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1-1
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 13/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only)
1-1 Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 13/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only)
Intermediate Accounting Kieso 13th Edition
Solutions Manual
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CHAPTER 1
Financial Accounting and Accounting Standards
ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE
Topics Questions Cases
1. Subject matter of accounting. 1 1
2. Environment of accounting. 2, 3, 4 3, 4
3. Role of principles, objectives,
standards, and accounting theory.
5, 6, 7 2
4. Historical development of GAAP. 8, 9, 10, 11 5
5. Authoritative pronouncements and rule- 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 6, 8, 9, 10,
making bodies. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 11, 13, 14
22, 23
6. Role of pressure groups. 23, 24, 25, 26, 7, 16, 17
27, 28
7. International accounting. 30, 31, 32
8. Ethical issues. 29 12, 15

1-2
ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE
Level of Time
Item Description Difficulty (minutes)
CA1-1
CA1-2
CA1-3
Financial accounting.
Objectives of financial reporting.
Accounting numbers and the
environment.
Simple
Moderat
e Simple
15–20
20–25
10–15
CA1-4
CA1-5
Need for GAAP.
AICPA’s role in rule making.
Simple
Simple
15–20
20–25
CA1-6
CA1-7
FASB role in rule
making. Politicalization
of GAAP.
Simple
Complex
20–25
30–40
CA1-8
CA1-9
Models for setting
GAAP. GAAP
terminology.
Simple
Moderate
15–20
30–40
CA1-10
CA1-11
Accounting organizations and documents
issued. Accounting pronouncements.
Simple
Simple
15–20
10–15
CA1-12
CA1-13
Rule-making Issues.
Securities and Exchange Commission.
Complex
Moderate
20–25
30–40
CA1-14
CA1-15
Rule making process.
Financial reporting
pressures.
Moderate
Moderate
25–35
25–35
CA1-16
CA1-17
Economic consequences.
GAAP and economic consequences.
Moderate
Moderate
25–35
25–35

1-3
SOLUTIONS TO CODIFICATION EXERCISES
CE1-1
There is no answer to this requirement as it asks the student to register to use the Codification.
CE1-2
(a) The Codification Overview module illustrates three items (1) the topic structure (2) different methods
of accessing and viewing content, and (3) a summary of the unique features of the
Codification Research System.
(b) The Codification is intended to (1) become the single source of U.S. accounting standards
and
(2) supersede all of the non-SEC documents used to populate the Codification.
CE1-3
The “What’s New” page provides links to Codification content that has been recently issued. During
the verification phase, updates may result from either the issuance of Codification update instructions
that accompany new Standards or from changes to the Codification due to incorporation of
constituent feedback.

1-4
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1. Financial accounting measures, classifies, and summarizes in report form those activities and
that information which relate to the enterprise as a whole for use by parties both internal and external
to a business enterprise. Managerial accounting also measures, classifies, and summarizes in
report form enterprise activities, but the communication is for the use of internal, managerial
parties, and relates more to subsystems of the entity. Managerial accounting is management
decision oriented and directed more toward product line, division, and profit center reporting.
2. Financial statements generally refer to the four basic financial statements: balance sheet,
income statement, statement of cash flows, and statement of changes in owners’ or stockholders’
equity. Financial reporting is a broader concept; it includes the basic financial statements and
any other means of communicating financial and economic data to interested external parties.
Examples of financial reporting other than financial statements are annual reports, prospectuses,
reports filed with the government, news releases, management forecasts or plans, and descriptions
of an enterprise’s social or environmental impact.
3. If a company’s financial performance is measured accurately, fairly, and on a timely basis, the
right managers and companies are able to attract investment capital. To provide unreliable and
irrelevant information leads to poor capital allocation which adversely affects the securities market.
4. Some major challenges facing the accounting profession relate to the following items:
Nonfinancial measurement—how to report significant key performance measurements such
as customer satisfaction indexes, backlog information and reject rates on goods purchased.
Forward-looking information—how to report more future oriented information.
Soft assets—how to report on intangible assets, such as market know-how, market
dominance, and well-trained employees.
Timeliness—how to report more real-time information.
5. In general, the objectives of financial reporting are to provide (1) information that is useful in
investment and credit decisions, (2) information that is useful in assessing cash flow
prospects, and (3) information about enterprise resources, claims to those resources, and
changes in them. More specifically these objectives state that financial reporting should provide
information:
a. that is useful to present and potential investors and creditors and other users in making
rational investment, credit, and similar decisions. The information should be comprehensible
to those who have a reasonable understanding of business and economic activities and
are willing to study the information with reasonable diligence.
b. to help present and potential investors and creditors and other users in assessing the amounts,
timing, and uncertainty of prospective cash receipts from dividends or interest and the proceeds
from the sale, redemption, or maturity of securities or loans. Since investors and creditors’
cash flows are related to enterprise cash flows, financial reporting should provide information
to help investors, creditors, and other users assess the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of
prospective net cash inflows to the related enterprise.
c. about the economic resources of an enterprise, the claims to those resources (obligations of
the enterprise to transfer resources to other entities), owners’ equity, and the effects of
transactions, events, and circumstances that change its resources and claims to those
resources.
6. A common set of standards applied by all businesses and entities provides financial statements
which are reasonably comparable. Without a common set of standards, each enterprise could,
and would, develop its own theory structure and set of practices, resulting in noncomparability
among enterprises.

