Integrated Nutrient Management in soils.

1
SOIL FERTILITY AND FERTILIZER USE
ACHARYA N.G RANGAAGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BAPATLA
PRESENTED BY :
D. V. V. Malleswara Rao,
BAM/23-53.
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. I. Usha Rani,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Soil Science.
SOIL - 502

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
COMPONENTS
SOURCES OF PLANT NUTRIENTS
INM PRACTICES IN AP
CONSTRAINTS
2

What is
INM?
▪ INM is a comprehensive approach to
nutrient management in agriculture. It
involves the judicious combination of
organic and inorganic nutrient sources
and appropriate soil and crop management
practices.
▪ The goal of INM is to improve soil
fertility, ensure optimal nutrient
availability to crops, and minimize the
environmental impacts associated with
nutrient management practices
3

INTRODUCTION
▪ India ranks phenomenal progress in food grain
production
▪ India needs to produce 235 to 240 million tonnes of
food grains in its 210 million hectares of gross
cropped area.
▪ To produce this much food, the fertilizer consumption
has to be around 20.5 million tonnes of N, P, and K,
against 12.5 million tonnes being consumed.
▪ For achieving sustainability more consumption of
fertilizers might be imperative in years to come and
this means more and imperative damage to land and
environment.
4

ROLE OF INM
IN
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE
 Soil fertility enhancement
 Nutrient balance and efficiency
 Soil Health enhancement.
 Yield and quality improvement
 Environmental sustainability
 Cost-effectiveness
 Climate change resilience

6
SOIL TESTING AND NUTRIENT ANALYSIS
Helps identify nutrient deficiencies, imbalances, or excesses, allowing farmers to make
informed decisions regarding fertilizer application.
 NUTRIENT SYNCHRONIZATION WITH CROP DEMAND
This approach minimizes nutrient losses and improves the nutrient use efficiency.
INORGANIC FERTILIZERS
They provide readily available nutrients to meet the immediate needs of crops,
ensuring optimal growth and productivity.
ORGANIC SOURCES
They provide essential nutrients, improve soil structure and water-holding capacity,
enhance microbial activity, and promote long-term soil fertility.
 CROP ROTATION AND DIVERSIFICATION
Helps break pest and disease cycles, reduce nutrient depletion, and improve soil
health.
COMPONENTS OF INM

8
INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT
IPM focuses on reducing reliance on chemical pesticides by
employing a combination of preventive measures, biological
controls, and cultural practices.
By effectively managing pests through IPM strategies, the need
for excessive pesticide applications decreases.
This is beneficial for integrated nutrient management as it
prevents the negative impacts of pesticides on soil health,
beneficial organisms, and nutrient cycling.

9
cover crops protect
the soil from erosion,
improve organic
matter content, and
also nutrients from
deeper soil layers,
making them
available for
subsequent crops.
Green manure crops,
such as legumes,
contribute to nitrogen
fixation, enriching the
soil with this vital
nutrient.
GREEN
MANURE AND
COVER CROPS

11
INM aims at sustainable productivity with minimum deleterious effects
of chemical fertilizers on health and quality of the environment.
11
MAJOR SOURCE OF PLANT NUTRIENTS
1.Soil nutrient
reserve
2.Mineral
fertilizer
3.BNF(Atm N)
4.Organic
sources

SOIL NUTRIENT RESERVE
• In soil nutrients are present in both available and reserve forms and a
dynamic equilibrium exist between these forms of nutrients in soil.
• uptake of nutrients from the soil causes immediate replenishment
from reserve source. in modern agriculture soil sources are exploited
very badly and they are becoming deficient.
12

CONSTRAINS IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY IN CROP PRODUCTION
PHYSICAL
 Coarse texture,
deterioration of soil
structure
 soil compaction, poor
permeability
 sub soil pans, poor
infiltration
 water logging and
drainage, soil erosion and
shifting cultivation
CHEMICAL
 soil acidification
 salinization in
irrigated dry lands
 elemental toxicities
arising from buildup
of heavy metals
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BIOLOGICAL
 Decline in microbial
biomass
 Soil-borne diseases,
 Decline in quality and
 Quantity of organic matter.
Adoption of soil management and conservation practices for reclamation of problematic soils,
helps in improving soil constrains for achieving higher fertilizer use efficiency, choosing crop
species, cultural practices and cropping systems for maximizing NUE.

