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Integration, Diversity and Inclusion: Immigration, Settlement, Citizenship and Multiculturalism: Updated with 2019 data

The document discusses Canada's immigration, settlement, and integration policies, emphasizing the significance of multiculturalism and the evolving nature of immigration since the 19th century. It outlines key policies and frameworks that shaped Canada's diverse society, highlighting the differences between integration and assimilation, and the responsibilities of both immigrants and the Canadian populace in fostering community ties. The document provides statistical data on immigration patterns, categories, and the extensive role of government in settlement support and integration services.

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Integration, Diversity and Inclusion Immigration, Settlement, Citizenship and Multiculturalism Andrew Griffith Spring 2020
Agenda • Context, framework and history • Key policies • What the data shows • Concluding observations 2
Global Context • Global mobility and identities • Increased prominence of religion • Influence of US and European debates and growing xenophobia • Commonalities and differences with indigenous issues 3
Immigration-Based Society Culture of Accommodation • Canada built by successive waves of immigration • Accommodation (imperfect) among Indigenous, French, and British • Context for later later group arrivals and multiculturalism • Immigrant to citizen expectation 4
Canadian Model of Integration Canadian History, Identity and Values Multiculturalism Selection Immigration (Permanent Residents) Foreign Workers (Temporary Residents) Short-term Integration Language Orientation Employment Requirements Ceremonies and Awareness Citizenship 5
“Integration of Postwar Immigrants” Canada Year Book 1959 • In keeping with the democratic belief in the dignity and freedom of the individual, it is felt that integration should be voluntary and should not be pressed. It is assumed that integration is more moderate in its demands on the immigrant and less painful for him than assimilation would be. Assimilation usually means the complete absorption of the newcomer by the dominant culture. In the process, cultural and social differences are worn off and a more- or-less homogeneous society emerges. Integration, on the other hand, recognizes and respects the cultural contributions that may be made by people of diverse ethnic backgrounds who, nevertheless, are devoted to the welfare of the same country. • The ultimate responsibility for integration rests with the Canadian people for, without their acceptance of the newcomers into community life, there can be no integration. One of the main objectives of the Citizenship Branch* therefore has been to encourage understanding and co-operation between old and new Canadians and between the various ethnic groups in the population. 6
Bi&Bi Report 1969 Integration, in the broad sense, does not imply the loss of an individual's identity and original characteristics or of his original language and culture. Man is a thinking and sensitive being ; severing him from his roots could destroy an aspect of his personality and deprive society of some of the values he can bring to it. Integration is not synonymous with assimilation. Assimilation implies almost total absorption into another linguistic and cultural group. An assimilated individual gives up his cultural identity, and may even go as far as to change his name. Both integration and assimilation occur in Canada, and the individual must be free to choose whichever process suits him, but it seems to us that those of other than French or British origin clearly prefer integration. 7
Integration-related Policies • 1960s — Discrimination removed from immigrant selection (1962); points system introduced (1967) • 1971 — Multiculturalism Policy • 1977 — Citizenship Act • 1982 — Charter of Rights and Freedoms • 1986 — Employment Equity Act • 1988 — Multiculturalism Act 8
Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) • Fundamental freedoms (a) freedom of conscience and religion; (b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; (c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and (d) freedom of association. • Equality 15. (1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. • Multiculturalism 27. This Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians. 9
Key policies 10
Immigration - Selection • Focus on labour force (economic class 60 percent), then families and refugees • Express Entry weighting: age, language, education, job offer, provincial nominee • Managed and controlled • Temporary — high-skilled focus with some low- skilled 11