1-5
Questions Chapter 1 (Continued)
7. General-purpose financial statements are not likely to satisfy the specific needs of all interested
parties. Since the needs of interested parties such as creditors, managers, owners, governmental
agencies, and financial analysts vary considerably, it is unlikely that one set of financial statements
is equally appropriate for these varied uses.
8. The SEC has the power to prescribe, in whatever detail it desires, the accounting practices
and principles to be employed by the companies that fall within its jurisdiction. Because the SEC
receives audited financial statements from nearly all companies that issue securities to the public
or are listed on the stock exchanges, it is greatly interested in the content, accuracy, and
credibility of the statements. For many years the SEC relied on the AICPA to regulate the
profession and develop and enforce accounting principles. Lately, the SEC has assumed a more
active role in the development of accounting standards, especially in the area of disclosure
requirements. In December 1973, in ASR No. 150, the SEC said the FASB’s statements would
be presumed to carry substantial authoritative support and anything contrary to them to lack
such support. It thereby supports the development of accounting principles in the private sector.
9. The Committee on Accounting Procedure was a special committee of the American Institute of
CPAs that, between the years of 1939 and 1959, issued 51 Accounting Research Bulletins
dealing with a wide variety of timely accounting problems. These bulletins provided solutions
to immediate problems and narrowed the range of alternative practices. But, the Committee’s
problem-by-problem approach failed to provide a well-defined and well-structured body of
accounting theory that was so badly needed. The Committee on Accounting Procedure was
replaced in 1959 by the Accounting Principles Board.
10. The creation of the Accounting Principles Board was intended to advance the written expression
of accounting principles, to determine appropriate practices, and to narrow the differences
and inconsistencies in practice. To achieve its basic objectives, its mission was to develop an
overall conceptual framework to assist in the resolution of problems as they became evident
and to do substantive research on individual issues before pronouncements were issued.
11. Accounting Research Bulletins were pronouncements on accounting practice issued by
the Committee on Accounting Procedure between 1939 and 1959; since 1964 they have
been recognized as accepted accounting practice unless superseded in part or in whole by an
opinion of the APB or an FASB standard. APB Opinions were issued by the Accounting
Principles Board during the years 1959 through 1973 and, unless superseded by FASB
Statements, are recognized as accepted practice and constitute the requirements to be followed
by all business enterprises. FASB Statements are pronouncements of the Financial Accounting
Standards Board and currently represent the accounting profession’s authoritative
pronouncements on financial accounting and reporting practices.
12. The explanation should note that generally accepted accounting principles or standards
have “substantial authoritative support.” They consist of accounting practices, procedures,
theories, concepts, and methods which are recognized by a large majority of practicing
accountants as well as other members of the business and financial community. Bulletins issued
by the Committee on Accounting Procedure, opinions rendered by the Accounting Principles
Board, and statements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board constitute
“substantial authoritative support.”
13. It was believed that FASB Statements would carry greater weight than APB Opinions because
of significant differences between the FASB and the APB, namely: (1) The FASB has a smaller
membership of full-time compensated members; (2) the FASB has greater autonomy and
increased independence; and (3) the FASB has broader representation than the APB.