MINERAL
FERTILIZERS
• Variation in FUE is seen in different soils and crops
(30-50%)approx..
• Fertilizers are the major sources of externally supplied nutrient
(N, P, K Zn and S).
ADVANTAGES OF USING FERTILIZERS
• 1. More crop per unit fertilizer applied.
• 2. Increased net returns.
• 3. Nutrient Optimization
• 4. Fast-Acting and Immediate Results
• 5. Improved Plant Health
14

ORGANIC SOURCES
Here are some common organic sources used in INM.
 Compost: Compost is created by decomposing organic materials such as crop residues,
animal manure, kitchen waste, and other organic matter. Compost improves soil structure,
nutrient availability, and water-holding capacity.
 Animal Manure: Livestock manure, such as cow dung, poultry litter, and is a valuable
organic source of nutrients. It also contributes to organic matter content and soil microbial
activity.
 Green Manures : Green manure (GM) are a good source of N (2-3%).
 For in situ grown Green manure crops, a minimum of 45 days fallow period should be
available to harvest sufficient biomasses.
 Continuous use of GM crops stimulate microbial activity which secretes substances that
improve soil structure. They also contribute to increasing soil organic matter to some
extent.
15

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CROP RESIDUES :
 Crop residues, in general, are parts of the plant left in the field after crops
have been harvested and threshed or left after pastures are grazed.
 Crop residues can be left on the soil surface as mulch or imported in to
the soil.
 Mulch enhances the biological activity, modifies soil temperature,
improves soil water conservation, Nutrient uptake and reduces soil
erosion.
 Crop residues increase soil organic matter.

BIO - FERTILIZERS
• Among the biofertilizes available, rhizobium inoculants are widely used.
Leguminous crops fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic association with
rhizobium, which harbours in roots or stem nodules.
• Since they are host specific, maximum benefit can be derived only when the
respective cross-inoculation groups are considered.
• Azospirillum and Azotobacter are useful for improving production of crops other
than legumes. These biofertilizers fix nitrogen by non symbiotic means.
• In rice fields use of blue green algae (BGA) is proving beneficial.
• Azolla (water fern) which harbours Anabaena appears to be promising in
submerged soils as well as for crops grown under irrigated conditions. Conditions,
when applied as a green manue.
• Other biofertilizers such as phosphobacteria and mycorrhiza (VAM) are used for
mobilizing P in soil in annual and perenneal crops respectively.
17

PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTING INM
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Social and cultural factors
Inadequate infrastructure and support systems.
Availability and Accessibility of Inputs
(fertilizers, water)
Knowledge and Awareness
Research must be directed

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- Lakshmi et al (2009).
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on
Humic Substances and Micronutrient Status in
Submerged Rice Soils

MATERIALS AND METHODS
• Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2009 and 2010 with rice
as the test crop under submerged conditions using different vermicomposts
under integrated nutrient management (INM) at Regional Agricultural
Research Station, Anakapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India.
• kharif rice was grown with 12 treatments. The concentration of nutrients
was multiplied by yield for calculation of nutrient uptake.
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TREATMENTS
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T1 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 cane trash compost,
T 2 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1weed compost,
T 3 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1vegetable market waste compost,
T 4 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 rice straw compost,
T 5 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 cane trash compost,
T 6 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 weed compost,
T 7 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1vegetable market waste compost,
T 8 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 rice straw compost,
T 9 - 100 % RDF,
T10 - Absolute control,
T 11 -100 % Prathista organic manures and
T 12 -50 % Prathista organic manures + 50 % chemical fertilizers.