Evolving Immigration 12 Aspect 1867-1914 1915-1945 1946-1985 1986 to present Objective Settling the land Limits (WWI/II, Depression) Labour shortages Address skills shortage, aging population Labour Market Focus Agriculture Agriculture, Manufacturing Industrial production Highly skilled Origins UK & USA, 1896-on Northern, Central and Eastern Europe Point system introduced (1967), shift non- European immigration Controls Chinese, Indian, Jewish, Black etc Removal of racial limits (1962) Promotion Extensive Fed & Provincial Railways (1920s) Ongoing and focused government programs Responsibility Mainly Federal Greater provincial role Enforcement Prohibited classes Appeal Board CBSA created 2003 Integration Subsidized passage, free land, Immigration Halls and Aid Societies Employment, orientation, language Increased funding, overseas services, Credential Recognition Refugees Very few accepted Post-war waves, SCC decision on right to hearing Immigrant and Refugee Board, safe third country
Immigration Mix By Category, Long-term 1980-2016 13 25% 50% 75% 100% 1980 - 1990 1991 - 2000 2001 - 2005 2006 - 2010 2011 - 16 11.6%11.4%13.6%16.3% 22.5% 26.8%28.6%29.1% 35.6% 34.8% 60.3%58.2%56.2% 47.0%42.0% Economic Family Refugees Other
Immigration Numbers By Category, 2006-19 (~75 percent 15-59 years old) 14 87,500 175,000 262,500 350,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Economic Family Refugees Other
Economic Class By Province 2006-19 15 25% 50% 75% 100% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 11.8%15.7%19%21.1%17.5%20.2%23.5%24.6%23.1%20.3%22.5%19.7%21.4% 18.8% 41.9%39.6%33.5%35% 33.5%30.8% 32.1%30.6%32.9%37.2%35.7%39.7% 40.9%45.3% 13.1%12.5% 13.6%11.2% 12.5%13.8% 12.4%12.5%13.3%10.4%10.7%8.3% 8.1%6.5% 10.6%11.7%14%13.7%19.6%17.9%15.3%15.3%13.3% 12%10.8% 9.7% 8.6%8.1% 15.3%14.4%14%15.3%13%13.1%13.3%13.7%14%16.5%16.9%19.3%17.8%18.6% BC Alberta MB/SK Ontario Quebec Atlantic
Economic Class Pilots • Atlantic Immigration Pilot (year) • Caregivers: Home Child Care Provider, Home Support Worker (2019) • Agri-Food Immigration Pilot (2019) • Rural and Northern Immigration Pilot (2019) • Temporary public policy for out-of-status construction workers in the Greater Toronto Area • Talent Beyond Boundaries (refugees matched with employers) 16
Refugees — Category 2006-19 17 16,250 32,500 48,750 65,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 In Canada Privately Sponsored Government-Assisted Blended
Asylum Claimants By Claim Office Type, 2011-19 18 17,500 35,000 52,500 70,000 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Airport Border Inland
RCMP Interceptions Irregular border crossers 2017-2019 19 1,500 3,000 4,500 6,000 2017 2018 2019
Immigration Sources — Category Place of Birth - 1980-2016 — Census 2016 1980-90 1991-2000 2001-5 2006-10 2011-16 E F R E F R E F R E F R E F R Southern Asia 6.6% 17.0% 4.8% 12.7% 25.1% 19.7% 19.5% 28.7% 18.9% 16.0% 24.8% 14.1% 18.8% 21.6% 9.9% Eastern Asia 20.7% 12.3% 1.8% 30.6% 14.1% 2.3% 25.2% 16.1% 6.5% 17.8% 15.9% 5.7% 14.1% 17.4% 3.6% Southeast Asia 12.3% 13.0% 33.6% 11.2% 14.4% 5.0% 10.4% 10.6% 1.5% 18.3% 11.2% 4.5% 23.4% 11.3% 1.7% W Central Asia ME 9.4% 3.5% 8.7% 9.2% 4.8% 19.1% 9.2% 5.8% 22.3% 9.3% 6.5% 21.6% 9.4% 6.2% 42.1% Eastern Europe 3.6% 5.6% 27.4% 10.4% 7.0% 10.4% 10.7% 6.3% 4.0% 6.8% 5.2% 2.5% 4.6% 4.6% 2.4% Caribbean 4.9% 13.8% 0.4% 2.3% 10.1% 1.3% 1.9% 6.2% 2.1% 2.0% 6.6% 5.1% 2.3% 6.8% 5.3% South America 5.0% 7.9% 2.1% 2.3% 5.8% 3.1% 3.3% 4.7% 12.0% 4.1% 4.4% 12.7% 3.2% 4.1% 3.5% Northern Africa 2.3% 1.3% 0.3% 3.4% 1.5% 2.4% 5.5% 2.6% 2.8% 7.2% 3.7% 1.8% 5.7% 4.4% 2.2% Southern Europe 7.5% 5.9% 0.7% 3.9% 2.3% 15.6% 1.7% 2.2% 3.7% 1.0% 2.1% 1.5% 1.3% 2.5% 1.0% Northern Europe 11.4% 4.2% 0.1% 3.4% 2.1% 0.2% 2.5% 2.7% 0.1% 3.8% 2.9% 0.1% 3.1% 2.7% 0.1% Eastern Africa 2.9% 1.7% 5.1% 1.1% 1.8% 8.5% 1.2% 1.5% 12.4% 1.2% 2.1% 14.9% 1.2% 2.6% 14.5% Western Europe 5.5% 2.7% 0.6% 4.1% 1.5% 0.8% 3.5% 1.7% 0.4% 4.2% 1.7% 0.3% 4.0% 2.0% 0.2% Central America 2.3% 2.7% 12.6% 1.2% 3.1% 6.9% 1.0% 2.7% 3.3% 1.5% 3.3% 4.8% 1.5% 3.3% 3.3% North America 2.6% 5.4% 0.5% 1.6% 3.1% 0.4% 1.6% 4.8% 1.0% 2.1% 5.4% 2.6% 1.8% 5.3% 1.2% Western Africa 0.6% 0.9% 0.7% 0.7% 1.5% 1.9% 1.1% 1.7% 4.1% 2.6% 2.1% 3.2% 3.3% 2.7% 3.0% E = Economic, F = Family, R = Refugees Highlighting: Blue — 5-10 percent, Yellow — 10-20 percent, Orange — Greater than 20 percent
Temporary Workers By Category, 2006-18 (Full- and Part-Time, permit holders) 21 112,500 225,000 337,500 450,000 20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019 Live-in Caregivers Agricultural Workers Other Temporary Workers International Agreements Cdn Interests & Other
International Students By Level, 2007-19 22 175,000 350,000 525,000 700,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Secondary or less Post Secondary Other