1-6
14. The technical staff of the FASB conducts research on an identified accounting topic and prepares
a “preliminary views” that is released by the Board for public reaction. The Board analyzes
and evaluates the public response to the preliminary views, deliberates on the issues, and
issues an “exposure draft” for public comment. The preliminary views merely presents all facts and
alternatives related to a specific topic or problem, whereas the exposure draft is a tentative
“statement.” After studying the public’s reaction to the exposure draft, the Board may reevaluate
its position, revise the draft, and vote on the issuance of a final statement.
15. Statements of financial accounting standards constitute generally accepted accounting
principles and dictate acceptable financial accounting and reporting practices as promulgated
by the FASB. The first standards statement was issued by the FASB in 1973.
Statements of financial accounting concepts do not establish generally accepted accounting
principles. Rather, the concepts statements set forth fundamental objectives and concepts that
the FASB intends to use as a basis for developing future standards. The concepts serve as
guidelines in solving existing and emerging accounting problems in a consistent, sound
manner. Both the standards statements and the concepts statements may develop through the
same process from discussion memorandum, to exposure draft, to a final approved statement.
16. Rule 203 of the Code of Professional Conduct prohibits a member of the AICPA from expressing
an opinion that financial statements conform with GAAP if those statements contain a material
departure from an accounting principle promulgated by the FASB, or its predecessors, the
APB and the CAP, unless the member can demonstrate that because of unusual
circumstances the financial statements would otherwise have been misleading. Failure to follow
Rule 203 can lead to a loss of a CPA’s license to practice. This rule is extremely important
because it requires auditors to follow FASB standards.
17. FASB Standards, FASB Technical Bulletins, AICPA Practice Bulletins.
18. The chairman of the FASB was indicating that too much attention is put on the bottom line and
not enough on the development of quality products. Managers should be less concerned with
short- term results and be more concerned with the long-term results. In addition, short-term tax
benefits often lead to long-term problems.
The second part of his comment relates to accountants being overly concerned with following a
set of rules, so that if litigation ensues, they will be able to argue that they followed the rules
exactly. The problem with this approach is that accountants want more and more rules with
less reliance on professional judgment. Less professional judgment leads to inappropriate
use of accounting procedures in difficult situations.
In the accountants’ defense, recent legal decisions have imposed vast new liability on accountants.
The concept of accountant’s liability that has emerged in these cases is broad and expansive;
the number of classes of people to whom the accountant is held responsible are almost limitless.
19. FASB Staff Positions (FSP) are used to provide interpretive guidance and to make minor
amend- ments to existing standards. The due process used to issue a FSP is the same used
to issue a new standard.

1-7
20. The Emerging Issues Task Force often arrives at consensus conclusions on certain financial
reporting issues. These consensus conclusions are then looked upon as GAAP by practitioners
because the SEC has indicated that it will view consensus solutions as preferred accounting and
will require persuasive justification for departing from them. Thus, at least for public companies
which are subject to SEC oversight, consensus solutions developed by the Emerging Issues
Task Force are followed unless subsequently overturned by the FASB. It should be noted
that the FASB took greater direct ownership of GAAP established by the EITF by requiring that
consensus positions be ratified by the FASB.
21. The Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (Codifications)
is a compilation of all GAAP in one place. Its purpose is to integrate and synthesize existing
GAAP and not to create new GAAP. It creates one level of GAAP which is considered authoritative.
The FASB Codification Research Systems (CRS) is an-on-line real time data base which provides
easy access to the Codification. The Codification and the related CRS provide a topically
organized structure which is subdivided into topic, subtopics, sections, and paragraphs.
22. Hopefully, the codification will help users to better understand what GAAP is. If this occurs, the
rash of noncompliance with GAAP will be reduced and the time to research accounting issues
will be substantially reduced. In addition, through the electronic web-based format, GAAP can
be easily updated which will help users stay current.
23. The sources of pressure are innumerable, but the most intense and continuous pressure
to change or influence accounting principles or standards come from individual companies,
industry associations, governmental agencies, practicing accountants, academicians,
professional accounting organizations, and public opinion.
24. Economic consequences means the impact of accounting reports on the wealth positions of
issuers and users of financial information and the decision-making behavior resulting from that
impact. In other words, accounting information impacts various users in many different ways
which leads to wealth transfers among these various groups.
If politics plays an important role in the development of accounting rules, the rules will be
subject to manipulation for the purpose of furthering whatever policy prevails at the moment.
No matter how well intentioned the rule maker may be, if information is designed to indicate that
investing in a particular enterprise involves less risk than it actually does, or is designed to
encourage investment in a particular segment of the economy, financial reporting will suffer an
irreplaceable loss of credibility.
25. No one particular proposal is expected in answer to this question. The students’ proposals, however,
should be defensible relative to the following criteria:
(1) The method must be efficient, responsive, and
expeditious.
(2) The method must be free of bias and be above or insulated from pressure groups.
(3) The method must command widespread support if it does not have legislative
authority. (4) The method must produce sound yet practical accounting principles or
standards.
The students’ proposals might take the form of alterations of the existing methodology, an
accounting court (as proposed by Leonard Spacek), or governmental device.
26. Concern exists about fraudulent financial reporting because it can undermine the entire financial
reporting process. Failure to provide information to users that is accurate can lead to inappropriate
allocations of resources in our economy. In addition, failure to detect massive fraud can lead
to additional governmental oversight of the accounting profession.

