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Intercultural perceptions
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- 2. IDENTITY NEGOTIATION PERSPECTIVEFOCUS: The relation between cultural values and self-conceptionsTheoretical BackgroundPrimary Identities Situational Identities
- 3. Theoretical BackgroundFundamental basis:individual in all cultures desire to be competent communicatorTwo source of identity : group-based and person-based identityTwo types of identity : Social identity and Personal identityTwo types of perceptions : Intergroup-based and Interpersonal-based perception
- 4. Primary IdentitiesIdentity: reflectiveself-concept that derived from socialization process
- 5. Our reflectiveviews of ourselves
- 6. Fixed andunchangeable
- 7. Has anongoing impact through life
- 8. Refer to :cultural, ethnic, gender, and personal identityCultural Identity Cultural identity emotional significance affiliating our cultural sense of belonging
- 9. Acquired byparental guidance and response during their formative years
- 10. Consists oftwo types : Individualism and CollectivismExample : Cultural Identity as a Asian people collective
- 11. Culturalidentity as a Western people individualEthnic Identity Ethnic identity inherently a matters of ancestry, of beliefs about the origins of forebears (Alba, 1990)
- 12. Can bebased on nationality, race, religion, language
- 13. Has bothsubjective and objective layers
- 14. Ethnicity tendto be more subjective experience than objective classification Example :We often judge a person’s personality and attitudes based on their ethnic originsGender Identity Gender how the culture groups construct the image of ‘maleness’ and ‘femaleness’
- 15. Gender orientationlearned via our own cultural practiceExample :Minang people is matriarchy while Batak people is patriarchyPersonal Identity Personal identity our conceptions of “unique self” that differs us from other people
- 16. Has twofacets : Actual personal identity and Desired personal identity
- 17. Two dimension :Independent self and Interdependent self (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)Example : Actual : assertiveness, talkativeness, decisiveness Desired : preferred attributes that someone wants to be in a interaction Independent : individualistic (Western) Interdependent : collectivistic (Asian)
- 18. Situational Identity Highlysituational dependent
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- 20. Less stable anddriven by external features
- 21. Refer to :role, relationship, facework, and symbolic identitiesRole Identity Role set of expected behavior associated with culture that define as proper
- 22. Shaped by expectancynorms (Burke, 1945)
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- 24. Role differs asparticular situation in particular societyExample : Individualistic classroom (US) : students active, teacher democratic
- 25. Collectivistic classroom (Japan): students obedience, teacher authoritativeRelational Identity Our identity comes from network of family relationship
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- 27. Include voluntary relationship,such as: social relationship and friendship
- 28. Self-conception from relationcan be powerful identity approval (Cupach & Metts, 1994)
- 29. Can movequickly from culture-based interaction to person-based interactionExample : Family socialization forms our view about gender- based behavior (e.g. pilot is a man, stewardess is a woman)
- 30. Facework IdentityFace identity respect issue and other consideration issue within intercultural process
- 31. Vulnerable identityresource
- 32. Facework specificcommunication behavior to “save” our own face or other’s face
- 33. Different situationalcontext needs different rules of faceworkExample : Assertive speaking considered more skillful facework in Western culture
- 34. Tactful speakingmore honored in Asian cultureSymbolic Interaction Identity Symbolic interaction verbal and nonverbal communication through which we acquire our reflective self-image and identities value
- 35. Communication developsself-conceptions
- 36. Certain preferredsymbol (linguistic and nonverbal) shows our culture and identityExample : The language and dialect we talk reflects our cultural group affiliation
- 37. Ourbody language tell others about what kind of person we are and how we want to be teratedIDENTITY NEGOTIATION THEORYGOAL: Explore ways to obtain accurate knowledge of the identity between we and other cultures 10 Cores Assumptions
- 38. 10 Cores AssumptionsGroupidentities & Personal identities are formed via symbolic communicationAll people have basic motivation needsIdentity securityequals to culturally familiarenvironment and vice versaIdentity trustequals to communicating with culturally similar othersand vice versa.
- 39. 10 Cores AssumptionsInclusionequalsto endorsementby desired group membership identities and vice versaInterpersonal connectiontends to be done via meaningful closerelationships and identity autonomy when separatedIdentity stability: Predictablecultural situations and vice versa.
- 40. 10 Cores AssumptionsVarietyof dimensions influence variety of interpretationsSatisfactory: feeling understood, respected, supported.Mindful intercultural communication emphasizes: knowledge + motivations + skills = communicate satisfactorily, approriately, effectively
- 41. Assumptions 1-4 Primary Identity Domains
- 42. Reflectiveself images enculturation process.
- 43. Enculturationprocess shape thinking, emotions, pattern.
- 44. Identitysecurity: degree of emotional safety concerning one’s sense of both.
- 45. Identityvulnerability: degree of anxiousnessAssumptions 5 and 6 Identity inclusion: degree of perceived nearness to out or in groups, self image attached emotionally with it.
- 46. Identityof differentiation: degree of remoteness
- 47. Identityautonomy: interpersonal relationship boundary regulation issue.
- 48. Mindfulboundary regulation: satisfy ingroup inclusion and intergroup differentiation needs.SOCIAL IDENTITY: identity inclusion + identity differentiation (dualistic motivations).Exceed inclusion?Exceed differentiation?
- 49. Assumption 7 Identity stability (ROOTEDNESS) : sense of identity continuation or consistency through time. EXCEED?
- 50. Identitychange (ROOTLESSNESS): sense of identity dislocation or transformation.
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- 52. BALANCED?A Coherent SelfConception:Need to feel secure Need sense of predictabilityNeed to feel included.
- 53. Assumption 8 Culturalmembership and its cultural values: how we think about, how we construct about, how to interact. Loose and tight cultures: cultural homo/heterogeneity, density, mobility and tolerance.
- 54. MINDFUL INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIONtheheavy reliance on familiar frame of reference, old routinizeddesigns or categories, and customary ways of doing things.Mindfulness: readiness to shift one’s frame of reference;the motivation to use new categories to understand cultural or ethnic differences
- 55. Satisfactory OutcomesThe feelingof being understood: just like echoing voices which emphasizes thinking, feeling and behaving.
- 56. The feeling ofbeing respected: our behaviors and practices are being deemed as legitimate, credible and on a equal footing with members of others group
- 57. The feeling ofbeing supported: we sense that we are being positively valued or endorsed as “worthwhile”Criteria and ComponentsTwo criteria: appropriateness and effectiveness. How to be goood like that?Knowledge, motivation, and skillStages: unconscious incompetence, conscious incompetence, conscious competence, uncosciouscompetence.