Temporary to Permanent Transition 2015-19 Permits in effect 23 12,500 25,000 37,500 50,000 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 44,740 40,125 34,010 26,13527,040 11,565 10,950 9,410 8,2708,565 5,660 4,640 5,830 6,8758,260 27,515 24,535 18,770 10,99010,215 International Mobility Temporary Foriegn Workers Students Total
Source Area Temporary Residents 2015-19 24 25% 50% 75% 100% International Mobility Foreign Workers Students 2.1%3.6% 11.7% 5.8% 57.8% 5.6% 7.5% 5.1% 25.5% 67% 24.8% 44.7% Asia and Pacific Africa and Middle East Europe Americas USA IMP & Students: Over 1000 per country (2019) TFWs: Over 250 per country
Integration and Settlement • $1.2 billion annually (69 percent IRCC budget 2016-17) • Language learning, community and employment bridging services, settlement information • About 400,000 unique clients 2015-16 • Information, path-finding and referral services to internationally trained individuals obtain credentials to practice in Canada • Most services designed and delivered by service provider organizations (SPOs) 25
Settlement Services Immigration Category April 2015—March 2019 26 25% 50% 75% 100% BC AB SK MB ON QC Atlantic North 4% 39%35.8%32.3% 25.6%25.7% 32.6% 17.7% 19.1% 5.9% 25%27.4% 11.6%10% 23.5% 28.5% 76.8% 55% 39.2%40.2% 62.8%64.4% 43.9% 53.8% Economic Family Refugees
Citizenship - Key Aspects • Facilitation and meaningfulness balance • Birthright citizenship • Short residency (3/5 years) with physical presence • Language and knowledge assessment (18-54 year olds) • Fraud and misrepresentation investigations 27
Evolving Citizenship 28 Aspect Pre-1947 1947 Act 1977 Act 2014 Act C-24 2017 Act C-6 Birthright Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Residence (years) 5 after 1919 (shorter earlier) 5 3 4 3 Language Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Knowledge Yes Yes Yes Yes Test Ages 18-64 (18-54 2005) 14-64 18-54 Dual nationality No No Yes Yes Yes Values “good character” “good character” Intent to reside Yes Yes No Yes No Retention Declaration < 22 Declaration < 25 Declaration < 28 First generation limit Revocation (fraud) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Revocation (terrorism) Yes Yes No Yes No
Citizenship Take-up Rate Foreign-born by Place of Birth, Census 2016 Southern Europe Eastern Europe Northern Europe Caribbean Southern Africa South America Eastern Africa Western Europe Central America Northern Africa W Central Asia & Mid-East Oceania Southeast Asia Southern Asia Eastern Asia USA Western Africa Central Africa 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 46% 45% 41% 36% 34% 34% 34% 33% 32% 29% 29% 27% 25% 23% 23% 22% 17% 13% 48% 40% 35% 59% 58% 63% 50% 46% 39% 53% 57% 63% 51% 65% 67% 59% 52% 70% Canadian Only Dual Nationals Non-Citizens Number 629,630 540,855 599,800 403,555 51,175 346,600 206,330 459,150 192,370 246,945 635,640 70,570 926,190 1,154,335 1,232,465 338,630 126,170 59,005
Citizenship Take-Up Period of Immigration — NHS 2011, Census 2016 25% 50% 75% 100% Overall Before 1981 1981 - 2000/5 Last full period Partial period 30.5% 68.5% 90.4%91.9% 82.7% 36.7% 77.2% 91.4%92.7% 85.6% NHS Census Last full period: When all immigrants eligible — 2001-5 (NHS), 2006-10 (Census) Partial Period: When only portion of immigrants eligible — 2006-10 (NHS), 2011-15 (Census)
Citizenship Applications & Citizens 2000-18 IRCC Operational Data 81,250 162,500 243,750 325,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Applications Applications 3-Year Moving Average New Citizens PR Trendline PR Trendline 31
Multiculturalism Policy and Act 1971, 1988 • To assist cultural groups to retain and foster their identity • To assist cultural groups to overcome barriers to their full participation in Canadian society • To promote creative exchanges among all Canadian cultural groups • To assist immigrants in acquiring at least one of the official languages 32
Evolving Multiculturalism 33 Ethnicity Multi (1970s) Equity Multi (1980s) Civic Multi (1990s) Integrative Multi (2000s) Social Cohesion (Harper) Diversity and Inclusion (Trudeau) Focus Celebrating differences Managing diversity Constructive engagement Inclusive citizenship Social cohesion Social inclusion Reference Point Culture Structure Society building Canadian identity Canadian values Inclusive Citizenship Mandate Ethnicity Race relations Citizenship Integration Cohesion Inclusion Magnitude Individual adjustment Equal access Participation Rights & responsibilities Responsibilities & rights Diversity as strength Problem Source Prejudice Systemic discrimination Exclusion “Clash” of cultures Faith & culture clashes Barriers Solution Cultural sensitivity Employment equity Inclusivity Dialogue/ mutual understanding Shared values, anchored in history Shared values, universalist Key Metaphor Mosaic Level playing field Belonging Harmony/jazz Conforming Embracing Adopted from A. Fleras and Jean Kunz, Media and Minorities: Representing Diversity in a Multicultural Canada.