1-8
27. The expectations gap is the difference between what people think accountants should be doing
and what accountants think they can do. It is a difficult gap to close. The accounting profession
recognizes it must play an important role in narrowing this gap. To meet the needs of society, the
profession is continuing its efforts in developing accounting standards, such as numerous
pronouncements issued by the FASB, to serve as guidelines for recording and processing
business transactions in the changing economic environment.
28. The following are some of the key provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act:
• Establishes an oversight board for accounting practices. The Public Company Accounting
Over- sight Board (PCAOB) has oversight and enforcement authority and establishes auditing,
quality control, and independence standards and rules.
• Implements stronger independence rules for auditors. Audit partners, for example, are
required to rotate every five years and auditors are prohibited from offering certain types of
consulting services to corporate clients.
• Requires CEOs and CFOs to personally certify that financial statements and disclosures
are accurate and complete and requires CEOs and CFOs to forfeit bonuses and profits when
there is an accounting restatement.
• Requires audit committees to be comprised of independent members and members with
financial expertise.
• Requires codes of ethics for senior financial officers.
In addition, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires public companies to attest to
the effectiveness of their internal controls over financial reporting.
29. Accountants must perceive the moral dimensions of some situations because GAAP does
not define or cover all specific features that are to be reported in financial statements. In these
instances accountants must choose among alternatives. These accounting choices influence
whether particular stakeholders may be harmed or benefited. Moral decision-making involves
awareness of potential harm or benefit and taking responsibility for the choices.
30. Some of the reasons for differences are:
(1) The objectives of financial reporting are often different in foreign
countries. (2) The institutional structures are often not comparable.
(3) Strong national tendencies are pervasive and therefore there is reluctance to adopt any
one country’s approach.
31. Relevant and reliable financial information is a necessity for viable capital markets. Unfortunately,
financial statements from companies outside the United States are often prepared using
different principles than U.S. GAAP. As a result, international companies have to develop
financial information in different ways. Beyond the additional costs these companies incur,
users of financial statements are often forced to understand at least two sets of GAAP. It is not
surprising that there is a growing demand for one set of high quality international standards.
32. Principles-based rules are considered to be based on accounting principles to result in financial
statements that are presented. Rules-based standards are generally quite detailed, and in
many instances follow a “check-box” mentality that some contend may shield auditors and
companies from legal liability. Because iGAAP tends to be simpler and less stringent in its
accounting and disclosure requirements, it is generally considered more principles-based than
U.S. GAAP.

1-9
TIME AND PURPOSE OF CONCEPTS FOR ANALYSIS
CA 1-1 (Time 15–20 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to distinguish between financial accounting
and managerial accounting, identify major financial statements, and differentiate financial statements
and financial reporting.
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to explain the basic objectives of financial
reporting.
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to describe how reported accounting numbers
might affect an individual’s perceptions and actions.
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to evaluate the viewpoint of removing mandatory
accounting rules and allowing each company to voluntarily disclose the information it desired.
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to explain the evolution of accounting rule-
making organizations and the role of the AICPA in the rule making environment.
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to identify the sponsoring organization of
the FASB, the method by which the FASB arrives at a decision, and the types and the purposes of
documents issued by the FASB.
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to focus on the types of organizations involved in
the rule making process, what impact accounting has on the environment, and the environment’s
influence on accounting.
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to focus on what type of rule-making environment
exists in the United States. In addition, this CA explores why user groups are interested in the nature
of GAAP and why some groups wish to issue their own rules.
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to identify and define acronyms appearing in
the first chapter. Some are self-evident, others are not so.
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to identify the various documents issued by
different accounting organizations. This CA should help the student to better focus on the more important
documents issued in the financial reporting area.
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to match the descriptions of a number of
authoritative pronouncements issued by rule-making bodies to the pronouncements.

1-10
Time and Purpose of Concepts for Analysis (Continued)
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to consider the ethical dimensions of
implementation of a new accounting pronouncement.
Purpose—to provide the student with an assignment that explores the role and function of
the
Securities and Exchange Commission.
Purpose—to provide the student with an assignment that explores the role of the FASB and the
rule- making process.
Purpose—to provide the student with a writing assignment concerning the ethical issues related
to meeting earnings targets.
Purpose—to provide the student with the opportunity to discuss the role of Congress in accounting
rule- making.
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to comment on a letter sent by business
execu- tives to the FASB and Congress on the accounting for derivatives.

