Symfony is a PHP web application framework that separates a web application's business rules, server logic, and presentation views. It automates common tasks like internationalization, forms, caching, and security to help developers focus on application specifics. Key features include being database engine-independent, following conventions over configurations, and providing tools for testing, debugging, and deploying applications. The document discusses Symfony's features and concepts like object-oriented programming, object-relational mapping, and rapid application development that are important for understanding how to use the framework.