Employment Equity 1986 • Objective: Workplace equality by ensuring that ability and qualifications are the only criteria for opportunities, benefits, and advancements • Women, visible minorities, Indigenous and persons with disabilities • Applies to public service and federally regulated industries • Premises • No one shall be denied employment opportunities and benefits for reasons unrelated to ability • Special measures are necessary to improve the employment • "Reasonable accommodation" to recognize legitimate differences and take reasonable steps to accommodate 34
What the data shows 35
Demographic • More complex, varied diversity — ethnic and religious • Toronto, Vancouver and Calgary, not MTV • Dispersion to smaller centres (41 ridings > 50 % VisMin) • 2036 projections — between 24 to 30 percent immigrants, one in five second generation, together close to 50 percent Implications and Risks • More debate and discussion regarding “reasonable” accommodation, populist anti-immigration language • More communities and institutions affected 36
Economic • Strong participation rates, although visible minority women 25-34 lower • Persistence of economic differences (unemployment, income) • But university-educated 25-34 second generation VisMin largely comparable • Smaller income gap between VisMin women/not VisMin women than men • Quebec outcomes significantly poorer Implications and Risks • Weaker inclusion of second-generation non-university educated • Poorer outcomes for some groups (Black, Latin American, Arab, West Asian) • Communities to focus both on external and internal barriers • Ongoing discrimination in hiring 37
Social • Strong education outcomes but variance among groups • Some discrimination and hate crimes persist • Healthcare, education social services reasonably representative • Significant police force under-representation • More mixed ‘ethnic enclaves’ than majority ones Implications and Risks • Gap between education and economic outcomes • Challenge in overcoming implicit bias • Greater prevalence of some groups in support positions 38
Political • Immigrant to citizen model at risk given declining naturalization (high fees) • Under-representation in elected officials, judges, GiCs being addressed in post-2015 appointments • Federal public service largely representative, provincial and municipal less • Media diversity improving, both coverage and journalists Implications and Risks • Weakened social fabric • Increased number of marginalized long-term non-citizens • Risk that judicial decisions may not reflect Canada’s diversity declining given increased diversity • DND and RCMP need to address weak representation, as do municipal police forces 39
Public Attitudes Toward Immigration Focus Canada Fall 2019, Environics Institute Immigration positive for economy Too much immigration Not adapting Canadian values Claimants not real refugees 25% 50% 75% 100% 21% 24% 32% 7% 22% 20% 30% 9% 20% 23% 17% 35% 19% 27% 17% 45% Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree Neither/DK 40
Public Attitudes Toward Immigration Focus Canada Long-term, Environics Institute Immigration positive for economy (1993) Too much immigration (1987) Not adapting Canadian values (1993) Claimants not real refugees (1987) 25% 50% 75% 100% 39% 50% 34% 80% 79% 72% 61% 56% Past Fall 2019 41
Visible Minority Immigration Voting Intentions, April 2019, Ekos Liberal Conservative NDP Green 25% 50% 75% 100% 28% 27% 69% 15% 44% 44% 23% 68% 20% 27% 2% 13% Too few About right Too many NR/DK 42
International Comparisons 2018 OECD Integration Report CA AUS NZ USA UK F D NL S DK Percent Foreign-born 22.3% 28.7% 26.3% 14.4% 13.4% 11.7% 16.1% 10.9% 20.5% 11.2% Social - Education compared to native-born PISA G2 12.3 23.3 -0.7 -16.2 -1.3 -41.9 -51.9 -41.4 -35.5 -58.8 Post-Secondary 15-64 14.7% 16.8% 17.5% -4.5% 9.8% -5.2% -5.3% -7.6% 3.1% 8.8% Economic compared to native-born Household poverty rates 9.4% 2.6% 8.3% 4.5% 10.9% 5.3% 18.6% 16.7% 9.5% Median income 81.8% 92.3% 82.9% 94.9% 85.3% 87.2% 76.7% 76.7% 88.0% Unemployment 15-34 G2 -0.9% -0.7% 0.4% 3.5% 10.6% 7.0% 10.3% 6.6% 5.0% PS Employment 15-34 G2 -1.3% -0.2% -0.5% 4.5% -5.1% -8.6% -8.7% -2.3% Political Perceived Discrimination 15-34 G2 14.1% 9.8% 9.8% 29.3% 14.4% 37.8% 14.8% 15.7% Naturalization 15 or older, 10 years 90.5% 81.4% 62.3% 58.1% 59.6% 61.1% 75.0% 86.8% 45.9% 43
International Comparisons MIPEX 2015 Policy Focus Indicator CA AUS NZ US UK F D NL S DK Labour Market Mobility 81 58 67 67 56 54 86 73 98 79 Family Reunion 79 67 68 66 33 51 57 56 78 42 Education 65 76 66 60 57 36 47 50 77 49 Health 49 67 75 69 64 50 43 55 62 53 Political Participation 48 64 74 36 51 53 63 52 71 64 Permanent Residence 62 54 64 54 51 48 60 55 79 74 Access To Nationality 67 69 71 61 60 61 72 66 73 58 Anti-discrimination 92 74 79 90 85 77 58 73 85 50 Total 68 66 71 63 57 54 61 60 78 59 44
Concluding observations 45
Models Reflect Realities • Geography, history, culture, demographic mix • Host society attitudes • Canada’s model reflects these factors 46
Is Canada Unique? Resilient? Keith Banting Perceived ‘triple threat’ of immigration/multiculturalism • Economic insecurity • Growing inequality and precarious employment • Cultural insecurity • Economic threat, cultural threat, security threat • Political opportunity • Political incentives to mobilize anti-immigrant backlash • Electoral system, ethnic voter concentration, number of new Canadian voters provide counterbalance • All parties court ethnic votes 47
Andrew Griffith Email: agriffith232@gmail.com Twitter: @andrew_griffith LinkedIn: andrewlgriffith Facebook: Andrew Griffith C&M Blog: www.multiculturalmeanderings.wordpress.com Books: lulu.com

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Integration, Diversity and Inclusion: Immigration, Settlement, Citizenship and Multiculturalism: Updated with 2019 data

  • 1.
