordinate research is needed to ensure this type of control. On the basis of knowledge gained from empirical field research, it is quite possible to develop Integrated Disease Control Programme. References  Asoke Kumar Sinha, D.P. Tripathi. Fundamentals of Plant Pathology. Kanpur, India.  https://extension.psu.edu/pest-management-methods  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_pest_management  https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8b5f/786f605c5c54343949b67b6e90e560e8dee9.pdf  https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-floriculture/...management.../disease-management  https://eagri.org/eagri50/PATH171/lec31.pdf