EFFECT OF INM ON GRAIN YIELD
T1 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 cane trash compost, T 2 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1weed compost,
T 3 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1vegetable market waste compost,T 4 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 rice straw compost, T 5 - 75 %
RDF+ 2.5 t ha -1 cane trash compost, T 6 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 weed compost,T 7 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1vegetable market
waste compost, T 8 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 rice straw compost, T 9 - 100 % RDF, T10 - Absolute control, T 11 -100 %
Prathista organic manures and T 12 -50 % Prathista organic manures + 50 % chemical fertilizers.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
28
• Available micronutrient status (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) observed under integrated nutrient
treatments were higher over chemical fertilizers alone and the contents were higher in second
year than first year (Table 2 ).
• Considering the critical limits of Zn (0.65 m g kg -1 ), Cu (0.2 mg kg -1 ), Fe (4.5 mg kg -1)
and Mn (1 mg kg -1 ), all the treatments were under sufficiency range except control.
• The treatment with T 7 recorded significantly higher available micronutrient status except zinc.
• In both the years, the highest available zinc status was recorded with 100 % Prathista organic
manures, however which was on par with T 7 , where as lowest available zinc status was
recorded in absolute control.
• The data revealed that the available iron and copper content in post harvest soils of rice ranged
between 5.9 to 9.
• The most significant influence of vermicomposts in increasing the solubility and availability of
iron in the soil is through solubilization and mass flow in the immediate vicinity of plant (Prasad
et al., 2010).

CONCLUSION
 Field experiments showed higher micronutrient status, uptake, and humic
substances with INM practices, especially when vegetable market waste
vermicompost was applied.
 Application of organics and inorganics exhibited higher grain and straw yields
with high nutrient uptake and soil humic substances over the application of
inorganics only.

CASE STUDY - 2
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Growth, yield and economics of baby corn (VL-78) (Zea mays L.) as
influenced by Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) practices
- Ajaz et al (2013)
- The present study was carried out during Summer 2008 as a part of All India
Coordinated Research Improvement Project on Maize at K D Research Station
of University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir.

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• T1 = No FYM + State recommended dose of NPK
• T2 = No FYM + Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF)
• T3 = No FYM + 125% of RDF
• T4 = No FYM + 150% of RDF
• T5 = FYM 6 t/ha + State recommended dose of NPK
• T6 = FYM 6 t/ha + Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF)
• T7 = FYM 6 t/ha + 125% of RDF
• T8 = FYM 6 t/ha + 150% of RDF
TREATMENTS

CONCLUSIONS
36
• Application of farm yard manure (FYM) at 6 T/ha in combination with 150%
recommended dose of fertilizer (225 N:90 P2O 5 :60 K2O kg/ha) reveled
maximum cob yield (without husk) of 20.6.
• However application of FYM at 6 T/ha in combination with state recommended
dose of (N:P:K) at 90:60:40 kg/ha was statistically on par with the best treatment
and gave a cob yield of 19.85 q/ha.
• Additional application of nutrients did not reveal any significant improvement
in morphological characters.
• Application of 150% of Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) without FYM
reveled increased cob length (10.90 cm), whereas, 125% of RDF resulted in
maximum cob girth without husk (18.30 mm). Similar trend of enhanced green
fodder yield (26.39 T/ha) was observed with application of 6 T/ha FYM + 150%
of RDF).
• Cultivation of baby corn variety VL-78 under temperate conditions with an
application of N:P:K at 90N:60P:40K, kg/ha in combination with 6 T/ha FYM
revealed a maximum B:C ratio of 1:1.59

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CASE STUDY - 3
38
Integrated Nutrient Management for Improving Soil
Health and Crop Productivity
-Debarup Das et. al

39
GOAL
Efficient management of crop residues in rice-wheat and rice-rice systems
should be investigated. Incorporation of crop residues towards mitigating
the problem of N immobilization and improvement in soil health and crop
productivity be evaluated.
Studies being carried out under AICRP-IFS have revealed the possibility
of substituting a part of fertiliser N needs of monsoon crops by cereal crop
residues in intensive cereal-cereal cropping systems at several location.

40
Table :Productivity of cereal-cereal cropping systems as influenced by integrated use of crop
residue and inorganic fertilisers under AICRP-IFS.

41
 Recycling of these crop residues back to fields helps to build stable organic
matter in the soil, as also to sustain crop yield levels. Stubbles left in the field
even in traditional harvesting methods range from 0.5 to 1.5 t/ha is different in
different crops .
 There is no immobilization of fertiliser N was observed when rice residues
were incorporated at 20 days or more before fertiliser application. Thus, rice
straw could be managed in situ successfully by allowing sufficient time
between the incorporation and sowing of the wheat crop.
 Nitrogen release from rice residue ranged from 6 to 9 kg N ha–1 during the
wheat season . Accumulation of organic C in soil can be greatly influenced by
input of crop residue .