    Integration, Diversity and Inclusion Immigration,Settlement, Citizenship and Multiculturalism Andrew Griffith Spring 2020
  • 2.
    Agenda • Context, frameworkand history • Key policies • What the data shows • Concluding observations 2
  • 3.
    Global Context • Globalmobility and identities • Increased prominence of religion • Influence of US and European debates and growing xenophobia • Commonalities and differences with indigenous issues 3
  • 4.
    Immigration-Based Society Culture ofAccommodation • Canada built by successive waves of immigration • Accommodation (imperfect) among Indigenous, French, and British • Context for later later group arrivals and multiculturalism • Immigrant to citizen expectation 4
  • 5.
    Canadian Model ofIntegration Canadian History, Identity and Values Multiculturalism Selection Immigration (Permanent Residents) Foreign Workers (Temporary Residents) Short-term Integration Language Orientation Employment Requirements Ceremonies and Awareness Citizenship 5
  • 6.
    “Integration of PostwarImmigrants” Canada Year Book 1959 • In keeping with the democratic belief in the dignity and freedom of the individual, it is felt that integration should be voluntary and should not be pressed. It is assumed that integration is more moderate in its demands on the immigrant and less painful for him than assimilation would be. Assimilation usually means the complete absorption of the newcomer by the dominant culture. In the process, cultural and social differences are worn off and a more- or-less homogeneous society emerges. Integration, on the other hand, recognizes and respects the cultural contributions that may be made by people of diverse ethnic backgrounds who, nevertheless, are devoted to the welfare of the same country. • The ultimate responsibility for integration rests with the Canadian people for, without their acceptance of the newcomers into community life, there can be no integration. One of the main objectives of the Citizenship Branch* therefore has been to encourage understanding and co-operation between old and new Canadians and between the various ethnic groups in the population. 6
  • 7.
    Bi&Bi Report 1969 Integration,in the broad sense, does not imply the loss of an individual's identity and original characteristics or of his original language and culture. Man is a thinking and sensitive being ; severing him from his roots could destroy an aspect of his personality and deprive society of some of the values he can bring to it. Integration is not synonymous with assimilation. Assimilation implies almost total absorption into another linguistic and cultural group. An assimilated individual gives up his cultural identity, and may even go as far as to change his name. Both integration and assimilation occur in Canada, and the individual must be free to choose whichever process suits him, but it seems to us that those of other than French or British origin clearly prefer integration. 7
  • 8.
    Integration-related Policies • 1960s— Discrimination removed from immigrant selection (1962); points system introduced (1967) • 1971 — Multiculturalism Policy • 1977 — Citizenship Act • 1982 — Charter of Rights and Freedoms • 1986 — Employment Equity Act • 1988 — Multiculturalism Act 8
  • 9.
    Charter of Rightsand Freedoms (1982) • Fundamental freedoms (a) freedom of conscience and religion; (b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; (c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and (d) freedom of association. • Equality 15. (1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. • Multiculturalism 27. This Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians. 9
  • 10.
  • 11.
    Immigration - Selection •Focus on labour force (economic class 60 percent), then families and refugees • Express Entry weighting: age, language, education, job offer, provincial nominee • Managed and controlled • Temporary — high-skilled focus with some low- skilled 11
  • 12.
    Evolving Immigration 12 Aspect 1867-19141915-1945 1946-1985 1986 to present Objective Settling the land Limits (WWI/II, Depression) Labour shortages Address skills shortage, aging population Labour Market Focus Agriculture Agriculture, Manufacturing Industrial production Highly skilled Origins UK & USA, 1896-on Northern, Central and Eastern Europe Point system introduced (1967), shift non- European immigration Controls Chinese, Indian, Jewish, Black etc Removal of racial limits (1962) Promotion Extensive Fed & Provincial Railways (1920s) Ongoing and focused government programs Responsibility Mainly Federal Greater provincial role Enforcement Prohibited classes Appeal Board CBSA created 2003 Integration Subsidized passage, free land, Immigration Halls and Aid Societies Employment, orientation, language Increased funding, overseas services, Credential Recognition Refugees Very few accepted Post-war waves, SCC decision on right to hearing Immigrant and Refugee Board, safe third country
  • 13.
    Immigration Mix By Category,Long-term 1980-2016 13 25% 50% 75% 100% 1980 - 1990 1991 - 2000 2001 - 2005 2006 - 2010 2011 - 16 11.6%11.4%13.6%16.3% 22.5% 26.8%28.6%29.1% 35.6% 34.8% 60.3%58.2%56.2% 47.0%42.0% Economic Family Refugees Other
  • 14.
    Immigration Numbers By Category,2006-19 (~75 percent 15-59 years old) 14 87,500 175,000 262,500 350,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Economic Family Refugees Other
  • 15.
    Economic Class By Province2006-19 15 25% 50% 75% 100% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 11.8%15.7%19%21.1%17.5%20.2%23.5%24.6%23.1%20.3%22.5%19.7%21.4% 18.8% 41.9%39.6%33.5%35% 33.5%30.8% 32.1%30.6%32.9%37.2%35.7%39.7% 40.9%45.3% 13.1%12.5% 13.6%11.2% 12.5%13.8% 12.4%12.5%13.3%10.4%10.7%8.3% 8.1%6.5% 10.6%11.7%14%13.7%19.6%17.9%15.3%15.3%13.3% 12%10.8% 9.7% 8.6%8.1% 15.3%14.4%14%15.3%13%13.1%13.3%13.7%14%16.5%16.9%19.3%17.8%18.6% BC Alberta MB/SK Ontario Quebec Atlantic
  • 16.