1-11
SOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS FOR ANALYSIS
CA 1-1
(a) Financial accounting is the process that culminates in the preparation of financial reports relative
to the enterprise as a whole for use by parties both internal and external to the enterprise. In
contrast, managerial accounting is the process of identification, measurement, accumulation,
analysis, preparation, interpretation, and communication of financial information used by the
management to plan, evaluate, and control within an organization and to assure appropriate use
of, and accountability for, its resources.
(b) The financial statements most frequently provided are the balance sheet, the income statement,
the statement of cash flows, and the statement of changes in owners’ or stockholders’ equity.
(c) Financial statements are the principal means through which financial information is communicated
to those outside an enterprise. As indicated in (b), there are four major financial statements.
However, some financial information is better provided, or can be provided only, by means
of financial reporting other than formal financial statements. Financial reporting (other than
financial statements and related notes) may take various forms. Examples include the company
president’s letter or supplementary schedules in the corporate annual reports, prospectuses,
reports filed with government agencies, news releases, management’s forecasts, and
descriptions of an enterprise’s social or environmental impact.
CA 1-2
(a) In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 1, “Objectives of Financial
Reporting by Business Enterprises,” the objectives of financial reporting are to provide information
to investors, creditors, and others
1. that is useful to present and potential investors and creditors and other users in making rational
investment, credit, and similar decisions. The information should be comprehensible to
those who have a reasonable understanding of business and economic activities and are
willing to study the information with reasonable diligence.
2. to help present and potential investors and creditors and other users in assessing the amounts,
timing, and uncertainty of prospective cash receipts from dividends or interest and the proceeds
from the sale, redemption, or maturity of securities or loans. Since investors’ and creditors’
cash flows are related to enterprise cash flows, financial reporting should provide information
to help investors, creditors, and others assess the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of
prospective net cash inflows to the related enterprise.
3. about the economic resources of an enterprise, the claims to those resources (obligations of
the enterprise to transfer resources to other entities and owners’ equity), and the effects of
transactions, events, and circumstances that change its resources and claims to those
resources.
(b) Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 1 established standards to meet the
information needs of large groups of external users such as investors, creditors, and their
representatives. Although the level of sophistication related to business and financial accounting
matters varies both within and between these user groups, users are expected to possess a
reasonable understanding of accounting concepts, financial statements, and business and economic
activities and are expected to be willing to study and interpret the information with reasonable
diligence.

1-12
CA 1-3
Accounting numbers affect investing decisions. Investors, for example, use the financial statements
of different companies to enhance their understanding of each company’s financial strength and
operating results. Because these statements follow generally accepted accounting principles, investors
can make meaningful comparisons of different financial statements to assist their investment decisions.
Accounting numbers also influence creditors’ decisions. A commercial bank usually looks into
a company’s financial statements and past credit history before deciding whether to grant a loan
and in what amount. The financial statements provide a fair picture of the company’s financial
strength (for example, short-term liquidity and long-term solvency) and operating performance for the
current period and over a period of time. The information is essential for the bank to ensure that the
loan is safe and sound.
CA 1-4
It is not appropriate to abandon mandatory accounting rules and allow each company to voluntarily
disclose the type of information it considered important. Without a coherent body of accounting
theory and standards, each accountant or enterprise would have to develop its own theory structure
and set of practices, and readers of financial statements would have to familiarize themselves with
every company’s peculiar accounting and reporting practices. As a result, it would be almost impossible
to prepare statements that could be compared.
In addition, voluntary disclosure may not be an efficient way of disseminating information. A company
is likely to disclose less information if it has the discretion to do so. Thus, the company can reduce its
cost of assembling and disseminating information. However, an investor wishing additional
information has to pay to receive additional information desired. Different investors may be interested
in different types of information. Since the company may not be equipped to provide the requested
information, it would have to spend additional resources to fulfill such needs; or the company may
refuse to furnish such information if it’s too costly to do so. As a result, investors may not get the
desired information or they may have to pay a significant amount of money for it. Furthermore,
redundancy in gathering and distributing information occurs when different investors ask for the
same information at different points in time. To the society as a whole, this would not be an efficient
way of utilizing resources.
CA 1-5
(a) One of the committees that the AICPA established prior to the establishment of the FASB was
the Committee on Accounting Procedures (CAP). The CAP, during its existence from 1939 to
1959, issued 51 Accounting Research Bulletins (ARB). In 1959, the AICPA created the
Accounting Prin- ciples Board (APB) to replace the CAP. Before being replaced by the FASB,
the APB released
31 official pronouncements, called APB
Opinions.
(b) Although the ARBs issued by the CAP helped to narrow the range of alternative practices to
some extent, the CAP’s problem-by-problem approach failed to provide the well-defined,
structured body of accounting principles that was both needed and desired. As a result, the CAP
was replaced by the APB.
The APB had more authority and responsibility than did the CAP. Unfortunately, the APB
was beleaguered throughout its 14-year existence. It came under fire early, charged with lack of
produc- tivity and failing to act promptly to correct alleged accounting abuses. The APB also
met a lot of industry and CPA firm opposition and occasional governmental interference when

1-13
tackling numerous thorny accounting issues. In fear of governmental rule making, the accounting
profession investigated the ineffectiveness of the APB and replaced it with the FASB.