42
CONCLUSIONS
 INM helps maintaining production sustainability without any detriment
to the environment. The integrated use of green manures, organic
manures, and fertilisers under pre-dominant cropping system has a great
potential to offset the heavy requirements of fertilisers, to achieve
maximum yields and to sustain the crop productivity on long-term basis.
 INM is the need so as to enhance the production and economic viability
of millions of smallholder farms currently struggling with declining soil
fertility and poor management of plant nutrients.

44
44
CASE STUDY - 4
44
Influence of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield,
content and uptake of nutrients and soil fertility status in maize
(Zea mays)
-T B KARK et. al

 A field experiment on the effect of integrated nutrient management on production,
content and uptake of nutrients and residual fertility status of soil after maize was
conducted.
 The soil had 0.38% organic carbon, 159.3,11.6 and 153.1 kgha available N, P and K,
respectively with pH 7.6.
 The observations were recorded on plant height and dry matter accumulation at
different stages, grain and stover yield of maize and nutrient contents in grain and
stover at harvest.

47
 At all the fertility levels the plants were taller with more dry matter
accumulation/ plant compared with the control at all growth stages except 20
days after planting.
 Tallest plants were found with the application of recommended dose of
fertilizers than remaining fertility levels at all the growth stages except the
plant height did not differ between 120 kg N + 10 tonnes farmyard manure + 5
kg zinc / ha and recommended dose of fertilizers. Similarly, the dry matter
accumulation plant of recommended dose of fertilizers being equal to the 120
kg N + 10 tonnes farmyard manure + 5 kg zinc / ha 60 and 80 days after
planting and at maturity was significantly higher over the remaining fertility
levels at all the stages of crop growth.
 The grain and stover yield were influenced significantly due to varying fertility
levels.

48
In a field experiment conducted shows that t the recommended dose
of fertilizers, being statistically similar to 120 kg N + 10 tonnes
farmyard manure + 5 kg zinc/ha, recorded the highest plant height
and dry-matter accumulation plant and grain and stover yields. The
N, P and K contents in grain and stover of maize (Zea mays L.) and
their uptakes were found the maximum with the recommended dose
of fertilizer.
CONCLUSIONS

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50
50
CASE STUDY - 5
50
SOIL PROPERTIES AND NUTRIENTS AVAILABILITY AS AFFECTED BY INTEGRATED
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT AFTER RAINFED CROPPINGSEQUENCE
-Bhabesh Gogoi

 It is to study the effect of integrated nutrient management involving
inorganic nutrients (NPK), FYM and biofertilizers on different soil
properties and availability of nutrients in soil under rainfed rice
(Oryza sativa L.)-niger (Guizotia abyssinica L.) cropping sequence.
 The initial soil is of sandy clay in texture with bulk density 1.3 Mg/m3 ,
water holding capacity 38.3%, mean weight diameter 0.69 mm, water
stable aggregates of 46.34%, pH of 5.01, organic carbon 0.60%, CEC 5.2
cmol (p+)/kg, EC 0.13 dS/m, available N 270 kg/ha, available P2O5 27.6
kg/ha, available K2O 140 kg/ha and soil microbial biomass carbon 45.2 mg
kg-1.

53
RESULTS
Soil properties :
Bulk Density : The lowest bulk density for either cases were recorded from the treatment
T4 of 50% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 50% N through FYM, and the bulk
density was highest in the control plot.
Water Holding Capacity : The highest water holding capacity of soil was recorded in
case of T4 50% of RDF + 50% N FYM for both the sequence.
pH : T4 treatment, i.e. application of 50% RDF in inorganic form and 50% N through
FYM indicated slight increase in soil pH after the second sequence of rice-niger crops.
Organic Carbon : There was a significant increase in organic carbon content of soil
after the rice-niger cropping sequence due to integrated application of inorganic and
organic sources of nutrients. The treatment of 50% RDF (inorganic) + 50% N (FYM) i.e.
T4 showed maximum 70.5% and 67.4% increase in soil organic C over the control
treatment after first and second sequence of riceniger crop, respectively.

