![The Affects of Technology on Workload
“[T]he notion that automation always reduces
workload fails on at least two grounds. First,
automation may change the pattern of workload
across work segments, but does not always reduce
overall workload. Second, even in highly automated
systems in which the human operator is engaged
primarily in monitoring, workload may not be
reduced because the demands of monitoring can be
considerable.”
Raja Parasuraman, et al., Automation and Human Performance:
Theory and Applications. New York: CRC Press, 1996, p. 98.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internshipprograms-130614082416-phpapp02/75/Internship-Programs-Chinese-Library-Association-proposal-2012-8-2048.jpg)
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Internship Programs - Chinese Library Association proposal 2012
- 1. Internship Programs ina Technology-Driven Academic Library: Investment in Human-Time to Take on the New High-Tech Workload
- 2. Professor Beth Evans AssociateProfessor/Electronic Services Librarian Brooklyn College City University of New York 2900 Bedford Avenue Brooklyn, New York 11210 Voice: (718) 758-8206 Fax: (718) 951-4432 [email protected]
- 3. Abstract Libraries are alwayschallenged to keep pace with a rapidly changing, high technology environment. Welcoming interns into the academic library can allow management to keep pace with and incorporate appropriate and beneficial new technologies in the services they offer. Interns bring new ideas and a fresh perspective on how libraries operate. Working with interns can be mutually beneficial, both to the interns who need to build up their resumes and the libraries eager to pilot new service models. The Brooklyn College Library (BCL) has run an internship program for nearly two decades. BCL has employed a range of interns from high school students to post MLS professionals. Learn ideas for how to organize and launch a successful internship program at your library.
- 4. Brooklyn College LibraryInternship Program: Nationally Recognized in 2012
- 5. The Experience ofthe Brooklyn College Library Internship Program Diversifying the Profession “Linking library school students and academic libraries through internship programs can help efforts to diversify the profession. Research has shown the need for diversity in all types of libraries. Library staff should reflect the increasing heterogeneity of the United States—and the temporary infusion of interns working side by side with full- time permanent staff will help in reaching that goal.” Kate Angell, Beth Evans, and Barnaby Nicolas “Reflecting Our Communities: Internship programs open doors and minds.” American Libraries, January 2012 http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/features/01112012/reflecting-our-communities
- 6. • The Conferencethat Brings Us Together: Management in Academic Libraries in the Age of New Technology • Where does a discussion of implementing an internship program fit in with the theme of the conference?
- 7. • Interns arehuman resources and therefore a management concern • All management concerns are impacted by the new technologies
- 8. The Affects ofTechnology on Workload “[T]he notion that automation always reduces workload fails on at least two grounds. First, automation may change the pattern of workload across work segments, but does not always reduce overall workload. Second, even in highly automated systems in which the human operator is engaged primarily in monitoring, workload may not be reduced because the demands of monitoring can be considerable.” Raja Parasuraman, et al., Automation and Human Performance: Theory and Applications. New York: CRC Press, 1996, p. 98.
- 9. • Libraries areleaders in implementing automation • More automation still means we need more people working
- 10. Examples of Automationin Libraries Increasing Workload “The Good Old Days” • Staffing physical reference desk • Creating a finding aid for books – the card catalog Nowadays • Staffing physical reference desk • Staffing chat reference • Staffing email reference • Monitoring social networks • Providing reference through texting • Maintaining library web site • Maintenance, upgrade, version control and compatibility of our – Catalog – ABC list or database of databases – E-journal finders – Electronic Resources Management Systems
- 11. Where will librariesfind some of these new workers? • Pre-professional library interns bring skills from their education and are eager to learn on the job • Employing interns will be mutually beneficial to the interns and to the workplace
- 12. A Literature SearchBrings Up Many Current Articles on Internships
- 13. The Positive Outcomes– For Employers and For Interns • Pike, Laurie. “The Full-time non-employee.” Entrepreneur, Apr 2010, Vol. 38 Issue 4, p80-87. • Yankee, Jon P.; Belew, Laurie A.; Crafford, Lisa J.. “Big Help, Small Cost.” Financial Planning, Oct 2011, Vol. 41 Issue 10, p87-89. • “Internships Open Doors to Your Future Career – Advice for HE&IT’s Most Admired Employers for Minority Professionals.” Hispanic Engineer & Information Technology, Fall2010, Vol. 25 Issue 2, p8-11.