1-14
CA 1-5 (Continued)
Learning from prior experiences, the FASB has several significant differences from the APB.
The FASB has: (1) smaller membership, (2) full-time, compensated membership, (3) greater
autonomy, (4) increased independence, and (5) broader representation. In addition, the FASB
has its own research staff and relies on the expertise of various task force groups formed for
various projects. These features form the bases for the expectations of success and support
from the public. In addition, the due process taken by the FASB in establishing financial
accounting standards gives interested persons ample opportunity to make their views known.
Thus, the FASB is responsive to the needs and viewpoints of the entire economic community, not
just the public accounting profession.
(c) The AICPA has supplemented the FASB’s efforts in the present standard-setting environment.
The issue papers, which are prepared by the Accounting Standards Executive Committee
(AcSEC), identify current financial reporting problems for specific industries and present
alternative treat- ments of the issue. These papers provide the FASB with an early warning
device to insure timely issuance of FASB standards, Interpretations, and Staff Positions. In
situations where the FASB avoids the subject of an issue paper, AcSEC may issue a Statement
of Position to provide guidance for the reporting issue. AcSEC also issues Practice Bulletins
which indicate how the AICPA believes a given transaction should be reported.
Recently, the role of the AICPA in standard-setting has diminished. The FASB and the
AICPA agreed, that after a transition period, the AICPA and AcSEC no longer will issue
authoritative accounting guidance for public companies.
CA 1-6
(a) The Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) is the sponsoring organization of the FASB. The
FAF selects the members of the FASB and its Advisory Council, funds their activities, and
generally oversees the FASB’s activities.
The FASB follows a due process in establishing a typical FASB Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards. The following steps are usually taken: (1) A topic or project is identified and placed
on the Board’s agenda. (2) A task force of experts from various sectors is assembled to
define problems, issues, and alternatives related to the topic. (3) Research and analysis are
conducted by the FASB technical staff. (4) A preliminary views document is drafted and
released. (5) A public hearing is often held, usually 60 days after the release of the preliminary
views. (6) The Board analyzes and evaluates the public response. (7) The Board deliberates on
the issues and prepares an exposure draft for release. (8) After a 30-day (minimum) exposure
period for public comment, the Board evaluates all of the responses received. (9) A committee
studies the exposure draft in relation to the public responses, reevaluates its position, and revises
the draft if necessary. (10) The full Board gives the revised draft final consideration and votes
on issuance of a Standards Statement. The passage of a new accounting standard in the form
of an FASB Statement requires the support of five of the seven Board members.
(b) The FASB issues three major types of pronouncements: Standards and Interpretations, Financial
Accounting Concepts, and Technical Bulletins. Financial accounting standards issued by the
FASB are considered GAAP. In addition, the FASB also issues interpretations that represent
modifications or extensions of existing standards and APB Opinions. These interpretations have
the same authority as standards and APB Opinions in guiding current accounting practices.
The Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFAC) help the FASB to avoid the “problem-
by-problem approach.” These statements set forth fundamental objectives and concepts that
the Board will use in developing future standards of financial accounting and reporting.
They are intended to form a cohesive set of interrelated concepts, a body of theory or a

1-15
conceptual framework, that will serve as tools for solving existing and emerging problems in
a consistent, sound manner.