    Economic Class Pilots •Atlantic Immigration Pilot (year) • Caregivers: Home Child Care Provider, Home Support Worker (2019) • Agri-Food Immigration Pilot (2019) • Rural and Northern Immigration Pilot (2019) • Temporary public policy for out-of-status construction workers in the Greater Toronto Area • Talent Beyond Boundaries (refugees matched with employers) 16
  • 17.
  • 18.
    Asylum Claimants By ClaimOffice Type, 2011-19 18 17,500 35,000 52,500 70,000 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Airport Border Inland
  • 19.
    RCMP Interceptions Irregular bordercrossers 2017-2019 19 1,500 3,000 4,500 6,000 2017 2018 2019
  • 20.
    Immigration Sources —Category Place of Birth - 1980-2016 — Census 2016 1980-90 1991-2000 2001-5 2006-10 2011-16 E F R E F R E F R E F R E F R Southern Asia 6.6% 17.0% 4.8% 12.7% 25.1% 19.7% 19.5% 28.7% 18.9% 16.0% 24.8% 14.1% 18.8% 21.6% 9.9% Eastern Asia 20.7% 12.3% 1.8% 30.6% 14.1% 2.3% 25.2% 16.1% 6.5% 17.8% 15.9% 5.7% 14.1% 17.4% 3.6% Southeast Asia 12.3% 13.0% 33.6% 11.2% 14.4% 5.0% 10.4% 10.6% 1.5% 18.3% 11.2% 4.5% 23.4% 11.3% 1.7% W Central Asia ME 9.4% 3.5% 8.7% 9.2% 4.8% 19.1% 9.2% 5.8% 22.3% 9.3% 6.5% 21.6% 9.4% 6.2% 42.1% Eastern Europe 3.6% 5.6% 27.4% 10.4% 7.0% 10.4% 10.7% 6.3% 4.0% 6.8% 5.2% 2.5% 4.6% 4.6% 2.4% Caribbean 4.9% 13.8% 0.4% 2.3% 10.1% 1.3% 1.9% 6.2% 2.1% 2.0% 6.6% 5.1% 2.3% 6.8% 5.3% South America 5.0% 7.9% 2.1% 2.3% 5.8% 3.1% 3.3% 4.7% 12.0% 4.1% 4.4% 12.7% 3.2% 4.1% 3.5% Northern Africa 2.3% 1.3% 0.3% 3.4% 1.5% 2.4% 5.5% 2.6% 2.8% 7.2% 3.7% 1.8% 5.7% 4.4% 2.2% Southern Europe 7.5% 5.9% 0.7% 3.9% 2.3% 15.6% 1.7% 2.2% 3.7% 1.0% 2.1% 1.5% 1.3% 2.5% 1.0% Northern Europe 11.4% 4.2% 0.1% 3.4% 2.1% 0.2% 2.5% 2.7% 0.1% 3.8% 2.9% 0.1% 3.1% 2.7% 0.1% Eastern Africa 2.9% 1.7% 5.1% 1.1% 1.8% 8.5% 1.2% 1.5% 12.4% 1.2% 2.1% 14.9% 1.2% 2.6% 14.5% Western Europe 5.5% 2.7% 0.6% 4.1% 1.5% 0.8% 3.5% 1.7% 0.4% 4.2% 1.7% 0.3% 4.0% 2.0% 0.2% Central America 2.3% 2.7% 12.6% 1.2% 3.1% 6.9% 1.0% 2.7% 3.3% 1.5% 3.3% 4.8% 1.5% 3.3% 3.3% North America 2.6% 5.4% 0.5% 1.6% 3.1% 0.4% 1.6% 4.8% 1.0% 2.1% 5.4% 2.6% 1.8% 5.3% 1.2% Western Africa 0.6% 0.9% 0.7% 0.7% 1.5% 1.9% 1.1% 1.7% 4.1% 2.6% 2.1% 3.2% 3.3% 2.7% 3.0% E = Economic, F = Family, R = Refugees Highlighting: Blue — 5-10 percent, Yellow — 10-20 percent, Orange — Greater than 20 percent
  • 21.
    Temporary Workers By Category,2006-18 (Full- and Part-Time, permit holders) 21 112,500 225,000 337,500 450,000 20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019 Live-in Caregivers Agricultural Workers Other Temporary Workers International Agreements Cdn Interests & Other
  • 22.
    International Students By Level,2007-19 22 175,000 350,000 525,000 700,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Secondary or less Post Secondary Other
  • 23.
    Temporary to PermanentTransition 2015-19 Permits in effect 23 12,500 25,000 37,500 50,000 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 44,740 40,125 34,010 26,13527,040 11,565 10,950 9,410 8,2708,565 5,660 4,640 5,830 6,8758,260 27,515 24,535 18,770 10,99010,215 International Mobility Temporary Foriegn Workers Students Total
  • 24.
    Source Area Temporary Residents2015-19 24 25% 50% 75% 100% International Mobility Foreign Workers Students 2.1%3.6% 11.7% 5.8% 57.8% 5.6% 7.5% 5.1% 25.5% 67% 24.8% 44.7% Asia and Pacific Africa and Middle East Europe Americas USA IMP & Students: Over 1000 per country (2019) TFWs: Over 250 per country
  • 25.