- 14. Examples from Libraries •Sargent, Aloha R.; Becker, Bernd W.; Klingberg, Susan. “Incorporating Library School Interns on Academic Library Subject Teams.” Journal of Academic Librarianship, January 2011, Vol. 37 Issue 1, p 28-33. • Smith, Sara D.. Reaching Out to Undergraduates – Recruitment vis Internship.” American Libraries, September 2010, Vol. 41 Issue 9, p 38-41. • Asher, Curt; Alexander, Johanna Olson. “The Library Internship and Expo as a Pathway to Diversity – A Case Study.” Journal of Education for Library & Information Science, Winter 2006, Vol. 47 Issue 1, p 17-26.
- 15. The Downsides –For Interns and Employers • Chatzky, Jean; McGrath, Maggie. “The Great American Internship Swindle.” Newsweek, 11/28/2011, Vol. 158 Issue 22, p22-22. • “Interns Willing to Pay for Work Experience.” Recruiter, 11/28/2011, p10-10. • Perlin, Ross. Intern Nation: How to Earn Nothing and Learn Little in the Brave New Economy. NY: Verso, 2011. • Kiplinger, Knight“Are Unpaid Interns Exploited by Employers?” Kiplinger's Personal Finance, Apr2011, Vol. 65. • “Unpaid Internships: An Option That Must Pass Strict Criteria.” Manager's Report, Jun2011, Vol. 11 Issue 6, p5-6.
- 16. For better orfor worse, internships are on the rise and interns are going far afield to find them. “As Western economies stagnate and China's continues to grow, students in Europe and the United States are increasingly looking eastwards for internships and placements. Scant opportunities at home have driven more and more students to China and Asia-Pacific countries where they can brighten up their resumes, according to youth group AIESEC and the International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience (IAESTE).” “China emerges as new job frontier for West's youth; Hundreds of US, European interns are flocking to Asia for experience as work dwindles at home.” South China Morning Post December 27, 2011
- 17. Internships and MyCareer Trajectory • Spring 1994 – final semester at Queens College of the City University of New York (CUNY), Graduate School of Library and Information Studies registered in internship course for credit • Approached the Brooklyn College Library (CUNY) to do an internship; no formal program existed • February 1994-May1994 interned in information services unit • June 1994-August 1994 worked as an adjunct librarian at the Brooklyn College Library • September 1994-August 1996 worked as a substitute assistant professor in the Brooklyn College Library • September 1996-August 2001 worked as a tenured-track assistant professor in the Brooklyn College Library and awarded tenure • 2002 – promoted to associate professor
- 18. History of InternshipProgram at Brooklyn College • 1994 - No history of internship program before my employment as an intern • 1996 – Library school of the University of the West Indies, Mona, approaches Brooklyn College Library to host students doing a required practicum • 1998 - The internship program in the Brooklyn College Library goes local hosting a single library school student • 1999 – First high school student employed as an intern • 2001 – First hosting of intern doing practicum for degree from Universitätsbibliothek Stuttgart • 2003 – Three month hosting of visiting librarian from Shanghai Jiao Tong University (runs concurrent with one week hosting of visiting Russian librarians as part of the Open World Leadership Program ) • 2006 – Multi-intern cohort reaches new high of three interns simultaneously employed • 2009 – Intern cohort of seven (peak) employed in a single semester • 2012 – Six interns currently employed