54
Nutrient Availability :
• A significant increase in soil fertility due to different treatments of integrated supply of
nutrients was observed after the rice-niger sequence. Available nitrogen content in soil
varied from 230 to 326 kg ha-1 after the first cropping sequence and 236 to 332 kg ha-1
after the second cropping sequence of rice-niger.
• Application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizers along with 50% N through FYM
i.e. T4 treatment showed significantly higher availability of phosphorus over
recommended dose of fertilizers (T2 ) and control treatment (T1). The favourable effect
of combined application of inorganic and organic source of nutrients in enhancing the P
availability may be defined as the reduction in fixation of water soluble P and increase in
mineralization that enhanced the availability of P.
• There were maximum of 38.36% and 35.08% increase in available K20 after the first
and second sequence of rice-niger crops, respectively. Whereas, significantly lowest
value was observed under control.

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FINAL CONCLUSION
 Overall, the results obtained from this work indicated an improvement
of various properties and nutrients availability in soil with INM
practices over 100% RDF and control treatment under rice-niger
cropping sequence.
 A substitution of RDF to the extent of 50% with organic sources of
nutrients using FYM is possible to maintain the soil properties and
increased nutrients availability in soil.

RESEARCH ON INM IN
ANDHRA PRADESH
56

RICE
1. Application of FYM with 100%
optimum NPK resulted in high
accumulation of OC, total N, and total
P(Shantaiah, 1980).
2. Combined applications of organic
amendments and nitrogenous fertilizers
resulted in more dry Matter production
and yields in BPT 1235 (Ramana, 1985).
57

SORGHUM
1.Increase in dry matter production of sorghum
with application of P and Zn was less
compared to that of mycorrhizal inoculation
with P and Zn application.(Giridhar, 1989).
2.Highest grain yield of 38.7q/ha was recorded
when rabi sorghum was grown after french
bean and lowest yield of 24.6q/ha was
observed when sorghum was sown after
finger millet (Bheemaiah et al, 1986).
58

MAIZE
Conjunctive use of NPK @ 120-60-60
Kg/ha and poultry manure at 4.5 t/ha
gave maximum yields of maize grown
on Alfisol.
However, the yields cf maize with NPK
applied at 60-30-30 and poultry
manure applied at 4.5 t/h were on par
with the above and, hence the latter is
recomended. (Madhavi et al., 1995)
59

GREEN GRAM
Application of N at 20 Kg/ha and inoculation
with Rhizobium increased the yields of Pusa
Baisakhi compared to PS-16 grown on
Alfizols.(Jagannatha Swamy, 1985).
60
BLACK GRAM
• Inoculation of Blackgram with Rhizobium an
application phosphorus significantly increased
1000 seed weight, harvest index, protein content
and yield (Sudhakar et al., 1989)
• Conjunctive application of organic manures and P
increase the yields of LBG-20 black gram grown
on a sandy loam soil Biogas digest was found
superior to fym. (Appa Rao et al., 1993)

GROUNDNUT
Nitrogen application @ 20Kg/ha
combined with Rhizobium inoculation
increased the yields, protein content of J-
11 groundnut variety.(Krishnama Chary,
1982)
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SESAMUM
Combined application of inorganic
nitrogen through urea @ 25 Kg N/ha and
organic manure through groundnut shells at
5 t/ha resulted in higher yields of sesamum
grown on a black soil (Mahendranatha
Reddy et al., 1994)

SAFFLOWER
62
• Azospirillum inoculation to safflower can be
recommend in combination with 20 Kg N/ha
as basal application as the yields sustained
with this treatment on par with the yields
recorded with 40 Kg N/ha.
• Thus a saving of 20 Kg N/ha was observed by
conjunctive use nitrogen and Azospirillum
(Papi Reddy, 1990).

SWEET POTATO
The tuber yield recorded in treatment
where combined application of
Azospirillum and 20 Kg. N/ha as urea
was on par with treatment where 40
K./ha was applied indicating a saving of
20 Kg. N/ha due to Azospirillum
inoculation.
63
ONION
Bulb yields of onion (Nasik red) grown
on an Alfisols with medium fertility
showed increase even upto a level of 25
t/ha FYM ant 200 Kg. K₂0/ha. Since the
yields were on with the application of
FYM@12.5 t/ha and K20 applied at 200
Kg./ha, this treatment was only
recommended (Geetha, 1995)

Integrated Nutrient Management in soils.

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