    Integration and Settlement •$1.2 billion annually (69 percent IRCC budget 2016-17) • Language learning, community and employment bridging services, settlement information • About 400,000 unique clients 2015-16 • Information, path-finding and referral services to internationally trained individuals obtain credentials to practice in Canada • Most services designed and delivered by service provider organizations (SPOs) 25
  • 26.
    Settlement Services Immigration CategoryApril 2015—March 2019 26 25% 50% 75% 100% BC AB SK MB ON QC Atlantic North 4% 39%35.8%32.3% 25.6%25.7% 32.6% 17.7% 19.1% 5.9% 25%27.4% 11.6%10% 23.5% 28.5% 76.8% 55% 39.2%40.2% 62.8%64.4% 43.9% 53.8% Economic Family Refugees
  • 27.
    Citizenship - KeyAspects • Facilitation and meaningfulness balance • Birthright citizenship • Short residency (3/5 years) with physical presence • Language and knowledge assessment (18-54 year olds) • Fraud and misrepresentation investigations 27
  • 28.
    Evolving Citizenship 28 Aspect Pre-19471947 Act 1977 Act 2014 Act C-24 2017 Act C-6 Birthright Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Residence (years) 5 after 1919 (shorter earlier) 5 3 4 3 Language Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Knowledge Yes Yes Yes Yes Test Ages 18-64 (18-54 2005) 14-64 18-54 Dual nationality No No Yes Yes Yes Values “good character” “good character” Intent to reside Yes Yes No Yes No Retention Declaration < 22 Declaration < 25 Declaration < 28 First generation limit Revocation (fraud) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Revocation (terrorism) Yes Yes No Yes No
  • 29.
    Citizenship Take-up Rate Foreign-bornby Place of Birth, Census 2016 Southern Europe Eastern Europe Northern Europe Caribbean Southern Africa South America Eastern Africa Western Europe Central America Northern Africa W Central Asia & Mid-East Oceania Southeast Asia Southern Asia Eastern Asia USA Western Africa Central Africa 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 46% 45% 41% 36% 34% 34% 34% 33% 32% 29% 29% 27% 25% 23% 23% 22% 17% 13% 48% 40% 35% 59% 58% 63% 50% 46% 39% 53% 57% 63% 51% 65% 67% 59% 52% 70% Canadian Only Dual Nationals Non-Citizens Number 629,630 540,855 599,800 403,555 51,175 346,600 206,330 459,150 192,370 246,945 635,640 70,570 926,190 1,154,335 1,232,465 338,630 126,170 59,005
  • 30.
    Citizenship Take-Up Period ofImmigration — NHS 2011, Census 2016 25% 50% 75% 100% Overall Before 1981 1981 - 2000/5 Last full period Partial period 30.5% 68.5% 90.4%91.9% 82.7% 36.7% 77.2% 91.4%92.7% 85.6% NHS Census Last full period: When all immigrants eligible — 2001-5 (NHS), 2006-10 (Census) Partial Period: When only portion of immigrants eligible — 2006-10 (NHS), 2011-15 (Census)
  • 31.
    Citizenship Applications &Citizens 2000-18 IRCC Operational Data 81,250 162,500 243,750 325,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Applications Applications 3-Year Moving Average New Citizens PR Trendline PR Trendline 31
  • 32.
    Multiculturalism Policy andAct 1971, 1988 • To assist cultural groups to retain and foster their identity • To assist cultural groups to overcome barriers to their full participation in Canadian society • To promote creative exchanges among all Canadian cultural groups • To assist immigrants in acquiring at least one of the official languages 32
  • 33.
    Evolving Multiculturalism 33 Ethnicity Multi (1970s) EquityMulti (1980s) Civic Multi (1990s) Integrative Multi (2000s) Social Cohesion (Harper) Diversity and Inclusion (Trudeau) Focus Celebrating differences Managing diversity Constructive engagement Inclusive citizenship Social cohesion Social inclusion Reference Point Culture Structure Society building Canadian identity Canadian values Inclusive Citizenship Mandate Ethnicity Race relations Citizenship Integration Cohesion Inclusion Magnitude Individual adjustment Equal access Participation Rights & responsibilities Responsibilities & rights Diversity as strength Problem Source Prejudice Systemic discrimination Exclusion “Clash” of cultures Faith & culture clashes Barriers Solution Cultural sensitivity Employment equity Inclusivity Dialogue/ mutual understanding Shared values, anchored in history Shared values, universalist Key Metaphor Mosaic Level playing field Belonging Harmony/jazz Conforming Embracing Adopted from A. Fleras and Jean Kunz, Media and Minorities: Representing Diversity in a Multicultural Canada.
  • 34.
    Employment Equity 1986 •Objective: Workplace equality by ensuring that ability and qualifications are the only criteria for opportunities, benefits, and advancements • Women, visible minorities, Indigenous and persons with disabilities • Applies to public service and federally regulated industries • Premises • No one shall be denied employment opportunities and benefits for reasons unrelated to ability • Special measures are necessary to improve the employment • "Reasonable accommodation" to recognize legitimate differences and take reasonable steps to accommodate 34
  • 35.
    What the datashows 35
  • 36.
    Demographic • More complex,varied diversity — ethnic and religious • Toronto, Vancouver and Calgary, not MTV • Dispersion to smaller centres (41 ridings > 50 % VisMin) • 2036 projections — between 24 to 30 percent immigrants, one in five second generation, together close to 50 percent Implications and Risks • More debate and discussion regarding “reasonable” accommodation, populist anti-immigration language • More communities and institutions affected 36
  • 37.