1-16
CA 1-6 (Continued)
The FASB may issue a technical bulletin when there is a need for guidelines on implementing
or applying FASB Standards or Interpretations, APB Opinions, Accounting Research Bulletins, or
emerging issues. A technical bulletin is issued only when (1) it is not expected to cause a major
change in accounting practice for a number of enterprises, (2) its cost of implementation is low,
and (3) the guidance provided by the bulletin does not conflict with any broad fundamental
accounting principle.
In addition, the FASB’s Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) issues statements to provide guidance
on how to account for new and unusual financial transactions that have the potential for creating
diversity in reporting practices. The EITF identifies controversial accounting problems as they
arise and determines whether they can be quickly resolved or whether the FASB should become
involved in solving them. In essence, it becomes a “problem filter” for the FASB. Thus, it is
hoped that the FASB will be able to work on more pervasive long-term problems, while the EITF
deals with short- term emerging issues.
CA 1-7
(a) CAP. The Committee on Accounting Procedure, CAP, which was in existence from 1939 to
1959, was a natural outgrowth of AICPA committees which were in existence during the
period 1933 to
1938. The committee was formed in direct response to the criticism received by the accounting
profession during the financial crisis of 1929 and the years thereafter. The authorization to
issue pronouncements on matters of accounting principles and procedures was based on the
belief that the AICPA had the responsibility to establish practices that would become generally
accepted by the profession and by corporate management.
As a general rule, the CAP directed its attention, almost entirely, to resolving specific accounting
problems and topics rather than to the development of generally accepted accounting principles.
The committee voted on the acceptance of specific Accounting Research Bulletins published
by the committee. A two-thirds majority was required to issue a particular research bulletin. The
CAP did not have the authority to require acceptance of the issued bulletins by the general
membership of the AICPA, but rather received its authority only upon general acceptance of the
pronouncement by the members. That is, the bulletins set forth normative accounting procedures
that “should be” followed by the accounting profession, but were not “required” to be followed.
It was not until well after the demise of the CAP, in 1964, that the Council of the AICPA adopted
recommendations that departures from effective CAP Bulletins should be disclosed in financial
statements or in audit reports of members of the AICPA. The demise of the CAP could probably
be traced to four distinct factors: (1) the narrow nature of the subjects covered by the bulletins
issued by the CAP, (2) the lack of any theoretical groundwork in establishing the procedures
presented in the bulletins, (3) the lack of any real authority by the CAP in prescribing adherence
to the procedures described by the bulletins, and (4) the lack of any formal representation on
the CAP of interest groups such as corporate managers, governmental agencies, and security
analysts.
APB. The objectives of the APB were formulated mainly to correct the deficiencies of the CAP
as described above. The APB was thus charged with the responsibility of developing written
expression of generally accepted accounting principles through consideration of the research
done by other members of the AICPA in preparing Accounting Research Studies. The
committee was in turn given substantial authoritative standing in that all opinions of the APB
were to constitute substantial authoritative support for generally accepted accounting principles.
If an individual member of the AICPA decided that a principle or procedure outside of the official

1-17
pronouncements of the APB had substantial authoritative support, the member had to disclose
the departure from the official APB opinion in the financial statements of the firm in question.

1-18
CA 1-7 (Continued)
The membership of the committee comprising the APB was also extended to include representation
from industry, government, and academe. The opinions were also designed to include minority
dissents by members of the board. Exposure drafts of the proposed opinions were readily
distributed.
The demise of the APB occurred primarily because the purposes for which it was created were
not being accomplished. Broad generally accepted accounting principles were not being
developed. The research studies supposedly being undertaken in support of subsequent
opinions to be expressed by the APB were often ignored. The committee in essence became
a simple extension of the original CAP in that only very specific problem areas were being
addressed. Interest groups outside of the accounting profession questioned the appropriateness
and desirability of having the AICPA directly responsible for the establishment of GAAP.
Politicization of the establishment of GAAP had become a reality because of the far-reaching
effects involved in the questions being resolved.
FASB. The formal organization of the FASB represents an attempt to vest the responsibility
of establishing GAAP in an organization representing the diverse interest groups affected by the
use of GAAP. The FASB is independent of the AICPA. It is independent, in fact, of any private
or governmental organization. Individual CPAs, firms of CPAs, accounting educators, and
representatives of private industry will now have an opportunity to make known their views to the
FASB through their membership on the Board. Independence is facilitated through the funding
of the organization and payment of the members of the Board. Full-time members are paid by
the organization and the organization itself is funded solely through contributions. Thus, no one
interest group has a vested interest in the FASB.
Conclusion. The evolution of the current FASB certainly does represent “increasing politicization
of accounting standards setting.” Many of the efforts extended by the AICPA can be directly
attributed to the desire to satisfy the interests of many groups within our society. The
FASB represents, perhaps, just another step in this evolutionary process.
(b) Arguments for politicalization of the accounting rule-making process:
1. Accounting depends in large part on public confidence for its success. Consequently,
the critical issues are not solely technical, so all those having a bona fide interest in the
output of accounting should have some influence on that output.
2. There are numerous conflicts between the various interest groups. In the face of this, compro-
mise is necessary, particularly since the critical issues in accounting are value judgments,
not the type which are solvable, as we have traditionally assumed, using deterministic
models. Only in this way (reasonable compromise) will the financial community have
confidence in the fairness and objectivity of accounting rule-making.
3. Over the years, accountants have been unable to establish, on the basis of technical accoun-
ting elements, rules which would bring about the desired uniformity and acceptability.
This inability itself indicates rule-setting is primarily consensual in nature.
4. The public accounting profession, through bodies such as the Accounting Principles
Board, made rules which business enterprises and individuals “had” to follow. For many
years, these businesses and individuals had little say as to what the rules would be, in spite
of the fact that their economic well-being was influenced to a substantial degree by those
rules. It is only natural that they would try to influence or control the factors that determine
their economic well- being.