- 19. Finding Interns • Outreachto library schools – Five library schools are sources in the New York City area (Queens College, CUNY, St. John’s U, Palmer School, LIU, Pratt Institute, Rutgers U) – Consider reaching beyond the local library schools • students studying elsewhere home for summer break (SUNY Albany) • students living locally but studying through a distance learning program (Clarion U, Syracuse U) – Contact listservs targeting students – Ask library schools to hang your flyer • Outreach at events (conferences, meetings, etc.) • Build a library and they will find you – Interns find you on the Internet or through other means (UWI, Stuttgart, Shanghai) – Interns tell others about their experience • Consider non-library school students – Undergraduates at your institution – High school students (on campus; schools with internship programs) • Consider post-degree professionals
- 20. Who Are theInterns? Singles • Cheryl • Nadine • Yelana • Natalia • Sophia • Jaroslav Cohorts • Jonathan / Julia • Wendy / Barnaby / Kate • Wendy / LuAnn / Eric / Matthew / Jay / Vikki / David • Sarah / Ralph / Flordalisa • Julia / Andrea • Wallens / SuMin / Melanie / Emma Karin / Jennifer / Aimee
- 21. Keeping Organized • Orientation •The syllabus – Mission statement – Recommended readings – Week-by-week schedule • The spreadsheet • Passing on responsibilities to the interns themselves (e.g., arranging unit visits)
- 22. Brooklyn College LibraryInternship Syllabus, p 1-2
- 23. Brooklyn College LibraryInternship Syllabus, p 3-4
- 24. Brooklyn College LibraryInternship Spreadsheet
- 25. Brooklyn College LibraryInternship Spreadsheet
- 26. Brooklyn College LibraryInternship Spreadsheet
- 27. Brooklyn College LibraryInternship Spreadsheet
- 28. Getting Down toWork • Reference desk shadowing • Chat reference staffing • Class instruction: observation and leadership • Unit visits • Attending campus and university-wide meetings • Special projects • Subject specialist pairings • Mentor matching • Professional activities (e.g., attending and or presenting at conferences, publishing)
- 29. Special Projects • Myspace/Facebookdevelopment • Organizing the philosophy department library • Reference collection weeding • Multi-lingual information literacy modules • MLK Literacy Project • Children’s book author talk for School of Education • E-book carousels and web page enhancements • Mobile web services development • Pre-medical student online workbook • Government Documents training • Disability services training for librarians • Random Act of Culture production
- 30. Where Are TheyNow? Jonathan – College of Staten Island Library, CUNY Wendy – Kingsborough Community College, John Kibbee Library, CUNY Kate – Sarah Lawrence College, Esther Raushenbush Library Barnaby – Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, Levy Library Natalia – Hofstra College, The Joan and Donald E. Axinn Library Flordalisa - Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP & Affiliates (law firm)
- 31. What Do TheyHave to Say About the Experiences?
- 32. Advice for aSuccessful Internship Program • Recruit widely and be open to all inquiries • Provide an orientation with a syllabus, introduction to library staff and a tour • Identify and have interns tackle discreet projects • Design long-term projects so they can be handed over from one group or individual to the next • Listen to the interns; they may bring some good ideas/challenge our ideas • Seize the opportunity to diversify the work force of your institution
- 33. Benefits for theInterns • Gain broad experience (in contrast to student workers with more limited responsibilities and opportunities to learn) • Build a resume • Get a sense of desired career direction • In cohorts, gain from peers and mentor others • Acquire life-long mentors • Balance ideals of theory with the realities of practice
- 34. Benefits for theLibrary • Interns are eager employees, eager to learn and eager to work • Interns bring new ideas, fresh from school • Interns are not constrained by job descriptions • Interns may provide the extra needed employees for short- term projects • Interns may take on projects that can be passed on from one group to another • Interns may diversify to workplace • Libraries contribute to the profession by offering individuals before, during and after undergoing a formal library science education a unique opportunity to appreciate and participate in a real library work experience
- 35.