    Economic • Strong participationrates, although visible minority women 25-34 lower • Persistence of economic differences (unemployment, income) • But university-educated 25-34 second generation VisMin largely comparable • Smaller income gap between VisMin women/not VisMin women than men • Quebec outcomes significantly poorer Implications and Risks • Weaker inclusion of second-generation non-university educated • Poorer outcomes for some groups (Black, Latin American, Arab, West Asian) • Communities to focus both on external and internal barriers • Ongoing discrimination in hiring 37
  • 38.
    Social • Strong educationoutcomes but variance among groups • Some discrimination and hate crimes persist • Healthcare, education social services reasonably representative • Significant police force under-representation • More mixed ‘ethnic enclaves’ than majority ones Implications and Risks • Gap between education and economic outcomes • Challenge in overcoming implicit bias • Greater prevalence of some groups in support positions 38
  • 39.
    Political • Immigrant tocitizen model at risk given declining naturalization (high fees) • Under-representation in elected officials, judges, GiCs being addressed in post-2015 appointments • Federal public service largely representative, provincial and municipal less • Media diversity improving, both coverage and journalists Implications and Risks • Weakened social fabric • Increased number of marginalized long-term non-citizens • Risk that judicial decisions may not reflect Canada’s diversity declining given increased diversity • DND and RCMP need to address weak representation, as do municipal police forces 39
  • 40.
    Public Attitudes TowardImmigration Focus Canada Fall 2019, Environics Institute Immigration positive for economy Too much immigration Not adapting Canadian values Claimants not real refugees 25% 50% 75% 100% 21% 24% 32% 7% 22% 20% 30% 9% 20% 23% 17% 35% 19% 27% 17% 45% Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree Neither/DK 40
  • 41.
    Public Attitudes TowardImmigration Focus Canada Long-term, Environics Institute Immigration positive for economy (1993) Too much immigration (1987) Not adapting Canadian values (1993) Claimants not real refugees (1987) 25% 50% 75% 100% 39% 50% 34% 80% 79% 72% 61% 56% Past Fall 2019 41
  • 42.
    Visible Minority Immigration VotingIntentions, April 2019, Ekos Liberal Conservative NDP Green 25% 50% 75% 100% 28% 27% 69% 15% 44% 44% 23% 68% 20% 27% 2% 13% Too few About right Too many NR/DK 42
  • 43.
    International Comparisons 2018 OECDIntegration Report CA AUS NZ USA UK F D NL S DK Percent Foreign-born 22.3% 28.7% 26.3% 14.4% 13.4% 11.7% 16.1% 10.9% 20.5% 11.2% Social - Education compared to native-born PISA G2 12.3 23.3 -0.7 -16.2 -1.3 -41.9 -51.9 -41.4 -35.5 -58.8 Post-Secondary 15-64 14.7% 16.8% 17.5% -4.5% 9.8% -5.2% -5.3% -7.6% 3.1% 8.8% Economic compared to native-born Household poverty rates 9.4% 2.6% 8.3% 4.5% 10.9% 5.3% 18.6% 16.7% 9.5% Median income 81.8% 92.3% 82.9% 94.9% 85.3% 87.2% 76.7% 76.7% 88.0% Unemployment 15-34 G2 -0.9% -0.7% 0.4% 3.5% 10.6% 7.0% 10.3% 6.6% 5.0% PS Employment 15-34 G2 -1.3% -0.2% -0.5% 4.5% -5.1% -8.6% -8.7% -2.3% Political Perceived Discrimination 15-34 G2 14.1% 9.8% 9.8% 29.3% 14.4% 37.8% 14.8% 15.7% Naturalization 15 or older, 10 years 90.5% 81.4% 62.3% 58.1% 59.6% 61.1% 75.0% 86.8% 45.9% 43
  • 44.
    International Comparisons MIPEX 2015Policy Focus Indicator CA AUS NZ US UK F D NL S DK Labour Market Mobility 81 58 67 67 56 54 86 73 98 79 Family Reunion 79 67 68 66 33 51 57 56 78 42 Education 65 76 66 60 57 36 47 50 77 49 Health 49 67 75 69 64 50 43 55 62 53 Political Participation 48 64 74 36 51 53 63 52 71 64 Permanent Residence 62 54 64 54 51 48 60 55 79 74 Access To Nationality 67 69 71 61 60 61 72 66 73 58 Anti-discrimination 92 74 79 90 85 77 58 73 85 50 Total 68 66 71 63 57 54 61 60 78 59 44
  • 45.
  • 46.
    Models Reflect Realities •Geography, history, culture, demographic mix • Host society attitudes • Canada’s model reflects these factors 46
  • 47.
    Is Canada Unique?Resilient? Keith Banting Perceived ‘triple threat’ of immigration/multiculturalism • Economic insecurity • Growing inequality and precarious employment • Cultural insecurity • Economic threat, cultural threat, security threat • Political opportunity • Political incentives to mobilize anti-immigrant backlash • Electoral system, ethnic voter concentration, number of new Canadian voters provide counterbalance • All parties court ethnic votes 47
  • 48.
    Andrew Griffith Email: agriffi[email protected] Twitter:@andrew_griffith LinkedIn: andrewlgriffith Facebook: Andrew Griffith C&M Blog: www.multiculturalmeanderings.wordpress.com Books: lulu.com