1-19
CA 1-7 (Continued)
(c) Arguments against the politicalization of the accounting rule-making process:
1. Many accountants feel that accounting is primarily technical in nature. Consequently, they
feel that substantive, basic research by objective, independent and fair-minded researchers
ultimately will result in the best solutions to critical issues, such as the concepts of income
and capital, even if it is accepted that there isn’t necessarily a single “right” solution.
2. Even if it is accepted that there are no “absolute truths” as far as critical issues are concerned,
many feel that professional accountants, taking into account the diverse interests of the
various groups using accounting information, are in the best position, because of their
independence, education, training, and objectivity, to decide what generally accepted
accounting principles ought to be.
3. The complex situations that arise in the business world require that trained accountants develop
the appropriate accounting principles.
4. The use of consensus to develop accounting principles would decrease the professional
status of the accountant.
5. This approach would lead to “lobbying” by various parties to influence the establishment of
accounting principles.
CA 1-8
(a) The public/private mixed approach appears to be the way rules are established in the United States.
In many respects, the FASB is a quasi-governmental agency in that its pronouncements are required
to be followed because the SEC has provided support for this approach. The SEC has the
ultimate power to establish GAAP but has chosen to permit the private sector to develop these
rules. By accepting the standards established by the FASB as authoritative, it has granted much
power to the FASB. (It might be useful to inform the students that not all countries follow this model.
For example, the purely political approach is used in France and West Germany. The private,
professional approach is employed in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom.)
(b) Publicly reported accounting numbers influence the distribution of scarce resources. Resources
are channeled where needed at returns commensurate with perceived risk. Thus, reported
accounting numbers have economic effects in that resources are transferred among entities and
individuals as a consequence of these numbers. It is not surprising then that individuals affected
by these numbers will be extremely interested in any proposed changes in the financial reporting
environment.
(c) The Accounting Standards Executive Committee (AcSEC of the AICPA), among other groups,
has presented a potential challenge to the exclusive right of the FASB to establish accounting
principles. Also, Congress has been attempting to legislate certain accounting practices,
particularly to help struggling industries.
Some possible reasons why other groups might wish to establish GAAP are:
1. As indicated in the previous answer, these rules have economic effects and therefore
certain groups would prefer to make their own rules to ensure that they receive just treatment.
2. Some believe the FASB does not act quickly to resolve accounting matters, either because
it is not that interested in the subject area or because it lacks the resources to do so.
3. Some argue that the FASB does not have the competence to legislate GAAP in certain
areas.
For example, many have argued that the FASB should not legislate GAAP for not-for-
profit enterprises because the problems are unique and not well known by the FASB.

1-20
CA 1-9
(a) AICPA. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The national organization of practicing
certified public accountants.
(b) CAP. Committee on Accounting Procedure. A committee of practicing CPAs which
issued
51 Accounting Research Bulletins between 1939 and 1959 and is a predecessor of the
FASB.
(c) ARB. Accounting Research Bulletins. Official pronouncements of the Committee on
Accounting
Procedure which, unless superseded, remain a primary source of GAAP.
(d) APB. Accounting Principles Board. A committee of public accountants, industry accountants
and academicians which issued 31 Opinions between 1959 and 1973. The APB replaced
the CAP and was itself replaced by the FASB. Its opinions, unless superseded, remain a
primary source of GAAP.
(e) FAF. Financial Accounting Foundation. An organization whose purpose is to select members
of the FASB and its Advisory Councils, fund their activities, and exercise general oversight.
(f) FASAC. Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council. An organization whose purpose is
to consult with the FASB on issues, project priorities, and select task forces.
(g) SOP. Statements of Position. Statements issued by the AICPA (through the Accounting Standards
Executive Committee of its Accounting Standards Division) which are generally devoted to
emerging problems not addressed by the FASB or the SEC.
(h) GAAP. Generally accepted accounting principles. A common set of standards, principles,
and procedures which have substantial authoritative support and have been accepted as
appropriate because of universal application.
(i) CPA. Certified public accountant. An accountant who has fulfilled certain education and experience
requirements and passed a rigorous examination. Most CPAs offer auditing, tax, and management
consulting services to the general public.
(j) FASB. Financial Accounting Standards Board. The primary body which currently establishes
and improves financial accounting and reporting standards for the guidance of issuers, auditors,
users, and others.
(k) SEC. Securities and Exchange Commission. An independent regulatory agency of the
United
States government which administers the Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 and other acts.
(l) IASB. International Accounting Standards Board. An international group, formed in 1973, that
is actively developing and issuing accounting standards that will have international appeal and
hopefully support.
CA 1-10
1. (b), (e)
2. (a)
3. (c)
4. (d)

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